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Research and Development Indryland Forests Ethiopia Research and Development in Dryland Forests of Ethiopia EIAR Research and Development in Dryland Forests of Ethiopia Proceedings of the National Workshop Organized by Forestry Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) & Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Editors Adefires Worku, Forestry Research Center Getachew Animut,Haremaya University Habtemariam Kassa, CIFOR Messay Sintayehu, Forum for Environment Wubalem Tadesse, EIAR Yonas Gebru, Forum for Environment November, 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia First published by: Forum for Environment PO Box : 10386, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Telephone: +25111 5521662/5521015 Fax: +25111 5521034 E-mail: [email protected] Publisher: © Forum for Environment 2011 Editors: Adefires Worku, Forestry Research Center Getachew Animut,Haremaya University Habtemariam Kassa, CIFOR Messay Sintayehu, Forum for Environment Wubalem Tadesse, EIAR Yonas Gebru, Forum for Environmen Layout & Graphics by: Endale Solomon Task Manager: Messay Sintayehu No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior written permission from the publisher. Please acknowledge Forum for Environment if you use this publication for purposes other than commercial use. CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................................................................ii Overview of Research Achievements and Gaps on Dry land Forests of Ethiopia: The Case of Gum-Resins Bearing Resources Adefires Worku, Asmamaw Alemu and Wubalem Tadesse……………………….....................................................................................1 Overviews of Research Approach, Achievements and Future Research Direction with Crop and Livestock in Dry lands of Ethiopia Kidane Georgis…………………………………………………………………............................................................................................25 Enabling Environments for Forestry Research in Ethiopia Wubalem Tadesse……………………………………………………………….............................................................................................37 Sustainable Management of Biodiversity: Implication for Adaptation to and Mitigation of Climate Change in Dry lands of Ethiopia Adefires Worku………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................45 Linkages, Mutual Benefits and Future Opportunities of Sustainable Dry land Forest Management and Ecotourism: Experiences of the Dry land Ecosystems in Ethiopia Tadele Zewdie and Girma Menigesha…………………………………………...........................................................................................69 A preliminary Physicochemical Study on the Meaningfulness of Grading in Boswellia papyrifera (del.) Hoechst (Frankincense) Trade from Ethiopia Mulugeta Assefa………………………………………………………………...... .........................................................................................87 What the Future Holds for Forestry Development in Ethiopia? Foresight Through Scenarios Construction Mulugeta Lemenih, Frans Bongers, K. Freerk Wiersum and Bas Art……..............................................................................................101 Landuse/ Landcover Change Analysis in Selected Dry lands of Ethiopia: Implication for Sustainable Development Worku Zewdie and Mengistie Kindu…………………………………………….....................................................................................123 Disputative Signals: Global and Our Present Experience Inference for Biofuel Development in Ethiopia Dereje Hailu……………………………………………………………………............................................................................................137 The Impact of Prosopis juliflora Invasion on Feed Resources and Livestock Farming in Amibara Woreda of Afar National Regional State Dawit Terefe, Solomon Melaku and Habtemariam Kassa…………………............................................................................................155 PREFACE thiopia is known to have wide array of agro-ecological zones where Drylands are among the dominant agro- Eecologies. Classified into super arid, arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid, dryland ecosystems, are quiet diverse in terms of climatic, biophysical and coupled with socio-cultural phenomenon, key deriving factors for habitat differentiation. Such difference in habitat is one major factor for species diversity and endemism in drylands of Ethiopia. Drylands, which fall within the range of UNEP’s definition of desertification, cover about 47% of the landmass at global scale, 66% in Africa and over 75 70% in Ethiopia. These ecosystems in Ethiopia host seven among the nine vegetation formation, signifying their importance in terms of the flora and fauna they support. They support some of the key species that offer significant socio-economic and ecological opportunities. To name few, Drylands house diverse genera, among others, the genera Acacia, Boswellia, Commiphora and Sterculia, principal sources of high value oleo-gums and resins, whose application span from local use to some of the sophisticated industries of western countries. Drylands are home for some of the key agricultural crops including sorghum, millet, and beans. Majority of the country’s Protected Areas are found in these ecosystems. They support major water bodies in the country including some of the international rivers. The Rift Valley lacks play a non replaceable role in serving the global migratory birds. Above all, most of the country’s hydropower dams and irrigation systems are in these ecosystems. For centuries, Drylands in Ethiopia support millions of pastoral and agro-pastoral communities via provision of goods and services. Dryforests and the biodiversity they host is the key ingredient for livestock production, which is the mainstay of the drylanders. Despite all the above-mentioned socio-economic and ecological importance, current ongoing professional discussion show that, Dryland ecosystems in Ethiopia are increasingly becoming vulnerable to global climate change. The extra temperature due to the frequent and extended drought and rain fall variability are hampering livelihood and ecological process. Such issues and problems call for integrated approach that leads us to outputs responding to livelihood adaptation and environmental resilience. Among others, Drylands need policy and development reformation and re-orientation. So far, the various development interventions were either not inclusive (e.g. marginalization of dryforests) or insertion of new land use systems, which are incompatible to the fragile nature of Dryland ecosystems. The purpose of this particular proceeding is to contribute to the dialogue about the challenges and opportunities that hinder and enable sustainable Dryland ecosystems development and thereby, call for informed decisions. We hope the information in this proceeding will be relevant for policy makers, practitioner, teachers, researchers, private sectors and the public at large. Finally, on behalf of the Forestry Research Process of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) and myself, I would like to forward my grateful thanks to Forestry Research Center (FRC) for organizing the workshop, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) for co-organizing the event and Forum for Environment (FfE) for financing all the necessary costs to publish this book. Special thank goes to Mr Adefires Worku (FRC-EIAR) for his diligence while organizing the workshop and also for his vital contribution to this publication. Happy reading Wubalem Tadesse (PhD) Director of Forestry Research Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS AND GAPS ON DRYLAND FORESTS OF ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF GUM-RESIN BEARING RESOURCES Adefires Worku1, Asmamaw Alemu2 and Wubalem Tadesse3 1Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Forestry Research Center, P.O.Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; E-mail:[email protected] 2Gonder University, E-mail: [email protected],3Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, E-mail: [email protected] 2 Abstract Available literatures were reviewed with the objective of compiling the fragmented research findings and development interventions done so far on gum-resin bearing resources in Ethiopia. This review summarized what is known and what not, identified major policy, research and extension gaps and provided way forwards for optimal use of these vital resources. Although not up-to-date, some documents indicated that the dryland forests of Ethiopia, where gum-resin bearing species are the predominant component, constitute vast lands estimated to be between 2.5 and 3.5 million ha. There is an understanding on the distribution, diversity and overall population status of the majority of gum-resin bearing species, except for some regions of the country. So far, fiteen Commiphora, six Boswellia, twelve Acacia and two Sterculia species were identified as sources of locally used or nationally traded gum-resins. Eight types of oleo-gum resins of different botanical origins: frankincense, gum Arabic, gum talha, gum karaya, gum gumero, myrrh, opopanax and hagar were collected, used and traded at home or exported. Collection and marketing of oleo-gum-resins is found to be historic and established tradition in various regions of the country. There is also baseline information on socio-economic contribution of some of these products to both local and national economy. The
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