Recognizing Rhenium
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A Contribution to the Chemistry of Rhenium
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP999 Part of Journal of Research of the J'Xational Bureau of Standards, Volume 18, May 1937 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHEMISTRY OF RHENIUM . By C. E. F. Lundell and H. B. Knowles ABSTRACT A study of the behavior of rhenium when dilute solutions of potassium per rhenate are acidified with sulphuric acid, cooled, and passed through the Jones reductor, indicates that rhenium forms a compound in which it has a valency of minus one, and that the rhenium in this compound is oxidized to a valency of plus one if the diluted sulphuric acid solution is protected from oxygen and warmed to approximately 50° C. In the course of the investigation, it was also found (1) that rhenium can be electrodeposited from diluted (5+95) sulphuric acid solution; (2) that deposits are slightly contaminated; and (3) that the deposited metal can be oxidized directly to perrhenic acid by exposure to moist air, oxygen, or by making the deposit the anode in a water solution. CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction ___ _____________________ ____ __ __ _____ ___ ___ _____ _____ 629 II. ExperimentaL _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 630 1. Reagents, reductor, and reductor technique ___________________ 630 2. Oxidation of the reduced compound _______________ ___________ 631 3. Potentiometric titrations _______________ ___ ___ ______ ___ _____ 634 4. -
Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg. -
Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table. -
' at 3,508,975 United States Patent Office Patented Apr
April 28, 1970 E. E. OSOVITZ ET AL 3,508,975 TUNGSTEN-RHENIUM ALLOY THERMOCOUPLE WITH COMPENSATING LEAD WIRES Filed Oct. 19, 1966 96-98, TUNGSTEN AND - 2- 4% RHENUM s 74-so, Tu Ngs TEN AND 2 20-26, RHENUM INVENTORS EUGENE E, OSOWT Z. JULIUS F. SCH NEDER BY EDWARD D, ZY S K --' at 3,508,975 United States Patent Office Patented Apr. 28, 1970 1. 2 3,508,975 be used. In a sense the consideration of the lead wires as TUNGSTEN-RHENIUM ALLOY THERMOCOUPLE a couple and the leg wires as a couple at temperatures WITH COMPENSATING LEAD WIRES expected at the leg wire-lead wire junctions is hypotheti Eugene E. Osovitz, Englishtown, N.J., Julius F. Schneider, cal, since the couples which exist in the operating ther Oker-Harz, Germany, and Edward D. Zysk, Livingston, mocouple are formed by the junctions of the respective N.J., assignors to Engelhard Industries, Inc., Newark, 5 leg and lead wires. However, in testing for a suitable N.J., a corporation of Delaware match these hypothetical couples are actually formed and Filed Oct. 19, 1966, Ser. No. 587,803 Int, C. H01v 1/14; C22c 19/00, 27/00 tested within the contemplated temperature range be U.S. C. 136 227 5 Claims cause if these hypothetical couples have similar response 10 then the respective leg and lead combinations will have similar responses and thus be suitably matched. The present invention is a high temperature thermo ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE couple having leg wires of tungsten-rhenium alloys and A thermocouple having a leg and lead wire combina matching lead wires. -
Genius of the Periodic Table
GENIUS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE "Isn't it the work of a genius'. " exclaimed Academician V.I. Spitsyn, USSR, a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee when talking to an Agency audience in January. His listeners shared his enthusiasm. Academician Spitsyn was referring to the to the first formulation a hundred years ago by Professor Dmitry I. Mendeleyev of the Periodic Law of Elements. In conditions of enormous difficulty, considering the lack of data on atomic weights of elements, Mendeleyev created in less than two years work at St. Petersburg University, a system of chemical elements that is, in general, still being used. His law became a powerful instrument for further development of chemistry and physics. He was able immediately to correct the atomic weight numbers of some elements, including uranium, whose atomic weight he found to be double that given at the time. Two years later Mendeleyev went so far as to give a detailed description of physical or chemical properties of some elements which were as yet undiscovered. Time gave striking proof of his predictions and his periodic law. Mendeleyev published his conclusions in the first place by sending, early in March 186 9, a leaflet to many Russian and foreign scientists. It gave his system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical resemblance. On the 18th March that year his paper on the subject was read at the meeting of the Russian Chemical Society, and two months later the Society's Journal published his article entitled "The correlation between properties of elements and their atomic weight". -
