DOCSLIB.ORG

The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa A Paper presented at the Regional Meeting on Coordinated System of National Parks and Reserves in Eastern Africa Seronera Lodge, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 14-19 October 1974 by Hugh F. Lamprey IUCN Consultant IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Morges, Switzerland, 1975 THE DISTRIBUTION OF PROTECTED AREAS IN RELATION TO THE NEEDS OF BIOTIC COMMUNITY CONSERVATION IN EASTERN AFRICA A Paper presented at the Regional Meeting on Coordinated System of National Parks and Reserves in Eastern Africa Seronera Lodge, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania 14-19 October 1974 by Hugh F. Lamprey IUCN Consultant IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Morges, Switzerland, 1975 © 1975 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources FOREWORD IUCN has launched a programme aimed at ensuring that representative samples of the various types of natural biomes and ecosystems are conserved in a coordinated system of national parks and related protected areas. Such action was called for in Recommendation 1 of the Second World Conference on National Parks (Grand Teton National Park, U.S.A., September 1972). As part of this programme Dr. Hugh Lamprey, IUCN/WWF consultant, undertook a survey of areas in eastern Africa within the framework of UNEP Project No. 0603-73-001. The results of his work are set down in the present paper. The survey was carried out during most of 1974 and covered nine countries: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. The report on the survey and related recommendations for action were considered by the Regional Meeting on Coordinated System of National Parks and Reserves in Eastern Africa held at Seronera Lodge, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, 14-19 October 1974. The version presented here incorporates suggestions made at that meeting. Whilst it will be included in the Proceedings of the Seronera meeting which will appear in the IUCN Supplementary Paper series, the report is being issued separately as IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16 because of its broad interest as a source document. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the Fund of UNEP and to WWF for financial support of Dr. Lamprey's work. 3 CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 I. INTRODUCTION 7 II. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOTIC COMMUNITIES 7 III. THE PARKS AND RESERVES 9 IV. CONSERVATION OF BIOTIC COMMUNITIES IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA - CHECKLIST 12 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 48 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Africa General 54 B. East Africa - regional 55 C. Central Africa - regional 56 D. Southern Africa - regional 56 E. Botswana 57 F. Ethiopia 58 G. Kenya 59 H. Malawi 59 I. Somalia 60 J. Sudan 61 K. Tanzania 63 L. Uganda 64 M. Zambia 65 N. General 66 5 MAPS Botswana . 69 Ethiopia 71 Kenya 73 Malawi 75 Somalia 77 Sudan 79 Tanzania 81 Uganda . 83 Zambia 85 I. INTRODUCTION This paper aims to review the extent to which the biomes and their important biotic communities in nine eastern and central African countries are protected by their inclusion in national parks and game and forest reserves. It consists largely of tabulated and abbreviated information and it enumerates the countries and their parks and reserves in which the different communities are represented. Short notes provide additional information on the special importance of the conservation areas and on their security. In cases where a conspicuous community is not represented or is inadequately represented in a protected area, this is indicated. Maps of the vegetation of each country are combined with maps showing the distribution of parks and reserves. Owing to the small scale used this can give only an approximate representation of the inclusion of the major communities within the protected areas. Similarly, the protection of natural ecosystems in an African region can only be reviewed superficially in a paper of this length. Nevertheless it is hoped that the most important gaps in the conservation coverage of the region can be identified. Above all there is a need to draw attention to biotic communities which are vulnerable to irreversible change and to possible extinction. Experience has shown that progressive ecological changes are usually degrading and lead to a reduction in species diversity or biological productivity or both. Such changes should not be confused with successional processes which are cyclical or with the relatively rare instances of recovery towards more diverse and productive associations. The objectives of biological conservation have been discussed else- where (e.g. Lamprey 1972) and the subject will not be pursued in this paper. It is assumed that the maintenance of the highest possible degree of endemic diversity is the main objective and this paper reviews the extent to which this is achieved by the existing system of parks and reserves. The conservation of biomes and ecosystems in as natural a state as possible has become recognized as a virtual imperative and is incorporated in the O.A.U. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. II. