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5-3-1-Progettobrisbane.Pdf See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228325996 Evaluation of an antagonistic Trichoderma strain for reducing the rate of wood decomposition by the white rot fungus Phellinus noxius ARTICLE in BIOLOGICAL CONTROL · MAY 2012 Impact Factor: 1.64 · DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.01.016 CITATIONS READS 5 425 5 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: Francis Willis Matthew Robert Schwarze Craig Hallam Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Mate… Independent Researcher 89 PUBLICATIONS 1,290 CITATIONS 3 PUBLICATIONS 9 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Mark Schubert Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Mate… 26 PUBLICATIONS 159 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Mark Schubert Retrieved on: 30 March 2016 Biological Control 61 (2012) 160–168 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Evaluation of an antagonistic Trichoderma strain for reducing the rate of wood decomposition by the white rot fungus Phellinus noxius ⇑ Francis W.M.R. Schwarze a, , Frederick Jauss a, Chris Spencer b, Craig Hallam b, Mark Schubert a a EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Wood Laboratory, Section Wood Protection and Biotechnology, Lerchenfeldstrasse. 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland b ENSPEC, Unit 2/13 Viewtech Place, Rowville, Victoria 3178, Australia highlights graphical abstract " Antagonism of Trichoderma species against Phellinus noxius varied in the in vitro studies. " Weight losses by P. noxius were higher in angiospermous than gymnospermous wood. " Biocontrol of P. noxius depends on the specific Trichoderma strain and its host. article info abstract Article history: The objective of these in vitro studies was to identify a Trichoderma strain that reduces the rate of wood Received 31 October 2011 decomposition by the white rot fungus Phellinus noxius and Ganoderma australe. For this purpose, dual Accepted 30 January 2012 culture and interaction tests in wood blocks of three hardwoods, Delonix regia, Ficus benjamina, Jacaranda Available online 8 February 2012 mimosifolia, and one softwood, Araucaria bidwillii, as well as investigations of fungal growth under differ- ent environmental conditions, were performed. The effect of Trichoderma ghanense, two strains of T. har- Keywords: zianum and T. reesei on wood colonization and decomposition by four P. noxius strains and G. australe Biological control were quantitatively analyzed by measuring the dry weight loss of wood. All Trichoderma species and White rot wood-decay fungi showed optimum growth at a mean temperature of 25–35 °C and a high water activity Ganoderma australe Dry weight loss (aw) of 0.998. At 35 °C and aw 0.928, no growth was recorded for any of the wood-decay fungi after Interaction tests in wood blocks 1 week, whereas most Trichoderma species were still actively growing. The different Trichoderma species all showed an antagonistic potential against P. noxius in the in vitro studies. The species of wood-decay fungi showed significant differences in their sensitivity when challenged by the volatile organic com- pounds (VOCs) of Trichoderma species. Reduction in the rate of wood decomposition by different Trichoderma species against all wood-decay fungi varied strongly according to the specific plant host. T. harzianum 121009 and T. atroviride 15603.1 showed the highest reduction in weight losses. P. noxius 169 strongly decomposed untreated and pretreated wood of D. regia, whereas weight losses of F. benjam- ina and J. mimosifolia pretreated with Trichoderma strains were significantly lower. Weight losses by G. australe were significantly reduced for A. bidwillii, D. regia and F. benjamina by all Trichoderma species, but no affect was recorded for J. mimosifolia. The in vitro studies show that only after careful monitoring (i.e. selecting the appropriate strain for the target pathogen and its niche (wood species) can Trichoderma species be used to significantly reduce the growth and rate of wood decomposition by different P. noxius strains. Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +41 582747694. E-mail address: [email protected] (F.W.M.R. Schwarze). 1049-9644/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.01.016 F.W.M.R. Schwarze et al. / Biological Control 61 (2012) 160–168 161 1. Introduction Mohd Farid et al., 2009; Sahashi et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2011). The USDA-ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory maintains Species of the genus Trichoderma are ubiquitous in soils. Since a website with an updated list of hosts and information on geo- Weindling (1932) recognized the antagonistic effect of Trichoderma graphical distribution; it currently lists 153 host species and some species against plant pathogens, several have been extensively of the most notable include mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni King.) studied as biological control agents against fungal pathogens (Chet, teak (Tectona grandis L.), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr 1990; Chet et al., 1998; Harman et al., 2004; Howell, 1998). As po- de Juss.) Muell. et Arg.), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), tea Camellia tential biocontrol agents, Trichoderma species have the following sinensis (L.) Kuntze, coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) advantages: they grow on, but do not occur on, most organic mat- and cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), as well as a variety of fruit, nut, ter, sporulate readily in culture and, in natural conditions, can act and ornamental trees. The fungus is believed to be responsible for as either secondary antagonists or primary colonizers (Alabouvette the death of many Hoop Pines (A. cunninghamii), and other trees et al., 2006; Highley, 1997; Holdenreider and Greig, 1998; Scho- throughout Australia (Bolland, 1984). The disease is highly invasive eman et al., 1999). Furthermore, some Trichoderma species survive and has already killed many significant trees throughout the Greater as chlamydospores under unfavourable conditions and are fairly Metropolitan area of Brisbane Queensland, including street and park resistant to common fungicides and herbicides (Sariah, 2003). trees located in the suburbs of Shorncliffe, Taringa, New Farm, Eagle Much of the biological control research in the tropics has fo- Farm, West End, the city’s centre and beside the Brisbane River. cused on the development of strains of Trichoderma species (subdi- As the demand for alternatives to chemical control of plant vision: Ascomycota) that show antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens has become stronger, owing to concerns about the safety root fungal pathogens (Harman et al., 2004; Prasad and Naik, 2002; and environmental impact of chemicals, the application of Tricho- Raziq and Fox, 2006; Sariah, 2003; Sariah et al., 2005; Susanto derma as biological control of P. noxius shows promise. The objective et al., 2005; Widyastuti, 2006). Soepena et al. (2000) successfully of this study was to evaluate the potential of different Trichoderma formulated a biofungicide comprising Trichoderma koningii Oud. species as biocontrol agents and to identify a competitive strain that isolate Marihat (MR14) to manage basal stem rot in Elaeis guineen- can be used against P. noxius. For this purpose, a range of bioassays sis (Jacq.) (oil palm) caused by Ganoderma orbiforme (Fr.) Ryvarden were conducted to evaluate the antagonistic mechanisms of differ- (=G. boninense Pat.). This pathogen is recognized as the single ma- ent Trichoderma species against P. noxius and Ganoderma australe jor disease constraint to sustainable production of oil palm (Fr.) Pat. an important decay fungus on urban trees in Australia. throughout Asia (Ariffin et al., 2000; Durand-Gasselin et al., As a benchmark, we compared the European T. atroviride strain 2005; Flood et al., 2000; Paterson et al., 2000; Singh, 1991; Turner, 15603.1, which has been shown to have high biocontrol efficacy 1981). In in vitro experiments, the growth of two unknown Gano- against several wood-decay fungi (Schubert et al., 2008a–c), with derma species, previously isolated from diseased Acacia mangium four Australian native Trichoderma strains (T. ghanense, T. reesei, in Indonesia, were shown to be strongly inhibited by T. koningii, and two strains of T. harzianum). T. harzianum and T. reesei (Widyastuti, 2006). In field experiments carried out at different locations in France and Germany, a total of 2. Materials and methods 159 angiospermous trees and 1431 wounds on six different species (Platanus  hispanica Miller ex Münchh., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Til- 2.1. Micro-morphological and molecular identification ia platyphyllos Scop., Populus nigra L., Quercus rubra L., Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were treated with different conidial suspensions All cultures were identified microscopically (Bissett, 1984; of T. atroviride strain T-15603.1 (Schubert et al., 2008a–c). T- 1991a–c, 1992; Gams and Bissett, 1998; Rifai, 1969) and addition- 15603.1 significantly suppressed growth (82.3%) in wounds artifi- ally the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the cially inoculated with three basidiomycetes Ganoderma adspersum, rDNA was amplified and sequenced for each strain (Schubert, Inonotus hispidus and Polyporus squamosus in comparison with 2006). The origins of the Trichoderma strains and wood-decay growth in untreated control wounds (Schubert et al., 2008b). basidiomycetes are provided in Table 1. All cultures were main- Although these studies show that
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