ABSTRACT
MILLER, VICKIE MARIE. Habitat Characterization of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Groups at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. (Under the direction of Dr. Gary Blank.)
The growth characteristics and habitat of the rare shrub Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana were studied by examining 19 documented groups of this Federal
Species of Concern. These 19 groups occur along the Little River on the Fort Bragg
Military Reservation in Cumberland, Hoke and Moore counties, North Carolina.
Systematic field studies located and monitored the plants, and a modified version of the North Carolina Vegetation Survey protocol produced an inventory of surrounding plant communities. Results were used to modify knowledge of A. georgiana var.
georgiana and correct errors in previous accounts: flowering commences in mid-
April and ends in mid-May; seeds may persist on the plants until the following April;
tree canopy densities range above 75 percent; and the plant inhabits transition zones
on the dry side of wetland boundaries. A key to guide searches for the plant is
presented along with recommendations for further research to resolve remaining
questions about the protection status of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
Habitat Characterization of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Groups at Fort Bragg, North Carolina
by Vickie Marie Miller
A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
Natural Resources
Raleigh 2004
APPROVED BY:
BIOGRAPHY
I was born in Valdese, North Carolina on October 5, 1975. My family lived in
Lenoir, NC until I was 4 years old when we moved to a small community outside
Boone, NC. I attended Mabel Elementary School through eighth grade and then went
to Watauga High School in Boone and graduated in 1993. I graduated from the
University of North Carolina at Asheville in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science in
Environmental Science with a concentration in Ecology and Environmental Biology.
I then took a year off from school working at an organic nursery for part of that year, and the other part of the year I assisted in remodeling a Bed and Breakfast in
Mountain City, Tennessee. At that time, I decided that I wanted to return to school for my Master of Science. I came to North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC and entered the program in Natural Resources in August of 1998. In January 2002. I began a job with URS Corporation as an Environmental Scientist and continue to work for URS.
ii TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES...... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ...... v
1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1
2.0 OBJECTIVES...... 5
3.0 METHODS ...... 5
3.1 Location and Population Numbers...... 6 3.2 Habitat Characterization ...... 8 3.3 Hydrophytic Status...... 9 3.4 Search Criteria ...... 10
4.0 RESULTS ...... 11
4.1 Location...... 11 4.2 Stems and Roots...... 15 4.3 Flowers and Fruits...... 18 4.4 Soils Description...... 21 4.5 Hydrophytic Status...... 29 4.6 Vegetative Community ...... 30 4.7 Photo Documentation...... 31
5.0 DISCUSSION...... 43
5.1 Stems and Roots...... 43 5.2 Flowers and Fruits...... 44 5.3 Soils Description...... 46 5.4 Hydrophytic Status...... 47 5.5 Vegetative Community ...... 47
6.0 CONCLUSIONS...... 52
6.1 Searching for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana...... 52 6.2 Recommendations for Future Research...... 53
7.0 LIST OF REFERENCES...... 55
8.0 APPENDICES
iii LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Groups and locations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. 7 3.2 Classes used to estimate foliar cover. After Peet et al. (1998). 9 3.3 Assigned numerical values based on wetland indicator status. 10 4.1 Locations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana groups at Fort Bragg, NC. 12 4.2 Clump and stem data for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. 15 4.3 Fruiting and fire data from 1991 – 2000 for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. 20 4.4 Soil horizons and colors of sites at Ft. Bragg, NC. 22 4.5 Soil series names of sites at Ft. Bragg, NC. 23 4.6 Soil drainage classes and taxonomic classification of sites at Fort Bragg, NC. 23 4.7 Soil nutrient results of sites at Fort Bragg, NC. 24 4.8 Key to soil abbreviations. 25 4.9 Canopy densities in for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana plots at Fort Bragg, NC. 31
iv LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Plot system used in sampling vegetation, 1x1-meter nested plot within 10x10- meter plot, centered on plant group. 8 4.1 Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana group locations on Fort Bragg, NC. 13 4.2 Stem and root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 16 4.3 Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 16 4.4 Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 17 4.5 Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 17 4.6 Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 17 4.7 Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 17 4.8 Previous year’s fruit remaining on Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana during current year flowering. 18 4.9 Phycoides tharos visiting Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 19 4.10 Cerambycid on Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 19 4.11 Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana group locations on Fort Bragg, NC. 26 4.12 Hydrophytic vegetation within 10x10-meter plots on Fort Bragg, NC. 29 4.13 Hydrophytic vegetation within 1x1-meter plots on Fort Bragg, NC. 29 4.14 Early development of compound leaves and 1 cm long leaflets. 32 4.15 Development of 5 cm long terminal racemes of flowers. 32 4.16 Early flowers noting two racemes and reddish purple corolla. 33 4.17 Typical solitary racemes with reddish purple corolla and yellow anthers. 33 4.18 Solitary terminal racemes with reddish purple corolla and yellow anthers. 34 4.19 End of the flowering season for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 34 4.20 Group of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana showing ease of identification when flowering. 