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOTIC COMMUNITIES A review of the state of conservation of the biotic communities of a region necessitates the adoption of a practical scheme of classifi- cation. As yet none exists which portrays adequately the full range of diversity of ecosystems, and the construction of a comprehensive scheme presents almost insuperable difficulties. For practical purposes our classification has to be based on major vegetation types characterized by a combination of physiognomic and floristic features (mainly dominant tree and shrub species and genera), However it is important to recognize the limitations of this system as a means of identifying all biotic communities. 7 8 The information available on which to base an assessment of the protection of existing communities is inadequate and unevenly distributed. There are floristic lists, descriptions and maps for most countries or regions, based mainly on the woody plants. In the descriptions and maps the authors have tended to use. their own class- ification and terminology. Nevertheless, present knowledge on vegetation has been used to construct a vegetation map of Africa (AETFAT: Keay 1958) on a scale of 1:10,000,000, in which most (but not all) of these individual approaches have been reconciled. A second map of African vegetation on a larger scale (AETFAT: White 1974) is in press. These maps can only show the distribution of the larger blocks of vegetation with a relatively low degree of resolution but much of their merit lies in the largely successful attempt at a unified classification across the African continent. There are excellent works on the birds and mammals of several countries and regions and more locally on the reptiles and amphibians. A small number of ecological surveys of varying degrees of detail have been carried out, incorporating integrated accounts of plant and animal communities but for the most part biogeographical information tends to be sharply divided into the botanical and the zoological. It is only in recent years that the ecosystem approach has prevailed with its aim of describing the whole range of organisms and their functional relation- ships with each other and their environment. Information on invertebrate fauna and micro-organisms is particularly sparse. Our ability to identify biotic communities is limited by the extent and detail of the ecological exploration of the area concerned. Although we can recognize and define the broader categories of biotic community on the basis of a relatively small number of conspicuous plants and animals, at a higher level of resolution we will probably fail to identify numerous small and local ecosystems. A related problem is the recognition and documentation of variation in the botanical composition within biomes and also in the relative dominance of the component species, particularly in those biomes which have wide geographical ranges. Such variation may be due to topography, soil, drainage, local climate, fire distribution and frequency, or the direct and indirect effects of man. There will also be genetic variation within species across the geographic range of an extensive biome. The process of evolutionary divergence resulting from partial or total genetic isolation may lead to speciation, particularly where a biome is represented by several island ecosystems as in the case of the montane and Afro-alpine communities of eastern Africa. Each community tends to possess its own complement of endemic species and races as well as many that are common to other areas or to the biome as a whole. The mountain massifs of eastern Africa are particularly good examples of localized endemism in plants and animals. The conclusion that must be drawn from our knowledge of the ecological and genetic variation within biomes is that no two sample areas are exactly alike. The implications this has for the selection of areas for the protection of biotic communities, are discussed below. The system of classification of biomes and their sub-types used in this review is based as closely as possible on that of IUCN (1973) but with modifications which are intended to adapt it to the vegetation of 9 Africa and to the terminology usually applied to it. Some difficulty has been experienced in fitting certain localized biomes into the classification system and there is the inevitable uncertainty about equating a vegetation zone with its ecological equivalent in the other hemisphere. However, provided that the system is applied with the full knowledge of its limitations, it can serve the purpose of identifying the main biomes and communities and in plotting their distributions. III. THE PARKS AND RESERVES In the past, the survival of indigenous ecosystems has most commonly occurred in areas which have remained undeveloped through historical accident or owing to the existence of serious obstacles to development.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Water for Eastern Equatoria (W4EE)
