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Perhitungan Penurunan Beban Emisi Pencemaran Udara Dari Pembangunan Jalur Tol Jorr W2 Di Dki Jakarta

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Perhitungan Penurunan Beban Emisi Pencemaran Udara Dari Pembangunan Jalur Tol Jorr W2 Di Dki Jakarta Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Volume 20 Nomor 2, Oktober 2014 (Hal 152-161) PERHITUNGAN PENURUNAN BEBAN EMISI PENCEMARAN UDARA DARI PEMBANGUNAN JALUR TOL JORR W2 DI DKI JAKARTA REDUCTION OF AIR EMISSION FROM JORR W2 HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT IN JAKARTA 1* 2 3 Lailatus Siami, Asep Sofyan dan Russ Bona Frazila 1,2 Program Magister Teknik Lingkungan 3 Program Studi Magister Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jl Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstrak: Sebagai pusat urbanisasi, mobilitas barang dan manusia di Kota Jakarta memiliki rutinitas transportasi yang padat setiap hari. Hal ini ditandai dengan adanya orientasi mobilitas manusia dari perumahan di sekeliling Jakarta (Jabodetabek) menuju tempat kerja di Kota Jakarta. Dengan pertumbuhan jumlah kendaraan sebesar ±8% per tahun, sektor transportasi memiliki dampak berupa kemacetan dan pencemaran udara. Dari penelitian sebelumnya (Darmanto, 2012) sektor dominan dalam penyumbang emisi CO dan PM10 adalah sektor transportasi sebesar 78,85% dan 99,94%. Sehingga, diperlukan penanganan khusus pada sektor transportasi. Pendekatan pada jaringan jalan yang kompleks di Jakarta dilakukan dengan menggunakan model jaringan jalan. Sehingga didapatkan volume kendaraan tiap ruas jalan untuk dihitung beban emisinya. Berdasarkan hasil representasi dari model jaringan jalan, ruas jalan dengan volume tertinggi berada di jalan tol Cawang dan jalan utama pada jalan Ciputat Raya. Hasil dari inventarisasi emisi pada ruas jalan berbeda – beda pada tiap jenis polutan. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh proporsi jenis kendaraan yang ikut menentukan faktor emisi. 70,68% beban emisi didominasi oleh polutan CO sebesar 973.734,26 ton/tahun. Sistem transportasi di Jakarta disusun dalam pola transportasi makro (PTM). Dan pada RPJMD (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah), terdapat beberapa rencana prioritas untuk pembangunan transportasi. Salah satunya adalah pembangunan tol dalam kota maupun tol luar kota. Pada studi ini, skenario yang dipilih adalah pembangunan jalur tol JORR W2 (Jakarta Outer Ring Road West 2). Jalur tol ini Di daerah Kebon Jeruk – Ulujami yang juga dijadikan akses bus. Dari skenario ini, didapatkan penurunan beban emisi sebesar 2% untuk polutan NOx; 1,6% untuk polutan NO2; 0,4% untuk polutan CO; 0,8% untuk polutan PM10 dan 0,1% untuk polutan VOC. Kata kunci: Sektor transportasi, model jaringan jalan, RPJMD, JORR W2, penurunan emisi Abstract : As the center of urbanitation for goods and human, Jakarta surely have a dense of mass transportation everyday. It is showed by the mobile of human from the surround (Jabodetabek) to workplace in Jakarta. By the 2011, the rate of vehicle number is ±8% each year. It is a common that transportation sector has a traffic congestion and traffic air pollution impact. Previous study (Darmanto, 2012) showed the dominant sector of highest emission of CO and PM10 from transportation sector as 78,8 % and 99,4%. So it will be necessary to take particular handling from transportation sector. The approach of complex road networking uses road networking model. So that, flow of vehicle in every road derived to be calculated in emission inventory. Based on emission inventory of road segmentation, Cawang road highway has the highest number for number of vehicle. And so does Ciputat Raya road. The result of emission inventory for each road is different for each parameter. Due to the proportion of vehicle which determine the factor emission. 70,68% CO as the highest emission is 973.734,26 ton/year. Transportation system in Jakarta conduct in Jakarta’s macro transportation (JMT) master plan. And in RPJMD (Mid-term action), there are some specific priority of transportation action. It is highway road development inner and outside of Jakarta. In this study, scenario will be do in development of Jakarta Outer Ring Road West 2(JORR W2). And the suitable scenario highway development in Kebun Jeruk – Ulujami for bus accesable. 