35 4.21 Early development of fruit, a one-seeded indehiscent legume. 35 4.22 Terminal raceme with numerous one-seeded indehiscent legumes approximately 5 mm long. 36 4.23 Numerous one-seeded indehiscent legumes produced per raceme. 37 4.24 Shrub habit of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 38 4.25 Frequently burned habitat of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 38 4.26 Frequently burned site with less competition from a thick shrub layer. 39 4.27 Frequently burned habitat with less competition from shrubs and more herbaceous species. 39 4.28 Less frequently burned site with more competition from shrubs and herbaceous species. 40 4.29 Less frequently burned site with more competition from surrounding shrubs. Note difficulty of locating the species. 40 4.30 Unidentified insect on flowers with nearby bracken fern. 41 4.31 Unidentified insect visiting flowers. 41 4.32 Unidentified insect visiting flowers. 42 4.33 Flowers and shrub habit of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 42 5.1 Phycoides tharos (Pearl crescent) range in North Carolina. 45 5.2 Pteridium aquilinum. 48
v LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED)
5.3 Rhus copallina. 48 5.4 Tephrosia virginiana. 49 5.5 Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. 49
vi
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana, a rare plant, has been a species of concern for many years and some confusion still exists. Very little published information is available on Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. The information available includes species descriptions in the Manual of the Vascular Flora of the
Carolinas (Radford et al. 1968), which describes Amorpha georgiana but does not distinguish between the two varieties currently recognized by most authorities. Also the species has been described in the Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States
(Isely 1990). The two varieties were described by Wilbur (1975) who noted differences in leaflet length and size and corolla color. Other available literature on the species exists as Element Occurrence Records for each subpopulation documented at the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) and as NCNHP Element
Stewardship Abstracts (Sorrie 1995a). The documentation suggests that populations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana have declined.
The loss of plant species is of great concern. The reasons for the loss of plant species are habitat destruction, commercial and residential encroachment, illegal collection, grazing of animals, introduced and exotic species, and suppression of the dynamics of the natural habitat. The species is not widely known, and plants may go undetected and unwittingly lost.
Many plants in danger of being lost are on the Federal Threatened or
Endangered species list maintained by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS). Federally-listed Threatened and Endangered species are legally protected under the provisions of Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
1 amended. This section requires that any action likely to adversely affect a listed-
species is subject to review by the USFWS and/or the National Marine Fisheries
Service (NMFS). The USFWS also maintains a list of Federal Species of Concern
(FSC), formerly called Candidate species. While these species are not federally protected, they are problematic because of small population sizes, limited distribution, and the possibility of listing as either Threatened or Endangered.
A Federal Species of Concern (FSC) is described by USFWS as a species that
“[USFWS] remains concerned about…but further biological research and
field study are needed to resolve the conservation status of these taxa. Many
species of concern will be found not to warrant listing, either because they are
not threatened or endangered or because they do not qualify as species under
the definition in the [Endangered Species] Act. Others may be found to be in
greater danger of extinction than some present candidate taxa. [USFWS] is
working with the States and other private and public interests to assess their
need for protection under the Act. Such species are the pool from which
future candidates for listing will be drawn (Federal Register, Feb. 28, 1996).”
Currently listed as an FSC, Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is a member of
the Fabaceae family or Pea Family. The classification of the species is as follows:
Kingdom Plantae Phylum Magnoliophyta Class Magnoliopsida Order Fabales Family Fabaceae Genus Amorpha Species Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana
2 The name Amorpha stems from the Greek amorphous meaning “away from the form,” a reference to the absence of four of the five petals normally found on flowers of legumes. Several species are known. Carolus von Linnaeus first described
Amorpha fruticosa (bastard indigobush or false indigobush) in 1753 in Species
Plantarum (Wunderlin and Hansen 2004). German botanist Frederick Pursh first described Amorpha canescens in 1814 (Kantrud 1995). The common name of
leadplant refers to the once held belief that the plant was an indicator of the presence
of lead ore in the ground (Johnson and Larson 1999). Amorpha georgiana (Georgia
indigo-bush or Georgia lead-plant) was first described by Wilbur (1954) and later divided into two varieties (Wilbur 1975).
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is a low shrub from 0.3 to 1.0 meter tall.
The leaves are alternate, odd pinnately compound with 13 to 39 oblong leaflets with mucro tips. The flowers are borne in terminal racemes, have a reddish purple corolla and orange anthers. The fruit is a one seeded indehiscent legume (Isely 1990).
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana has a global rank of G3T2, which means
that it is "either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even
abundantly at some of its locations) in a restricted range or because of other factors
making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range.”