    Water for Eastern Equatoria (W4EE) he first integrated water resource management (IWRM) project of its kind in South Sudan, Water Water for Eastern for Eastern Equatoria (W4EE) was launched in Components 2013 as part of the broader bilateral water Tprogramme funded through the Dutch Multiannual Equatoria (W4EE) Strategic Plan for South Sudan (2012–2015). W4EE focuses on three interrelated From the very beginning, W4EE was planned as a pilot components: IWRM programme in the Torit and Kapoeta States of The role of integrated water resource manage- Eastern Equatoria focusing on holistic management of the ment in fostering resilience, delivering economic Kenneti catchment, conflict-sensitive oversight of water Component 1: Integrated water resource management of the development, improving health, and promoting for productive use such as livestock and farming, and Kenneti catchment and surrounds peace in a long-term process. improved access to safe drinking water as well as sanitati- on and hygiene. The goal has always been to replicate key Component 2: Conflict-sensitive management of water for learnings and best practice in other parts of South Sudan. productive use contributes to increased, sustained productivity, value addition in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock The Kenneti catchment is very important to the Eastern Equatoria region for economic, social, and biodiversity reasons. The river has hydropower potential, supports the Component 3: Safely managed and climate-resilient drinking livelihoods of thousands of households, and the surroun- water services and improved sanitation and hygiene are available, ding area hosts a national park with forests and wetlands operated and maintained in a sustainable manner. as well as wild animals and migratory birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use
    Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 6 IUCN - The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biologi- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna cal diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- of fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their vation of species or biological diversity. conservation, and for the management of other species of conservation con- cern. Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: sub-species and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintaining biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of bio- vulnerable species. logical diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conservation Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitoring 1. To participate in the further development, promotion and implementation the status of species and populations of conservation concern. of the World Conservation Strategy; to advise on the development of IUCN's Conservation Programme; to support the implementation of the • development and review of conservation action plans and priorities Programme' and to assist in the development, screening, and monitoring for species and their populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda Fighting for Decades
    Southern Torit County Displacement and Service Access Brief Torit County, Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan, November 2017 Background Map 1: Displacement in southern Torit County Major Town In response to reports of persistent needs and a growing population From Juba of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in the mountain and valley Assessed Village areas of southern Torit County, REACH joined a Rapid Response Mission team constituted by the World Food Program (WFP) and the Torit United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) in Gunyoro village, Ifwotu Payam. A concurrent screening and distribution took place in Iholong village, also in Ifwotu Payam, but was cut short due to nearby fighting. Gunyoro The assessment was conducted from 17-20 November and consisted of 4 KI interviews with community leaders, 2 gender-disaggregated Iholong Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with a total of 28 participants, continuous interaction with community members during aid provision, Magwi and general observation of the area by foot and helicopter. Findings should be considered as indicative only, and further verification via site visits should occur where possible. Population Movement and Displacement Torit and the foothills of the Imatong Mountains to its south have seen To Uganda fighting for decades. In the last few years, the population in the area via Nimule has been in flux, with frequent displacement inflows and outflows, and nearly continuous internal movements. Imatong Mountains Displacement into southern Torit County Road Displacement to southern Torit County has been occurring Displacement to the area continuously since 2013, with two large waves following conflict in the Displacement within the area last few years.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Disclaimer
    World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 Africa Disclaimer Copyright © 2019 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Center on Small Hydro Power. The World Small Hydropower Development Report 2019 is jointly produced by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the International Center on Small Hydro Power (ICSHP) to provide development information about small hydropower. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the authors and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO or ICSHP. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO, its Member States nor ICSHP assume any responsibility for consequences that may arise from the use of the material. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as ‘developed’, ‘industrialized’ and ‘developing’ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Project Report English Pdf 241.84 KB