152 Based on the scenario, reduction of NOx emission is 2%; 1,6% for NO2 emission; 0,4% for CO emission; 0,8% for PM10 emission and 0,1% for VOC emission. Key words: Transportation sector, traffic networking model, Mid-term action, JORR W2, emission reduction PENDAHULUAN Jakarta merupakan kota terpadat di Indonesia dengan jumlah penduduk berkisar 10,1 juta, tingkat kepadatan sekitar 13 ribu jiwa/ km2 dan jumlah rumah tangga sekitar 2,5 juta (BPS, 2012). Sampai saat ini Kota Jakarta masih menjadi pusat urbanisasi dan tercatat sampai dengan tahun 2010, kebutuhan akan perjalanan di DKI Jakarta hampir mencapai 22 juta perjalanan/hari. Pada kendaraan bermotor pun juga terlihat tingginya jumlah perjalanan setiap hari, yaitu berkisar 15 juta perjalanan/hari. Dalam waktu sekitar 10 tahun telah terjadi peningkatan rata-rata perjalanan di wilayah Jabodetabek sebesar 50% (Susantono, 2013). Jika tidak ada langkah efektif dan efisien, Jakarta diprediksi akan mengalami kemacetan total pada tahun 2014 (Widodo, 2012). Dalam 5 tahun terakhir, pertumbuhan jumlah kendaran mencapai ±8% per tahun. Dengan kondisi seperti itu, kemacetan merupakan hal yang tidak bisa dihindari dan diperkirakan biaya kemacetan mencapai Rp 45,2 triliun/tahun yang meliputi biaya untuk BBM, operasional kendaraan, time value, economic value dan pencemaran udara. Dalam Nisrina (2012), disebutkan total emisi dari sektor trasportasi wilayah Jabodetabek untuk pencemar PM10 sebesar 29.188,18 ton/tahun. Konsukuensi dari kemajuan Kota Jakarta adalah timbulnya permasalah lingkungan dimana salah satunya adalah menurunnya kulitas udara. Untuk memantau kulitas udara, lima buah stasiun pemantau kualitas udara (SPKU) disediakan di DKI Jakarta yaitu di Bunderan HI (DKI 1), Kelapa gading (DKI 2), Jagakarsa 3 (DKI 3), Lubang Buaya (DKI 4) dan di GOR Cendrawasih (JAF 4). Berdasarkan data SPKU di stasiun DKI 4 dan JAF 4 tahun 2012, konsentrasi harian PM10 beberapa kali melebihi baku mutu. Di stasiun DKI 2 dan DKI 3 tahun 2012, konsentrasi harian O3 beberapa kali melebihi baku mutu. Untuk inventarisasi emisi dari sektor transportasi, diperlukan pendekatan dengan menghitung data kendaraan dalam sistem jaringan transportasi yang kompleks. Salah satu pendekatan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan model jaringan jalan, suatu model yang dapat merepresentasikan sistem jaringan dan kegiatan pada jalan. Dalam sistem kendaraan, daerah diwakili dengan zona. Sedangkan persimpangan diwakili dengan node dan jalan yang menghubungkan antar persimpangan diwakili dengan link. Pada model jaringan jalan dibutuhkan data jaringan jalan dan matriks asal – tujuan (MAT) sehingga didapatkan flow kendaraan tiap ruas jalan. Dengan adanya volume kendaraan pada ruas jalan, maka dapat diestimasi emisi kendaraan tiap ruas jalan. Dan pada tahun 2012, perlu dilakukan inventarisasi emisi kembali. Diperlukan penanganan khusus yang bersifat win – win solution, dimana kebutuhan masyarakat atas ketersediaan transportasi tetap terpenuhi. Dan dampak negatif dari transportasi berupa penurunan kualitas udara dapat dikurangi. Dengan adanya penanganan transportasi pada studi ini diharapkan dapat memperbaiki kualitas udara Kota Jakarta. METODOLOGI Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini dapat dilihat pada Gambar 1. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan inventarisasi emisi sektor transportasi pada segmen jalan Kota Jakarta dengan parameter yang dikaji meliputi NO2, CO, PM10, dan O3 (prekursornya CO, NOx dan VOC). Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Vol. 20 No. 2 Lailatus Siami, dkk .153 Jaringan jalan Matriks Asal – Jabodetabek Tujuan (MAT) Model Jaringan Jalan Skenario Matriks Volume Emisi spasial Peta traffic Perbaikan Penanganan Kendaraan dari traffic di DKI Jakarta Transportasi transportasi dan DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta Lokal kualitas udara Skenario Perbaikan Transportasi DKI Jakarta Simulasi Skenario Perbaikan Transportasi DKI Skenario Terpilih Kesimpulan Gambar 1. Diagram Alir Penelitian dan Wilayah Penelitian Perhitungan inventarisasi emisi segmen jalan, menggunakan persamaan berikut (EMEP/European Environment Agency, 2013) : E i, k,T = Nk× LA,T × e i, k (Persamaan 1) Ei, k, T merupakan emisi polutan i[g] yang dihasilkan pada waktu T. Nk adalah jumlah kendaraan jenis k yang beroperasi. L a,T adalah Panjang jalan di lokasi a [km] pada waktu T. Dan e i, k merupakan faktor emisi [g/km] untuk polutan i, dengan jenis kendaraan k, pada waktu T. Faktor emisi yang digunakan dalam inventarisasi emisi pada penelitian ini dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut: Tabel 1. Rekapitulasi Faktor Emisi Parameter Jenis Faktor Emisi Parameter Jenis Faktor Emisi No. No. Polutan Kendaraan (g/km) Polutan Kendaraan (g/km) 1. NO2 Mobil 1,91 4. NOx Mobil 1,8336 Sepeda Sepeda 0,056 0,0576 Motor Motor Bus 16,5 Bus 15,84 Minibus 10,1 Minibus 8,989 Truk 4,7 Truk 4,183 2. CO Mobil 37,3 5. VOC Mobil 2,77 Sepeda Sepeda 14,7 8,18 Motor Motor Bus 5,71 Bus 1,99 Minibus 2,71 Minibus 0,706 Truk 1,85 Truk 1,07 3. PM10 Mobil 0,0022 Sepeda 0,176 Motor Bus 0,909 Minibus 0,479 Truk 0,333 Sumber: EMEP- Corinair, 2013 154 Jurnal Teknik Lingkungan Vol. 20 No. 2 Lailatus Siami, dkk. Skenario yang disusun berupa rencana penanganan transportasi yang didasarkan pada matriks penanganan transportasi terhadap kualitas udara. Setelah terpilih satu skenario, maka dilakukan running ulang pada model jaringan jalan untuk mendapatkan kondisi traffic setelah penangan. Kemudian didapatkan pemetaaan traffic dan pemetaan beban emisi persegemen jalan dan spasial di Kota Jakarta. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Estimasi MAT dengan Data Jaringan Untuk
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