In North Carolina the plant is ranked statewide as S2, which means that it is
“imperiled in North Carolina because of rarity or because of some factor making it
very vulnerable to extirpation from the state.” In North Carolina the species also has a state status code of endangered, meaning it is a “plant whose continued existence as a viable component of the state’s flora is determined to be in jeopardy” (NCNHP
3 2004). In North Carolina, some species are given limited protection under the North
Carolina Endangered Species Act and the North Carolina Plant Protection and
Conservation Act of 1979 (North Carolina General Assembly, General Statute 19B
106: 202.12). The N.C. Department of Agriculture Plant Conservation Program is
responsible for enforcing and administering plant species protection.
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana has also been found in South Carolina and
Georgia. In South Carolina the species is considered to be ranked S?, which means
that the status is unknown (SCHT 2003). Therefore, the species has not been given
any legal state status in South Carolina. In Georgia, two different Element
Stewardship Abstracts state that the species is ranked as SH and S1 (Sorrie 1995b).
SH means that historical populations are assumed to be extant. S1 basically means
the same as S1 does in North Carolina. Recently, Georgia gives the species a status
of S1 (GDNR 2004).
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana has been found in eight counties in North
Carolina. The extant populations are found in Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore,
and Lee counties. Six historical populations of the plant have been documented in
Lenoir, Richmond, Robeson, Cumberland, Harnett, and Moore counties. Pender
County was also listed as having an occurrence (N.C. Natural Heritage Program List), but this location was not noted in the Status Survey Report. Many of the populations
(approximately 25 groups) occur on Ft. Bragg property in Cumberland, Hoke, Moore, and Harnett counties.
Amorpha georgiana is listed as a facultative wetland or FACW plant on the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National List of Plant Species That Occur in
4 Wetlands (USFWS 1988). This classification indicates that the plant usually occurs in wetlands with a probability of 67-99 percent but is occasionally found in non- wetlands (USFWS 1988). According to the North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program's County Species list Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana grows in seasonal wet pine savannas, borders of swamps and wet woodlands. However, according to
Radford et al. (1964) the plant grows on sandy woodland borders and open woods and fields with no mention of wet areas.
The disagreement about where the plant is found, the fact that the plant is considered to be extirpated in part of its range, and its status as a Federal Species of
Concern suggest that the plant deserves further investigation. The purpose of the research reported here is to amend the botanical record and update element occurrence records for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this study are to:
1. Define the growth habit and habitat of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana groups located on Ft. Bragg along the Little River by assessing the geomorphic position on the landscape, the vegetative community, and the soils;
2. Determine Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana’s hydrophytic status on the study sites; and
3. Develop site search criteria.
3.0 METHODS
Given the questions concerning status of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana and the limited observations of the species, systematic field studies were initiated. A
5 concentration of current and historical populations in south-central North Carolina
suggested that site characteristics of extant populations should be examined.
Measuring and observing 19 groups of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana
and the sites on which they persist at Fort Bragg provided data in this study. Findings
were obtained from documentary data collection, field measurements and
observations, and analyses of plant data using weighted averages.
3.1 Location and Population Numbers
The groups of plants on Ft. Bragg were selected for study because of the large
number of plant sites located within the area, because they were relatively easy to
access, and because the U.S. Army is actively managing its groups and therefore has
records of plant status. Forest fire records from 1991 to 2000 were obtained from
Janet Gray with the Endangered Species Branch at Ft. Bragg. Records indicated
whether the burn was a wildfire, or a growing season, or dormant season prescribed
burn.
Initially, the known sites of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana on Fort Bragg
were located using the Element Occurrence records obtained from the North Carolina
Natural Heritage Program and from aerial photographs of Ft. Bragg. Most of the sites on Ft. Bragg were already mapped using a global positioning system (GPS) (See
Section 4.1).
Starting in mid-April through the flowering period ending mid- to late-May
2000, 19 groups were visited and marked with flagging (Table 3.1). For the sites not
previously mapped, GPS coordinates were taken using a map grade unit (Topcon
Ranger series with sub-meter accuracy). Permits were obtained to dig up a plant to
6 determine whether the plant is clonal (See Section 4.2). Stems were counted and photographed, and the number of clumps at each location was also counted.
Most of the time in the field it was easy to see what constituted a clump, but at other times identifying a clump was extremely difficult. Thus a definition of clump was needed before counts could be completed. Radford et al. (1968) defines a clump as “A single plant with two to many more or less crowded stems arising from a branched rootstock or short rhizome.” Taking into account that definition, I defined a clump as several stems that arise within a distance of 0.3 m (1 ft).