The Radiochemistry of Rhenium COMMITTEE on NUCLEAR SCIENCE
Na?ional Academy of Sciences PJational Research Council 9 NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry of Rhenium COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS, Chuirman ROBLEY D. EVANS, Vice Chairman National Bureau of Standards Massachusetts Instituteof Technology J. A. DsJUREN, Secyetiwy Westinghouse Electric Corporation C. J. BORKOWSKI J. W. IRVINE, JR. Oak Ridge National Laboratory Massachusetts Instituteof Technology ROBERT G. COCHIUN E. D. KLEMA Texaa Agricultural and Mecbanioal Northwestern UniverslW College W. WAYNE MEINKE University of Michigan SAMUEL EPSTEIN California Institute of Technology J. J. NICKSON Memorial Hospital, New York U. FANO National Bureau of Standarda ROBERT L. PLATZMAN Laboratctre de Chimie Physique HERBERT GOLDSTEIN Nuclear Development Corporation of D. M. VAN PATTER America Bartol Research Foundation LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C. AEBERSOLD CHARLES K. REED Atomic Energy Commission U. S. Air Force J. HOWARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT National Science Foundation Office of Naval Researoh SUBCOMMlllEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KfRBY University of Michigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE Florida State Unlversi~ Oak Ridge National Laboratory GEORGE A. COWAN JULIAN NIELHEN Los Alarnos Sclentiflc Laboratory Hanfofi Laboratories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG IJniverslty of Washington Argonne National Laboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C, STEVENSON Brcdhaven National Labcmtory University of California (Liverrnore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE University of California (Berkeley) McGill University CONSULTANTS NA THAN BALLOU JAMES DeVOE Centre d’Etude de l’Euy@e Nucleaire University of Miohigsn Mol-Donk, Belgiugi’ . WILLIAM MARLOW National Bureau of Standards CHEMISTRY The Radiochemistry of Rhenium G. W.” LEDDICOTTE Analytical Chemistry Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Fwuanc-sDate:April1981 Subcommittee on Radiochemistry National Academy of Sciences —National Research Council Printedin USA.Price$0.50.AvailablefromtbeOfficeofTechnical Services,DepartmentofCommerce.Washington25,D.C. -
BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged To
BNL-79513-2007-CP Standard Atomic Weights Tables 2007 Abridged to Four and Five Significant Figures Norman E. Holden Energy Sciences & Technology Department National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory P.O. Box 5000 Upton, NY 11973-5000 www.bnl.gov Prepared for the 44th IUPAC General Assembly, in Torino, Italy August 2007 Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. This preprint is intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, it may not be cited or reproduced without the author’s permission. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof or its contractors or subcontractors. -
Synthesis and Characterisation of Molecular Polarised-Covalent Thorium-Rhenium and -Ruthenium Bonds
inorganics Article Synthesis and Characterisation of Molecular Polarised-Covalent Thorium-Rhenium and -Ruthenium Bonds Joseph P. A. Ostrowski, Ashley J. Wooles and Stephen T. Liddle * Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; [email protected] (J.P.A.O.); [email protected] (A.J.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-161-275-4612 t t Abstract: Separate reactions of [Th{N(CH2CH2NSiMe2Bu )2(CH2CH2NSi(Me)(Bu )(µ-CH2)]2 5 5 (1) with [Re(η -C5H5)2(H)] (2) or [Ru(η -C5H5)(H)(CO)2](3) produced, by alkane elimination, DMBS 5 DMBS t 3- DMBS [Th(Tren )Re(η -C5H5)2](ThRe, Tren = {N(CH2CH2NSiMe2Bu )3} ), and [Th(Tren )Ru 5 (η -C5H5)(CO)2](ThRu), which were isolated in crystalline yields of 71% and 62%, respectively. Complex ThRe is the first example of a molecular Th-Re bond to be structurally characterised, and ThRu is only the second example of a structurally authenticated Th-Ru bond. By comparison to isostructural U-analogues, quantum chemical calculations, which are validated by IR and Raman spectroscopic data, suggest that the Th-Re and Th-Ru bonds reported here are more ionic than the corresponding U-Re and U-Ru bonds. Keywords: thorium; rhenium; ruthenium; metal–metal bonds; uranium; density functional theory Citation: Ostrowski, J.P.A.; Wooles, 1. Introduction A.J.; Liddle, S.T. Synthesis and The field of metal–metal bonds is mature and vast with many applications [1–5]. Whilst Characterisation of Molecular homopolymetallic d transition metal systems dominate this still burgeoning field [1–3], het- Polarised-Covalent Thorium- eropolymetallic derivatives have been gaining prominence [3–5]. -