    CEPF SMALL GRANT FINAL PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT Organization Legal Name: Wetlands International Developing the capacity of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Project Title: the Imatong Mountains in South Sudan on Biodiversity Conservation and Management Date of Report: 31st March 2015 Report Author and Contact Julie Mulonga, [email protected] Information CEPF Region: Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot Strategic Direction: Initiate and support sustainable financing and related actions for the conservation of priority KBAs and Corridors Grant Amount: USD 19,905 Project Dates: 1st January – 31st December 2014, with an extension to 31st March 2015 Implementation Partners for this Project (please explain the level of involvement for each partner): Wetlands International – Kenya Office: This was the grant recipient and the only implementing partner for the project Conservation Impacts Please explain/describe how your project has contributed to the implementation of the CEPF ecosystem profile. Our project contributes to CEPF Investment Priority 3.4, which supports the institutional development of Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in South Sudan and thus enhances their role in the conservation of the Imatong Mountains Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). A needs assessment of civil society capacity was undertaken using a capacity needs assessment tool that was developed by CEPF (Civil Society Tracking Tool). Based on the results of the capacity needs assessment, training modules were developed; 13 members of 9 CSOs then underwent an intensive 6-day training in October 2014 in Juba, South Sudan. This training event was the first step in the process of achieving changes in the KBA. After the training, 3 CSOs went through on-line mentoring sessions with Wetlands International.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot
    Ecosystem Profile EASTERN AFROMONTANE BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT FINAL VERSION 24 JANUARY 2012 Prepared by: BirdLife International with the technical support of: Conservation International / Science and Knowledge Division IUCN Global Species Programme – Freshwater Unit IUCN –Eastern Africa Plant Red List Authority Saudi Wildlife Authority Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Centre for Middle Eastern Plants The Cirrus Group UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre WWF - Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme Office Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund And support from the International Advisory Committee Neville Ash, UNEP Division of Environmental Policy Implementation; Elisabeth Chadri, MacArthur Foundation; Fabian Haas, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology; Matthew Hall, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Centre for Middle Eastern Plants; Sam Kanyamibwa, Albertine Rift Conservation Society; Jean-Marc Froment, African Parks Foundation; Kiunga Kareko, WWF, Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme Office; Karen Laurenson, Frankfurt Zoological Society; Leo Niskanen, IUCN Eastern & Southern Africa Regional Programme; Andy Plumptre, Wildlife Conservation Society; Sarah Saunders, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds; Lucy Waruingi, African Conservation Centre. Drafted by the ecosystem profiling team: Ian Gordon, Richard Grimmett, Sharif Jbour, Maaike Manten, Ian May, Gill Bunting (BirdLife International) Pierre Carret, Nina Marshall, John Watkin (CEPF) Naamal de Silva, Tesfay Woldemariam, Matt Foster (Conservation International)
    [Show full text]
  • S INDEX to SITES
    Important Bird Areas in Africa and associated islands – Index to sites ■ INDEX TO SITES A Anjozorobe Forest 523 Banc d’Arguin National Park 573 Blyde river canyon 811 Ankaizina wetlands 509 Bandingilo 888 Boa Entrada, Kapok tree 165 Aangole–Farbiito 791 Ankarafantsika Strict Nature Bangui 174 Boatswainbird Island 719 Aba-Samuel 313 Reserve 512 Bangweulu swamps 1022 Bogol Manyo 333 Aberdare mountains 422 Ankarana Special Reserve 504 Banti Forest Reserve 1032 Bogol Manyo–Dolo 333 Abijatta–Shalla Lakes National Ankasa Resource Reserve 375 Banyang Mbo Wildlife Sanctuary Boin River Forest Reserve 377 Park 321 Ankeniheny Classified Forest 522 150 Boin Tano Forest Reserve 376 Abraq area, The 258 Ankober–Debre Sina escarpment Bao Bolon Wetland Reserve 363 Boja swamps 790 Abuko Nature Reserve 360 307 Barberspan 818 Bokaa Dam 108 Afi River Forest Reserve 682 Ankobohobo wetlands 510 Barka river, Western Plain 282 Boma 887 African Banks 763 Annobón 269 Baro river 318 Bombetoka Bay 511 Aftout es Sâheli 574 Antsiranana, East coast of 503 Barotse flood-plain 1014 Bombo–Lumene Game Reserve Ag Arbech 562 Anysberg Nature Reserve 859 Barrage al Mansour Ad-Dhabi 620 209 Ag Oua–Ag Arbech 562 Arabuko-Sokoke forest 426 Barrage al Massira 617 Bonga forest 323 Aglou 622 Arâguîb el Jahfa 574 Barrage de Boughzoul 63 Boorama plains 787 Aguelhok 561 Arboroba escarpment 287 Barrage de la Cheffia 60 Bordj Kastil 969 Aguelmane de Sidi Ali Ta’nzoult Arbowerow 790 Barrage Idriss Premier 612 Bosomtwe Range Forest Reserve 616 Archipel d’Essaouira 618 Barrage Mohamed V 612