Table 3.1. Groups and locations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. Group County Coordinates Obtained Number of Plots Placed Number Name From Ft. Bragg at Each Group 9A Cumberland X 1 9C Cumberland X 1 10A Cumberland 1 10B Cumberland X 1 10C Hoke X 1 11A Moore X 1 12A Moore 2 12B Hoke 2 12C Hoke X 1 12D Hoke 1 13A Hoke X 1 13B Hoke X 3 13C Hoke X 7 13D Hoke X 1 15A Hoke 2 15C Hoke 1 15D Hoke X 4 15E Hoke X 1 17A Hoke 1
7 3.2 Habitat Characterization
To characterize the vegetative community, inventory plots were established
around each group. The plot configuration was based on a modified version of the
North Carolina Vegetation Survey (NCVS) protocol (Peet 1998). A 10x10-meter plot
(.01 ha) with a corner-nested 1x1-meter plot (.001 ha) was centered over each group
of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana (Fig 3.1). For each group larger than .01 ha,
more than one 10x10-meter block was established to encompass that particular group.
For example, seven plots were arranged at group 13C. The 1x1-meter nested plots in those instances were placed on an Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana clump.
Figure 3.1. Plot system used in sampling vegetation, 1x1-meter nested plot within the 10x10-meter plot, centered on plant group.
Within each of the 1x1-meter plots every plant species occurring in the plot
was identified. The percent foliar cover of each plant species in the plot was
estimated using the cover classes shown in Table 3.2.
8 Table 3.2. Classes used to estimate foliar cover. After Peet et al. (1998). 1=trace 2=0-1% 3=1-2% 4=2-5% 5=5-10% 6=10-25% 7=25-50% 8=50-75% 9=75-95% 10=>95%
Within the 10x10-meter plot three variables were recorded. The presence of
plant species that were not present in the 1x1-meter plots was noted. The dbh and
species of trees within the plot were recorded. The percent of total canopy cover was
determined using a spherical densiometer for the 10x10-meter plots.
A soil sample of about 600 cubic centimeters was extracted with a trowel at the center of each 1x1-meter plot and placed in a cardboard container. Soil samples were taken to the Agronomic Division of the North Carolina Department of
Agriculture for analysis. Soil samples were not taken across the entire sites at regular intervals to determine the nutrients or conditions of the site but were taken at discrete locations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana to determine if there was anything significant or abnormal in association with the plant. Soil series information was gathered from the Soil Survey records for Moore and Cumberland and Hoke Counties
(Hudson 1984, Wyatt 1995). Soil horizons, colors and depths were observed and recorded at each site using a bucket auger and Munsell Soil Color Charts.
3.3 Hydrophytic Status
To examine the question of the hydrophytic classification of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana, the associated plant community was analyzed. Amorpha
9 georgiana var. georgiana was removed from the calculation because the purpose was
not to determine if the sites were wetland, but rather if Amorpha georgiana var.
georgiana should be classified FACW.
For the 10x10-meter plots, each species was given the assigned value given to
each plant’s Region 2 (USFWS 1988) wetland indicator value (Table 3.3). Then the
sum of all those assigned values was divided by the total number of species occurring
in the 10x10-meter inventory plot. This produced the plant community wetness value
for each plot.
Using a weighted average method (Wentworth et al. 1988), the percent foliar
cover class midpoint for each species from the 1x1-meter plots was multiplied by the
assigned value from Table 3.3. Summing the products resulted in a total for each plot. The total was then divided by the sum of the percent foliar cover for each plot to derive a wetness value of the vegetative community for that plot.
Table 3.3. Assigned numerical values based on wetland indicator status. Wetland Indicator Status Assigned Value UPL 5 FACU- or UPL+ 4.5 FACU 4 FAC- or FACU+ 3.5 FAC 3 FACW- or FAC+ 2.5 FACW 2 OBL- or FACW+ 1.5 OBL 1
3.4 Search Criteria
The information generated in this study enabled development of search
criteria for identifying potential habitat and searching for Amorpha georgiana var.
10 georgiana in that habitat. Canopy density, dominant vegetation, and soil information
were combined in a key to assist field personnel with searches.
4.0 RESULTS
4.1 Location
Physiographically study sites at Fort Bragg lie within the Upper Coastal Plain,
within what is known as the Sandhills of North Carolina (Hudson 1984, Wyatt 1995).
Locations of the groups used for this study are found in Table 4.1 and Figures 4.1a
and 4.1b. The distance from group 13B (westernmost group) to 9A (easternmost
group) in a straight-line is 13.4 km (8.3 miles). The distance following the Little
River is approximately 24 km (15 miles).
The groups were found growing along the Little River (within the Cape Fear
River Basin). The Little River is a sizable stream with a broad floodplain draining the
central portion of Moore County and the northern portions of Cumberland and Hoke
Counties. Sites were typically first and second river terraces with the exception of
group 9C that is the farthest from the river of any examined in this study. The elevation along the river ranges from 60 meters (200 ft) above sea level near the westernmost site to 50 meters (164 ft) above sea level at the easternmost site. The climate for the area is hot and generally humid in the summer and the winter average temperature is 43 degrees with an average minimum daily temperature of 32 (Hudson
1984, Wyatt 1995).