ALLOY SOFTENING in GROUP VIA METALS ALLOYED with RHENIUM by Joseph R
ALLOY SOFTENING IN GROUP VIA METALS ALLOYED WITH RHENIUM by Joseph R. Stephens and Walter R. Witzke vi ,. Lewis Research Center G Cleueland,Ohio 44135 NATIONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. NOVEMBER 1970 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM " " 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No. NASA TN D-7000 I 4. Title and Subtitle I 5. ReportDate ALLOY SOFTENING IN GROUP VIA METALS ALLOYED WITH 1 November lg7o 6. Performing Organization Code RHENIUM I 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Joseph R. Stephens and Walter R. Witzke i E-5680 10. Work Unit No. Performing Organization9. Performing Name and Address I129-03 Lewis Research Center 11. Contractor Grant No. National Aeronautics and Space Administratton Cleveland,Ohio 44135 13. Type of Reportand Period Covered 2. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Technical Note National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, D .C. 20546 I 5. SupplementaryNotes 6. Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of temperature and composition on alloy softening in group VIA metals Cr, Mo, and W alloyed with Re. Results showed that alloy soften- ing was similar in all three alloy systems occurring at homologous temperatures less than 0.16 and at Re concentrations less than 16 atom percent. Rhenium content required to produce a hardness minimum diminished rapidly in all three systems with increasingtest temperature. The similarities in hardness behavior in these three alloy systems suggesta common softening mechanism which may arise from lowering the Peierls stress. -~ 17. Key Words(Suggested byAuthor(s)) 18. DistributionStatement H ardness Tungsten Hardness Unclassified - unlimited A lloy softeningRheniumAlloy Chromium Molybdenum 'For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield,Virginia 22151 ALLOY SOFTENING IN GROUP VIA METALS ALLOYED WITH RHENIUM by Joseph R. -
The Elements.Pdf
A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group** Period 1 18 IA VIIIA 1A 8A 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIAVIIA He 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.47 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr NbMo Tc Ru Rh PdAgCd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuHg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 190.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118 7 Fr Ra Ac~RfDb Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () () http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/ (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM] A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr NdPmSm Eu Gd TbDyHo Er TmYbLu 140.1 140.9 144.2 (147) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk Cf Es FmMdNo Lr 232.0 (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257) ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions. -
Technetium 1 Technetium
Technetium 1 Technetium Technetium Appearance shiny gray metal General properties Name, symbol, number technetium, Tc, 43 Pronunciation /tɛkˈniːʃiəm/ tek-NEE-shee-əm Element category transition metal Group, period, block 7, 5, d Standard atomic weight [98] g·mol−1 Electron configuration [Kr] 4d5 5s2 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 (Image) Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r.t.) 11 g·cm−3 Melting point 2430 K,2157 °C,3915 °F Boiling point 4538 K,4265 °C,7709 °F Heat of fusion 33.29 kJ·mol−1 Heat of vaporization 585.2 kJ·mol−1 Specific heat capacity (25 °C) 24.27 J·mol−1·K−1 Vapor pressure (extrapolated) P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 2727 2998 3324 3726 4234 4894 Atomic properties [1] [2] Oxidation states 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 , 2, 1 , -1, -3 (strongly acidic oxide) Electronegativity 1.9 (Pauling scale) Ionization energies 1st: 702 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1470 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 2850 kJ·mol−1 Atomic radius 136 pm Covalent radius 147±7 pm Miscellanea Technetium 2 Crystal structure hexagonal close packed Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic Thermal conductivity (300 K) 50.6 W·m−1·K−1 Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 16,200 m/s CAS registry number 7440-26-8 Most stable isotopes iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 95mTc syn 61 d ε - 95Mo γ 0.204, - 0.582, 0.835 IT 0.0389, e 95Tc 96Tc syn 4.3 d ε - 96Mo γ 0.778, - 0.849, 0.812 97 6 97 Tc syn 2.6×10 y ε - Mo 97mTc syn 91 d IT 0.965, e 97Tc 98Tc syn 4.2×106 y β− 0.4 98Ru γ 0.745, 0.652 - 99Tc trace 2.111×105 y β− 0.294 99Ru 99mTc syn 6.01 h IT 0.142, 0.002 99Tc γ 0.140 - Technetium is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc.