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Spatial-Temporal Variation of Pteropus Voeltzkowi Population and Its Potential Role in Restoring Forest Connectivity in Pemba Island

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Spatial-Temporal Variation of Pteropus Voeltzkowi Population and Its Potential Role in Restoring Forest Connectivity in Pemba Island The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz Natural Sciences Master Dissertations 2020 Spatial-temporal variation of pteropus voeltzkowi population and its potential role in restoring forest connectivity in Pemba Island Mwinyi, Ali Mbarouk The University of Dodoma Mwinyi, A. M. (2020). Spatial-temporal variation of pteropus voeltzkowi population and its potential role in restoring forest connectivity in Pemba Island (Master's dissertation). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/2727 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF PTEROPUS VOELTZKOWI POPULATION AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN RESTORING FOREST CONNECTIVITY IN PEMBA ISLAND ALI MBAROUK MWINYI MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA DECEMBER, 2020 SPATIAL-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF PTEROPUS VOELTZKOWI POPULATION AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN RESTORING FOREST CONNECTIVITY IN PEMBA ISLAND BY ALI MBAROUK MWINYI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA DECEMBER, 2020 DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Ali Mbarouk Mwinyi, hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other university for a similar or any other degree award. Signature No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma. If transformed for publication in any other format shall be acknowledged that, this work has been submitted for degree award at the University of Dodoma. i CERTIFICATION The Undersigned certifies that she has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by the University of Dodoma a dissertation entitled ‘’Spatial-Temporal Variation of Pteropus voeltzkowi Population and Its Potential Role in Restoring Forest Connectivity in Pemba Island, Zanzibar’’ in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Natural Resources Management of the University of Dodoma. Dr. Happiness J Nnko Signature Date (Supervisor) ii DEDICATION This dissertation is first dedicated to God under whose care I did my studies safely and successfully. Secondly, the work is dedicated to my mother Msim Ali Ahmed, and my son Nadir, Nasihuddin, Nashal and Irshad who bore the consequences but remained my unfaltering source of inspiration and encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Glory, honour, adoration, excellency are ascribed into the Almighty God, who in His infinite love guided me to the success of this work. Enthusiastically, words are inadequate to express my appreciation to Him. I avail myself of this opportunity, with pleasure, to follow the good tradition of recognizing all those who, in one way or the other contributed to make my studies a success. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Happiness J Nnko for her patience, guidance, encouragement, constructive criticisms, and readiness to assist. Her support and understanding kept me going up to completion of this work. I also express my sincere gratitude to my brother Mwinyi Othman for supporting me over the whole course time. I would have not achieved this stage, if it had not been for moral and material support that had been extending to me from time to time. Also, I would like to thank all staff and management in the Department of forestry in Pemba, special thanks to Mr. Suleiman Mohd Salim, Mr. Salum, Mr. Said Juma Ali, Mr Ali Hamad, Mr Hamad Juma, and Mrs Sada. To the very special people in my life, my mother Msim Ali, my son, my brother Ibrahim Mbarouk, my lovely sisters Asha Mbarouk. I appreciate the contribution of my family towards the success of this work. They missed me throughout the period of my study and yet were patient to see that, this academic endeavour is realized. I thank them all. Finally, I have to recognize my friends, Mr. Madalisto Henry Mwale, Mr Juma Ali Juma, Mr Rajab Hamad and Mr Amir Mohamed Amir your kindness is highly appreciated and God bless you. iv ABSTRACT This study examined spatial and temporal variation of Pteropus voeltzkowi population and its potential roles in restoring forest connectivity in Pemba Island where four villages including; Wete, Ngezi, Kidike, and Msitu mkuu were involved. The study adopts longitudinal research design whereby the data were collected once in a dry season and once in a wet season. The collected data were then processed and analysed using R computer software. Specifically, the study aimed at assessing variation of Pteropus voeltzkowi population during dry and wet season in these four villages, habitat preference and potential roles of Pteropus voeltzkowi in restoring forest connectivity in Pemba Island. The findings revealed that population of Pteropus voeltzkowi significantly varied between the seasons with high relative abundance in dry season compared to wet season and between villages. Further there was significant decrease of Pteropus voeltzkowi relative abundance during wet season (β= -63.5, SE = 25.4) compared to dry season. On the other hand, there was a significant increase of Pteropus voeltzkowi relative abundance in Wete village (β= 142.1, SE=46.6, df= 138, p - value = 0.002) and significant decrease of Pteropus voeltzkowi relative abundance in Ngezi (β = -105.3, SE=46, df=138, p-value=0.0237) compared to Kidike. In addition, there was an increase in relative abundance of Pteropus voeltzkowi on every increase of roosting trees canopy diameter (β= 10.4, SE = 2.9, df = 138, p- value= 0.0005) and height (β= 4.5, SE = 1.95, df = 138, p- value= 0.0219). Furthermore, observations revealed that, out of twelve plant species only ten plant families were identified as sources of food for Pteropus voeltzkowi during the study and the preferred food type by Pteropus voeltzkowi were fruits followed by nectar and leaves. Lastly, experimental results revealed that, all the seeds that were processed by Pteropus voeltzkowi significantly showed better germination rate than those extracted from unprocessed when they were planted in a plastic beaker under natural condition (X2 = 16.266, df= 3, P- value =0.001) These findings can be used to inform spatial temporal species distribution models intended to cover extensive area and longer time. In addition, it can help to develop a village specific conservation strategy to alleviate potential human-bats conflicts. It highlight the potential role of Pteropus voeltzkowi in enhancing forest connectivity and thus additional reason for conserving this species. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ......................................................................... i CERTIFICATION ....................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vi LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................. xi LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Chapter Overview .................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Statement of the problem and justification ............................................................ 2 1.4 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Overall objectives................................................................................................ 4 1.4.2 Specific Objectives.............................................................................................. 4 1.4.3 Hypothesis ........................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Research Questions: ............................................................................................... 4 1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 4 1.7 Scope of the study .................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO ......................................................................................................
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