11 Table 4.1. Locations of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana groups at Fort Bragg, NC. EO County Location Longitude Record Name Latitude 9A Cumberland 35° 10’ 57” * 79° 03’ 29” * 9C Cumberland 35° 10’ 58” * 79° 03’ 46” * 10A Cumberland 35° 10’ 32.57” 79° 05’ 46.25” 10B Cumberland 35° 10’ 41” * 79° 05’ 35” * 10C Hoke 35° 10’ 19” * 79° 06’ 08” * 11 Moore 35° 10’ 26” * 79° 06’ 34” * 12A Moore 35° 10’ 28.13” 79° 07’ 48.09” 12B Hoke 35° 10’ 19.44” 79° 07’ 45.09” 12C Hoke 35° 10’ 04” * 79° 07’ 20” * 12D Hoke 35° 10’ 08.76” 79° 07’ 20.14” 13A Hoke 35° 11’ 29” * 79° 12’ 08” * 13B Hoke 35° 11’ 39” * 79° 12’ 14” * 13C Hoke 35° 11’ 31” * 79° 11’ 46” * 13D Hoke 35° 11’ 37” * 79° 11’ 16” * 15A Hoke 35° 10’ 50.06” 79° 09’ 32.22” 15C Hoke 35° 10’ 48.65” 79° 09’ 29.54” 15D Hoke 35° 10’ 46” * 79° 09’ 16” * 15E Hoke 35° 10’ 31” * 79° 08’ 58” * 17A Hoke 35° 10’ 13.69” 79° 08’ 19.91” *Data received from Janet Gray at Fort Bragg. The remaining populations were located using GPS during this study.
12 p
13B
13D 13A 13C 15A 15C 15D 15E 12A
17A 12B
Figure 4.1a Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Group Locations on Fort Bragg, NC 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 Meters
13 p
9A 9C
10A 11 10B
12D 10C
12C
Figure 4.1b Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Group Locations on Fort Bragg, NC 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 Meters
14 4.2 Stems and Roots
The total of 19 groups includes 527 clumps and 2250 stems (Table 4.2). The stem and clump count of each group of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana varies greatly, ranging from 1 to 291 clumps per group and from 3 stems to 1243 stems per group. Some sites were burned in the growing season of 2000/2001 when surveys were conducted, possibly altering stem counts. On a sample plant extracted, a few root nodules, but no rhizomes were observed because nodes were lacking on the roots
(Figures 4.2-4.7).
Table 4.2. Clump and stem data for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. Group # Clumps # Stems Average # Stems/Clump 9A 28 62 2.21 9C 12 22 1.83 10A 19 52 2.74 10B 21 156 7.43 10C 14 66 4.71 11A 17 51 3.00 12A 16 84 5.25 12B 13 89 6.85 12C 6 14 2.33 12D 13 108 8.31 13A 27 120 4.44 13B 16 70 4.38 13C 291 1243 4.27 13D 10 38 3.80 15A 9 24 2.67 15C 4 19 4.75 15D 9 24 2.67 15E 1 5 5.00 17A 1 3 3.00 TOTAL 527 2250 4.27
15
Figure 4.2. Stem and root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
Figure 4.3. Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
16
Figure 4.4. Root Structure of Amorpha Figure 4.5. Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. georgiana var. georgiana.
Figure 4.6. Root structure of Amorpha Figure 4.7. Root structure of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. georgiana var. georgiana.
17
4.3 Flowers and Fruits
According to Radford et al. (1968), Amorpha georgiana flowers from May to
July, but this was not true for my study plants. They flowered from mid-April to early May, and by mid-May the flowers were mostly gone in spring 2000 and 2001.
Observations in 2001 revealed that some fruits persist on plants until the end of
March and early April of the following year (Figure 4.8).
Figure 4.8. Previous year’s fruit remaining on Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. during current year flowering.
When Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana groups at Ft. Bragg were visited in
2000, several different insects were visiting the flowers (Figures 4.9, 4.10, 4.24, 4.25, and 4.26), and information about them was obtained from the insect collection at
North Carolina State University and communication with Stephen Hall at the North
Carolina Natural Heritage Program. The butterfly pollinator was identified as
Phyciodes tharos, commonly known as a pearl crescent. Identifying insects without collecting the species is an impossible task. The most reasonable identification of the 18 insect in Figure 4.10 that could be attained from the photos taken was that it is likely a Cerambycid or long horned beetle. The insects in Figures 4.25 and 4.26 may likely
be small bees (Halictids).
Figure 4.9. Phyciodes tharos visiting Figure 4.10. Cerambycid on Amorpha Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana var. georgiana. georgiana.
The number of burns within the last ten years from 1991 to the dormant season 2000 on the sites ranged from zero on one site to two on the majority of sites
(Table 4.3). Out of the 19 groups where inventory plots were placed, 13 of those flowered and produced fruit in 2000. Speculation that the plant did not produce fruit for two years following a burn can be disregarded based on the observations made during this study, which show that 42 percent of the groups flowered within two years of a burn.
The key for Table 4.3 is as follows: N = No burn D = Dormant season burn G = Growing season burn W = Wildfire 0 = Not Fruiting 1 = Fruiting Blank cell indicates no available data 19
Table 4.3. Fruiting and fire data from 1991 to 2000 for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana at Fort Bragg, NC. 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Site ID Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Fruit Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of Season of Burn Burn Season of # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following # Years # Years following burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn burn fruit observed observed fruit burn 9A N N 1 D N N N N N N G 0 9C N N 1 N N N N N N N W 0 10A N D 0 N N N N N N N D 1 10B N N G 1 N N G N N N D 1 10C N N G 1 N N G N N N D 0 11 N D 1 N N N N N D N G 1 2 12A N D 0 N N N N N D N G 0 12B N N G 1 N N G N N N N 1 12C N N 0 G N N G N N N W 1 12D N D 1 N N N N N D N G 1 2 13A N N 0 G N N G N N 1 2 G D 0 13B N N 1 N D N N N N 1 N N 1 13C N N N D N 1 1 N N N 1 G D 1 1 13D N N 1 N D N N N N 1 G N 1 1 15A G N N N G 0 N N N 1 N N 1 15C G N N 1 2 N G N N N 1 N N 1 15D G N 1 1 N N G N N N 1 N N 1 15E G N 1 1 N N N N G N 1 1 N N 1 17A N N 0 N N N N N N 1 N G 0
20
Groups 13C and 13D, which experienced growing season burns in 1999, produced fruit the following year. This was true again of group 13C that underwent a
dormant season burn in 1994 and produced fruit in 1995. Group 15D and 15E were
both burned during the growing season 1991 and produced fruit in 1992. Group 15E
was burned in 1997 and bore fruit in 1998. Several groups have produced fruit the
second year after a burn. Groups 11 and 12D were burned in 1998 and fruited in
2000, 13A was burned in 1996 and fruited in 1998, and 15C was burned in 1991 and
fruited in 1993.
4.4 Soils Description
The soils on the Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana sites have an A horizon
that ranges from 10 to 25 cm (4-10 in.) thick (Table 4.4). The color of this layer is
brown (10 YR 4/3) to black (10 YR 2/1). The soils mapped (Table 4.5 and 4.6) range
from well drained to somewhat poorly drained, such as Chewacla. Field studies
indicated that all sites but one, including those mapped as Chewacla, were well
drained.
21 Table 4.4. Soil horizons and colors of sites at Fort Bragg, NC.
ID Depth cm (in.) Soil Color Soil Color Name 9A 0-23 (0-9) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 23-41 (9-16) 10 YR 5/3 brown 9C 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/3 dark brown 10-41 (4-16) 10 YR 5/6 yellowish brown 10A 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 3/3 dark brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 10B 0-15 (0-6) 10 YR 4/3 brown 15-41 (6-16) 10 YR 5/4 dark yellowish brown 10C 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 10-41 (4-16) 2.5 Y 6/4 light yellowish brown 11A 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 4/1 dark gray 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/3 brown 12A 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 3/2 very dark grayish brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 12B 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/3 brown 12C 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 10-41 (4-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 12D 0-18 (0-7) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 18-41 (7-16) 10 YR 4/4 dark yellowish brown 13A 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 10-41 (4-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 13B 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/3 brown 13C 0-15 (0-6) 10 YR 2/1 black 15-41 (6-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 13D 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 10-41 (4-16) 10 YR 6/4 light yellowish brown 15A 0-13 (0-5) 10 YR 5/3 brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 15C 0-13 (0-5) 7.5 YR 3/2 dark brown 13-41 (5-16) 10 YR 4/3 brown 15D 0-15 (0-6) 7.5 YR 3/2 dark brown 15-41 (6-16) 10 YR 4/3 brown 15E 0-10 (0-4) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 10-41 (4-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown 17A 0-15 (0-6) 10 YR 4/2 dark grayish brown 15-41 (6-16) 10 YR 5/4 yellowish brown
