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Nuestra Memoria Nuestra Memoria Año XIII · Nº 28 · Abril de 2007 El Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires es miembro de la delegación argentina de la ITF* *ITF: Task Force for International Cooperation in Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research. Grupo de Trabajo para la Cooperación Internacional en Educación, Rememoración e Investigación del Holocausto. 2 / Nuestra Memoria Nuestra Memoria Consejo de Administración 2005/2007 Año XIII, Nº 28, abril de 2007 Presidente Dr. Mario Feferbaum CONSEJO EDITORIAL Vicepresidentes Dr. Alejandro Dosoretz Arq. Boris Kalnicki Coordinación general Dr. José Menascé Lic. Sima Weingarten Dr. Enrique Ovsejevich Sra. Susana Rochwerger Asesor Secretaria General Lic. Sima Weingarten Prof. Abraham Zylberman Prosecretarios Sr. Daniel Banet Colaboradores Lic. Mario Silberstein Julia Juhasz Tesorero Dr. Manuel Kobryniec Dr. José Menascé Protesoreros Sr. Jaime Machabanski Miriam Scheinberg Dr. Sixto Stolovitzky Nejama Schneid Bruria Sorgen Vocales Sr. Moisés Borowicz Sra. Raquel Dawidowicz Consejo Académico Sr. Enrique Dychter Dra. Graciela Ben Dror Sr. Gregorio Fridman Dr. Yossi Goldstein Dr. Pablo Goldman Prof. Avraham Milgram Sra. Danuta Gotlieb Dr. Daniel Rafecas Sr. León Grzmot Dr. Leonardo Senkman Lic. Susana Luterstein Sra. Eva Rosenthal Producción Dr. César Siculer z’l Lic. Claudio Gustavo Goldman Sra. Eugenia Unger Lic. Susana Zang Diseño e impresión Marcelo Kohan Vocales Suplentes Lic. Tobías Holc Dr. Norberto Selinger z’l Sr. Ernesto Slelatt Revisor de Cuentas Sr. Israel L. Nielavitzky Presidente Fundador Dr. Gilbert Lewi z’l “Nuestra Memoria” es una publica- ción de la Fundación Memoria del Ho- Directora Ejecutiva Prof. Graciela N. de Jinich locausto. Las colaboraciones firmadas Comité de Honor Arq. Ralph Appelbaum expresan la opinión de sus autores, Prof. Haim Avni declinando la institución toda respon- Prof. Yehuda Bauer sabilidad sobre los conceptos y/o con- Dr. Michael Berenbaum tenidos de los mismos. Permitida su Dra. Griselda Pollock reproducción citando la fuente. Rab. Israel Singer Se imprimieron 3.000 ejemplares de esta Sra. Simone Veil edición. Sr. Elie Wiesel Nuestra Memoria / 3 Congreso Latinoamericano para el Aprendizaje y la Enseñanza del Holocausto-Shoá Políticas de la Memoria y Pedagogía de la Transmisión En este número especial de Nuestra Memoria ofrecemos al lector las ponencias centrales presentadas en el Congreso Latinoamericano para el Aprendizaje y la Enseñanza del Holocausto-Shoá, durante el cual se abordaron especialmente las “Políticas de la Memoria y la Pedagogía de la Transmisión”. La realización de este Congreso reunió cerca de cuatrocientos docentes, académicos e intelectuales y se propuso los siguientes objetivos: • Generar un efecto de transmisión que instale el tema de la Shoá- Holocausto en la sociedad toda, para poder reflexionar acerca de los aspectos históricos, sociales, políticos y culturales que se desprenden del mismo. • Educar para que Auschwitz no se repita. • Incentivar el compromiso activo con la convivencia en la diversidad cultural, contra toda forma de xenofobia y racismo. • Brindar herramientas conceptuales y pedagógicas que faciliten el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Shoá-Holocausto. El material presentado confirma un aporte sustantivo al estudio de la temática de la Shoá y contribuye a un significativo enriquecimiento de la bibliografía existente en español. 4 / Nuestra Memoria Congreso Latinoamericano para el Aprendizaje y la Enseñanza del Holocausto-Shoá 24, 25, 26 y 27 de octubre de 2006 Políticas de la Memoria y Pedagogía de la Transmisión CONSEJO ACADÉMICO Dr. Haim Avni Dr. José E. Burucúa Lic. Patricio Brodsky Lic. Renee Dayan-Shabot Rab. Daniel Goldman Prof. Abraham Huberman Dr. José Itzigsohn Prof. Fortunato Mallimaci Dr. Daniel Rafecas Dr. Leonardo Senkman Prof. Manuel Tenembaum Prof. María L. Tucci Carneiro Prof. Baruj Zaidenknop Prof. Abraham Zylberman COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR Presidente Dr. Mario Feferbaum Sr. Daniel Banet Dr. Pablo Goldman Dr. José Menascé Lic. Miriam Scheimberg Prof. Bruria Sorgen Lic. Sima Weingarten Coordinación General Prof. Nejama M. Schneid Dirección Ejecutiva Prof. Graciela N. de Jinich Nuestra Memoria / 5 Auspician este Congreso Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de la Provincia de Mendoza Ministerio de Educación del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Dirección General de Escuelas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Dirección General de Educación de Gestión Privada UNESCO Embajada de Israel Claims Conference AMIA DAIA OSA Congreso Judío Latinoamericano Centro Wiesenthal Agradecimiento especial Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto 6 / Nuestra Memoria Sumario 9 El concepto historiográfico de “masacre” y la realidad histórica de la Shoá. Masacre antigua y masacre moderna Dr. José Burucúa 21 Relaciones sociales y sus consecuentes prácticas deshumanizantes Lic. Damián Andrés Melcer 35 La negación del Holocausto. Un problema de metodología histórica Prof. Ana Laura Umansky / Prof. Adriana Assandri 49 Las sombras del horror. La Shoá en los manuales de Historia alemanes de la posguerra (1949-1968) Lic. Liliana Ruth Feierstein 55 Yad Layeled (el Museo del Niño) como paradigma del principio pedagógico en la enseñanza de la Shoá Prof. Nora Gaon 61 La memoria procedimental. Los múltiples discursos de la Shoá Dr. Ralph Buchenhorst 73 El rol de la memoria visual en el proceso educativo Prof. Ayala Feller 87 Una matriz antijudía y antisemita en redes católico-romanas argentinas. Gestación, desarrollo y relecturas. Una mirada crítica desde la Shoá Presb. Marcelo González / Lic. Andrea Hojman 123 Los museos de la memoria Lic. Claudia Jakubson 129 Marc Chagall, un artista singular Prof. Perla Bajder 133 El arte obligado. Trauma, memoria y denuncia en Terezin Lic. Dina Ergas / Prof. Melina Graves 139 Los años previos a la Shoá, ¿un clima favorable para un genocidio? Prof. Alicia Benmergui 153 El mandato de la memoria Dr. Arnoldo Liberman Nuestra Memoria / 7 165 El exterminio como desafío a la memoria y la transmisión Dr. Emilio Crenzel 173 1946-2006. A sesenta años de Nüremberg, ¿qué aprendimos? Dr. Alejandro Finocchiaro 179 Filosofía de la historia Dr. Alejandro Laje 183 Catástrofe, memoria e identidad post catastrófica Lic. Patricio Brodsky 195 El delito de genocidio. La construcción de un discurso de la memoria Dra. Marisa Braylan 201 Del drama musical a la Shoá. La fundación wagneriana del nazismo Dr. Arnoldo Siperman 221 ¿Enseñamos sufrimientos o actos? Consideraciones estratégicas para una enseñanza no victimal ni memorial de la Shoá Prof. Pablo Hupert 233 Singularidad de la Shoá. Libertad de elección Prof. Adriana Schwartzman / Lic. Susana Goldman 237 La memoria en la construcción de un mañana sin discriminación Arq. Andrea Poretti 247 La memoria de la Shoá como “memoria ejemplar” Lic. Gerardo Caetano Hargain 277 Inmigración judía en tiempos del primer peronismo (1946-1955) Lic. Adrián Jmelnizky Z’L 287 La prensa argentina frente a la Shoá Lic. Gustavo Efron / Lic. Darío Brenman 303 Congreso Latinoamericano para el Aprendizaje y la Enseñanza del Holocausto-Shoá. Conclusiones 307 Latin American Congress for the Teaching and Learning of the Holocaust- Shoah. The politics of the memory and the pedagogy of the transmission 310 Disertantes 8 / Nuestra Memoria Dr. José Burucúa El concepto historiográfico de “masacre” y la realidad histórica de la Shoá Masacre antigua y masacre moderna La masacre es un acontecimiento del devenir humano cuyo relato presentó ya a los historiadores greco-romanos enormes dificultades de construcción narrativa y explicación racional. La tesis de la conferencia apuntará a mostrar en qué medida la historiografía y el arte que se han ocupado de la experiencia contemporánea de la Shoá y de otros genocidios han reeditado, ahondado y trascendido aquellos dilemas que los antiguos vivieron con perplejidad científica y angustia emocional. I Los aspectos generales que plantea la dialéctica en el título de la ponencia nos remiten a dos nociones warburguianas fundamentales: 1) la idea del Renacimiento como conflicto de horizontes, y 2) una teoría general de la cultura entendida como yuxtaposición de umbrales cognitivos y entrecruzamientos de vida y latencia de las Pathosformeln.1 A partir de este marco he procurado indagar un aspecto parcial de la tensión civilizatoria moderna: la polémica alrededor de las definiciones operativas jurídicas y las posibilidades de las representaciones estéticas de la masacre entendida en un sentido lato, que comprende los genocidios del siglo XX, desde la matanza de los armenios y la Shoá hasta la tragedia camboyana y los procesos de desaparición de personas en América Latina. Me limitaré a examinar dos cuestiones: 1) En el plano historiográfico, ciertos caracteres que despuntan ya en los actos homicidas masivos de la Antigüedad nos ayudan a comprender mejor lo común a ellos y lo peculiar distintivo de las masacres genocidas del mundo contempo- 1 Burucúa, José E. Historia, arte, cultura. De Aby Warburg a Carlo Ginzburg. Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003; Burucúa, José E. Historia y ambivalencia. Ensayos sobre arte. Buenos Aires, Biblos, 2006. 10 / Nuestra Memoria ráneo, al mismo tiempo que a replantear el tema de la imposibilidad presunta de sus representaciones; es decir, de una explicación y comprensión racional –en última instancia– de sus causas y desarrollos. 2) En el plano estético, analizaré una escena de martirio, pintada por Alber- to Durero en 1508, y dos escenas de matanzas antiguas, pintadas
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