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan 81 Provide
    80 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH WORLD REPORT 2003 Sudan 81 provide. This and other human rights aspects of the cease-fire agreement did not United States receive sufficient attention from the Joint Verification Mission, composed under The first meeting of the South Africa-United States Bilateral Cooperation the agreement of military personnel seconded by various European countries and Forum took place in February. The U.S. Trade Representative said that the “next the U.S. under Norwegian leadership—and chronically understaffed and under- logical step”was a free trade agreement. The U.S. ambassador to South Africa stated funded. that the U.S. endorsed NEPAD and South Africa’s economic policies, and was com- The government army strikingly lacked captured combatants, leading to a con- mitted to helping South Africa remain at the “vanguard” of African progress clusion it had a forbidden “take no prisoners” order. The government continued to through trade and development assistance. The U.S. Agency for International deny access by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to anyone Development (USAID) spent $51.3 million in development assistance to South detained in connection with the conflict, despite an explicit provision in the Nuba Africa in 2001, and projected $56.4 million in 2002, with a focus on crime, unem- Mountains agreement for ICRC access to those persons. ployment, housing, and HIV/AIDS prevention. The United States’ National Insti- More positively, a series of new mine action projects were initiated in the Nuba tutes of Health also granted R110 million ($10.57 million) over five years to a South Mountains, with a number of assessments on both sides.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIAL STUDIES Revised Edition
    Fr Gregor Schmidt MCCJ Holy Trinity Parish, Old Fangak South Sudan Primary 8 Exam Preparation SOCIAL STUDIES Revised Edition Introduction to the 2nd Edition The primary school subject Social Studies (SST) contains knowledge of the fields of geography, geology, ethnology, history, civic education and other social sciences. In this exam guide, I present the topics from the Syllabus (from Primary 4 to 8) together with valuable background information, including additional maps and illustrations not found in the school books. It is a private initiative because text books are not available in sufficient numbers. Furthermore, some paragraphs contain outdated or incomplete information. Ideally, this exam guide should accompany the study of the text books, but if they are lacking, it also suffices as only source of the exam preparation because it covers all topics. For students: If you have the SST books, read the pages that correspond to the paragraphs of this study guide. The page numbers are indicated in the following way: for example (P5/p10-13) means Primary 5, pages 10 to 13. The page numbers refer to the edition of 2012, not the first print of 2006. I have corrected obvious errors of the SST school books (see pages 105-112), but there are probably more of which I am not aware. If you find any errors in this book, or have other suggestions to improve it, please inform me: [email protected] Fr Gregor Schmidt, Comboni Missionary August 2016 (2nd Edition) The National Anthem of the Republic of South Sudan Oh God, we praise and glorify you for your grace on South Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • 28 Forestry Development Prospects in the Imatong Central Forest Reserve/ Southern Sudan Volume 1 Summary
    28 Forestry development prospects in the Imatong Central Forest Reserve/ Southern Sudan Volume 1 Summary (LaüOCfi] (S©S®QD0®§© ©ö^fefiOODö ÖMÜÖGDßSßD^ ®(? ®W©(JS©Ê)© (l)©öX§CI®(öXiöD©CÖÖ r MM muur— mÊmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmsaaäffiÄöaiasi»ääai«is*as5iiaä<S Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines., Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the • Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the '< originators. For questions please contact soil.isricOwur.nl | indicating the item reference number concerned. ! Forestry development prospects in the Imatong Central Forest Reserve, Southern Sudan Volume 1 Summary 7#'6 Land Resources Division Forestry development prospects in the Imatong Central Forest Reserve, Southern Sudan Volume 1 Summary R N Jenkin, W J Howard, P Thomas T M B Abell and G C Deane Land Resource Study 28 Land Resources Division, Ministry of Overseas Development Tolworth Tower, Surbiton, Surrey, England KT6 7DY 1977 THE LAND RESOURCES DIVISION The Land Resources Division of the Ministry of Overseas Development assists developing countries in mapping, investigating and assessing land resources, and makes recommendations on the use of these resources for the development of agriculture, livestock husbandry and forestry; it also gives advice on related subjects to overseas governments and organisations, makes scientific personnel available for appointment abroad and provides lectures and training courses in the basic techniques of resource appraisal.