22 Table 4.5. Soil Series of sites at Fort Bragg, NC. Hydric Soil on the ID County Soil Series Name National (County) List 9A Cumberland TaB-Tarboro loamy sand No (No) 9C Cumberland TaB-Tarboro loamy sand No (No) 10A Cumberland KaA-Kalmia loamy sand No (No) 10B Cumberland Ch-Chewacla loam Yes (No) 10C Hoke BaD-Blaney loamy sand No (No) 11A Moore PaA-Pactolus sand No (No) 12A Moore PaA-Pactolus sand No (No) 12B Hoke Pa-Pactolus loamy sand No (No) 12C Hoke VgE-Vaucluse-Gilead loamy sands No (No) 12D Hoke Pa- Pactolus loamy sand No (No) 13A Hoke KaA-Kalmia loamy sand No (No) 13B Hoke KaA-Kalmia loamy sand No (No) 13C Hoke KaA-Kalmia loamy sand No (No) 13D Hoke KaA-Kalmia loamy sand No (No) 15A Hoke Ch-Chewacla loam Yes (No) 15C Hoke Ch-Chewacla loam Yes (No) 15D Hoke Ch-Chewacla loam Yes (No) 15E Hoke GdD-Gilead loamy sand No (No) 17A Hoke Pa-Pactolus loamy sand No (No)
Table 4.6. Soil drainage classes and taxonomic classification of sites at Fort Bragg, NC. Soil Series Name Soil Drainage Class Soil Taxonomic Classification BaD-Blaney loamy Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Well Drained sand Arenic Hapludults Somewhat Poorly Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Ch-Chewacla loam Drained Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts GdD-Gilead loamy Moderately Well Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Aquic Hapludults sand Drained Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, KaA-Kalmia loamy Well Drained siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic sand Hapludults Moderately Well Pa-Pactolus loamy sand Thermic, coated Aquic Quartzipsamments Drained TaB-Tarboro loamy Somewhat Excessively Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments sand Drained VgE-Vaucluse-Gilead Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Well Drained loamy sands Kanhapludults
23 The soil nutrient analysis results appear in Table 4.7. According to Wyatt
(1995), soils with pH of 3.5 to 4.4 are extremely acid and those from 4.5 to 5.0 are very strongly acid. The soils in my plots ranged from 3.9 to 4.9, very strongly acidic to extremely acidic. This acidity level is typical for the soils in that area of the state.
Soil reaction in the Sandhills typically ranges from 3.5 to 7.3 in the upper 30.5 cm (12 inches) of the profile with the majority ranging from 3.5 o 5.5.
Table 4.7. Soil Nutrient Results of sites at Fort Bragg, NC. ID HM W/V CEC BS Ac pH P-I K-I Ca Mg Mn Zn- Zn- Cu- S-I Na % * % % % -I I Al I 9A 0.97 0.50 7.9 39 4.8 4.8 0 47 24 12 127 82 103 29 48 0.1 9C 2.37 0.81 7.7 10 6.9 4.2 0 30 6 3 21 21 21 37 75 0.1 10A 1.17 0.83 7.1 23 5.5 4.4 0 34 12 8 48 44 44 24 53 0.1 10B 2.60 0.76 6.2 19 5.0 4.2 0 32 12 6 22 41 41 26 59 0.1 10C 1.87 0.71 6.8 28 4.9 4.5 4 31 18 7 108 54 54 29 50 0.1 11 0.71 0.95 2.9 17 2.4 4.4 0 17 8 6 15 18 18 19 40 0.0 12A 3.77 0.72 6.2 13 5.4 4.4 0 27 8 3 40 23 29 21 69 0.1 12B 0.66 0.88 4.6 22 3.6 4.3 0 23 12 7 24 20 20 17 43 0.1 12C 0.60 0.77 4.7 32 3.2 4.4 0 19 18 12 49 33 33 21 35 0.0 12D 1.55 0.78 7.8 51 3.8 4.9 0 29 40 9 100 30 30 29 47 0.1 13A 2.37 0.84 4.8 13 4.2 4.4 4 23 7 3 20 26 26 44 62 0.1 13B 1.67 0.69 6.7 16 5.6 4.3 0 37 10 4 34 48 48 23 54 0.1 13C1 3.67 0.51 6.7 9 6.1 4.4 0 26 5 2 16 18 23 28 83 0.1 13C2 5.85 0.73 4.9 14 4.2 4.3 6 22 8 4 14 15 25 28 83 0.1 13D 0.51 1.01 3.0 30 2.1 4.6 2 20 18 9 22 22 22 10 29 0.0 15A 0.56 1.03 3.9 38 2.4 4.6 0 20 22 14 50 20 20 16 40 0.1 15C 1.02 0.88 4.8 42 2.8 4.7 0 23 26 14 112 26 26 17 49 0.1 15D 1.74 0.92 6.4 19 5.2 3.9 0 21 12 5 17 29 29 17 42 0.1 15E 2.08 0.76 7.3 12 6.4 3.9 0 24 7 3 11 26 26 20 69 0.1 17A 0.81 0.99 4.1 29 2.9 4.6 0 26 18 9 61 34 34 13 39 0.0 * Note this is percent of organic matter, not organic carbon.
24 Table 4.8. Key to soil abbreviations. HM% Percent humic Matter Mg Magnesium W/V Weight/volume of soil Mn-I Manganese index CEC Cation exchange capacity Zn-I Zinc index BS% Percent of CEC occupied by bases Zn-Al Zinc availability index Ac Acidity (decreases as pH increases) Cu-I Copper index P-I Phosphorus index S-I Sulfur index K-I Potassium index Na Sodium Ca Calcium
The soil nutrient analysis also identified that Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana was growing in soils that are very deficient in phosphorus and moderate to low in potassium. The soils were low in sodium and adequate in sulfur and copper.
