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Home , Otto Berg (scientist), Rhenium

in your element Recognizing Rhenium and not only share the same in the , but also have some common history relating to how they were — or indeed weren’t — discovered. Eric Scerri explains.

henium lies two places below known element, namely –1, 0, +1, +2 and so in group 7 of the periodic on all the way up to +7 — the last of which Rtable and its existence was predicted is its most common . It is also by Mendeleev in 1869. In fact, when his the that led to the discovery of the periodic system was first published, group first metal–metal . In 1964, 7 was rather unique because it contained Albert Cotton and co-workers in the USA only one element known at the time — y discovered the existence of such a Re–Re

manganese — and had at least two gaps RAPH quadruple bond in the form of the rhenium

g 2– below it. The first gap was eventually filled ion, [Re2Cl8] (ref. 7). 1

by element 43, technetium , with the second HOTO A large quantity of rhenium is made gap being filled by element 75, rhenium. into super-alloys to be used for parts in jet Rhenium was the first of these two new engines. Typically for a , group-7-elements to be discovered — in rhenium also acts a catalyst for many 1925 — and accepted by the scientific reactions. For example, a combination community. In the course of an arduously of rhenium and comprise the ISTOCKPHOTO / CC-P ISTOCKPHOTO

long extraction, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke © catalyst of choice in the very important (later Noddack) and obtained just process of making -free and high-octane one gram of rhenium after they processed 1939 when Hahn, Strassmann and Meitner petrol. Rhenium catalysts are especially approximately 660 kg of the ore really discovered fission. The main reason resistant to chemical attack from nitrogen, in Germany2. Today, rhenium is isolated Noddack’s proposal fell on deaf ears seems phosphorus and sulfur, which makes them far more efficiently as the byproduct of the to be that her reputation had been badly useful in reactions in various purification of and . damaged by the controversy surrounding industrial processes. The German discoverers called their the announcement of the discovery of More recently a rather simple compound element rhenium, after Rhenus, the Latin element 43 back in 1925. of the element, , has name for the river Rhine (pictured) that By a further odd twist of fate, the attracted some attention because it is one flows close to the place where they were Japanese chemist Masataka Ogawa believed of the hardest of all known substances. working. They also claimed to have isolated that he had isolated element 43 even earlier Unlike other super-hard materials, the other element missing from group 7 — in 1908, and called it nipponium. His claim such as diamond, it does not have to be element 43 — that eventually became known too was discredited at the time, but in manufactured under high pressure8. as technetium, but this claim was hotly 2004 it emerged that he had in fact isolated So, although rhenium was the last stable disputed by several other groups. As recently rhenium, rather than element 43, and well element to be discovered, it is certainly not as the early years of the twenty-first century, before the Noddacks and Berg5. the least when it comes to its properties however, research teams from Belgium and Until quite recently, no containing and applications. ❐ the USA re-analysed the X-ray evidence just rhenium as the only type of cation (in from the Noddacks and argued that they combination with a non-metallic element) ERIC SCERRI teaches chemistry at UCLA and had in fact isolated element 43 (ref. 3). had ever been found. As reported in 1994, is the author of The Periodic Table, Its Story But these further claims have also been however, a team of Russian scientists and Its Significance Oxford Univ. Press, 2007. fiercely debated by many radiochemists and discovered rhenium at the mouth of a e-mail: [email protected] physicists and now have been laid to rest, at volcano on a remote island off the east coast References least for the time being4. of Russia6. Based on its appearance in the 1. Scerri, E. Chem. 1, 332 (2009). And while we are on the subject of Ida field, the substance was initially thought to be 2. Noddack, W., Tacke, I. & Berg, O. Naturwissenschaften Noddack in particular, it was she who first molybdenite (the mineral from which Re was 13, 567–574 (1925). proposed in 1934 that nuclear fission might first extracted), but after analysis back in the 3. van Assche, P. H. M. Nucl. Phys. A 480, 205–214 (1988). be possible as the result of the break up of a laboratory it was found to contain no Mo and 4. Kuroda, P. K. Nucl. Phys. A 503, 178–182 (1989). nucleus into fragments. Her speculation was was shown to contain approximately 75% Re 5. Yoshihara, H. K. Spectrochimica Acta B 59, 1305–1310 (2004). generally ignored and it had to wait until and 25% S by weight. 6. Korzhinsky, M. A., Tkachenko, S. I., Shmulovich, K. I., Taran, Y. A. & Steinberg, G. S. Nature 369, 51–52 (1994). The chemistry of rhenium is rather 7. Cotton, F. A. & Walton, R. A. Multiple Bonds Between Metal diverse. Among other things, it shows the Atoms (Oxford Univ. Press, 1993). largest range of oxidation states of any 8. Qin, J. et al. Adv. Mater. 20, 4780–4783 (2008). Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U 598 nature chemistry | VOL 2 | JULY 2010 | www.nature.com/naturechemistry

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