    [Show full text]
  • Imatong Socio-Economic Baseline
    SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE SURVEY OF IMATONG MOUNTAINS WATER TOWER, AND KINYETI RIVER WATERSHED, SOUTH SUDAN, 2014 For AFRICAN WILDLIFE FOUNDATION Nairobi/Kenya BASELINE SURVEY REPORT 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We are most grateful to: South Sudan Chamber of Commerce and Agriculture (SSCCA); Government of Eastern Equatoria State (EES), State Ministries of Local Government, Law Enforcement and Wildlife Conservation; Finance and Economic Planning; Agriculture and Forestry; Health and Youth and Sports. We are most grateful to the Payam and Boma leaders especially those from the counties of Torit, Magwi and Ikotos. We are most grateful to the chiefs in the bomas the studies were conducted. Gratitude also goes to the household respondents who represented the counties and generously provided the information upon which this report is based. We would also like to acknowledge the substantive contribution of the research field team. Lastly, we are most honored to the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) for giving us the opportunity to do this assignment. ii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AWF African Wildlife Foundation CBNRM Community Based Resource Management DDR Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration. EA Enumeration Area EES Eastern Equatoria State ECG Environment Cluster Group EIA Environment impact Assessment EKN Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Juba FGD Focus Group Discussion GROSS Government of South Sudan ICFR Imatong Central Forest Reserve IEC Information Education and communication IDI In-depth Interview IKW Imatong Mountains Basin
    [Show full text]
  • Land-Use and Climate Change Effects on Water Yield from East African Forested Water Towers Charles Nduhiu Wamucii1, Pieter R
    https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-151 Preprint. Discussion started: 29 March 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Land-use and climate change effects on water yield from East African Forested Water Towers Charles Nduhiu Wamucii1, Pieter R. van Oel2, Arend Ligtenberg3, John Mwangi Gathenya4, Adriaan J. Teuling1 5 1Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 2Water Resources Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands 3Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 4Soil, Water and Environmental Engineering Department, School of Biosystems and Environmental Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta 10 University of Agriculture & Technology, P.O Box 62000 - 00200 Nairobi, Kenya Correspondence to: Charles Nduhiu Wamucii ([email protected]) Abstract. East-African forested mountain regions are vital in generating and supplying water resources to adjacent 15 arid and semi-arid lowlands. However, these ecosystems are under pressure from both climate and land-use changes. This study aimed to analyze the effects of climate and land-use changes on water yield using the Budyko conceptual framework. For 9 selected forested water towers in East Africa, the amount and distribution of water resources and their decadal changes were analyzed. Results show that most areas inside and outside the water towers are under pressure from human influences. Water yield was observed to be more sensitive to climate 20 changes compared to land-use changes within the selected East African water towers themselves. However, for the surrounding lowlands, the effects of land-use changes have greater impacts on water yield.
    [Show full text]