Nine of the 19 sites were low in manganese with the Mn-index below 30. The remaining 10 sites had moderate to good levels of manganese. Also, 10 of the 19 sites had moderate to low levels of zinc with only 9 sites having good levels above
30. Two other nutrients, calcium and magnesium, were reviewed by multiplying the cation exchange capacity (CEC) by the element percents given in the results. Seven sites had plenty of calcium with a score of greater than 85 when using this calculation. Three sites were in short supply of calcium and the remaining 9 sites were moderate to low in calcium. Fourteen sites were ample in the amount of magnesium in the soils with the remaining 5 being slightly low.
25 p
13B 13D 13C 26
13A
Figure 4.11a Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Group Locations on Fort Bragg, NC
Not to Scale 15A p 15C
15D
15E 12A 27
12B 17A 12D
12C
Figure 4.11b Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Group Locations on Fort Bragg, NC
Not to Scale p
28 9A 9C 10B
10A 11
10C
Figure 4.11c Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana Group Locations on Fort Bragg, NC
Not to Scale
4.5 Hydrophytic Status
The hydrophytic status of the plant associations in the 10x10-meter plots
averaged 2.79 and ranged from 2.57 to 3.0. The 1x1-meter plots averaged 2.52 and
ranged from 2.15 to 2.86 (Figures 4.12 and 4.13).
4.0 3.5 12A 13A 10B 12C 9A 15D 15C 9C 17A 12B 13C 10C 15A
3.0 15E 12D 10A 13D 11 13B 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
Wetland Indicator Status Value Status Indicator Wetland 0.0
Figure 4.12. Hydrophytic vegetation within the 10x10-meter plots on Fort Bragg, NC.
4.0 3.5 12A 13A 13C 10C 11A 12C 15A
3.0 15D 15E 12B 9C 9A 13D 15C 17A 12D 10A 13B
2.5 10B 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Wetland Indicator Status Value
Figure 4.13. Hydrophytic vegetation within the 1x1-meter plots on Fort Bragg, NC.
29 4.6 Vegetative Community
The vegetation data collected in the 10x10-meter and 1x1-meter plots show
several species growing in proximity to Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. The
10x10-meter plots contained a total of 54 plant species, and nine species occurred in over half of the plots, Aristida stricta, C. alnifolia, G. sempervirens, I. glabra, L.
styraciflua, Pinus taeda, Quercus nigra, S. glauca, and Vaccinium crassifolium. Of
those species, two occurred in greater than 90 percent of the plots: G. sempervirens and L. styraciflua. Three additional species, Bignonia capreolata, Lyonia mariana, and Pteridium aquilinum, occurred in 45 percent of the plots, and Pinus palustris and
Acer rubrum occurred in about a third of the plots.
Within the 1x1-meter plots, 40 plant species occurred and three species occurred in over half of the plots, Gelsemium sempervirens, Ilex glabra and
Liquidambar styraciflua. Two additional species, Clethra alnifolia and Smilax glauca occurred in about half of the 1x1-meter plots. The remaining species observed in the 1x1-meter plots occurred at a frequency of 33 percent or less.
Of the fourteen species listed with greater occurrences in the 10x10 and 1x1- meter plots, seven of those are listed as FAC wetland plants, one is FAC-, two are
FAC+, two are FACW, one is FACU+ and one is FACU (Appendix A).
Canopy cover ranged from 35 to 95 percent (Table 4.9). The mode was 75 to
95 percent and the average of all the sites was 83 percent. If the one outlier site with
35 percent is deleted from the calculation, the percent coverage is then 86. Site 10C had a density of 35 percent; however it was noted on that site that a large longleaf pine had fallen which would account for the great difference from this site to the
30 others studied. Although 10C had a much lower canopy density and appeared to have
a thicker herbaceous layer (mostly bracken fern) likely due to the canopy opening,
Amorpha was successful in competing with the bracken fern. At the other sites,
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana appeared successful, however, it was often competing with other shrub species.
Table 4.9. Canopy densities in Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana plots at Fort Bragg, NC.
Site ID 11 9C 9A 15E 10B 10C 12B 12C 13B 13C 15C 10A 12A 12D 13A 13D 15A 15D 17A Canopy 95 85 95 75 35 90 95 90 95 85 75 75 90 90 80 85 80 80 85 density
4.7 Photo Documentation
This section provides photographs to assist others in finding Amorpha
georgiana var. georgiana throughout the growing season beginning early spring
through the formation of fruit in the fall (Figures 4.14-4.23), in the plant communities
where the species can be found (Figures 4.24-4.27), and insects visiting the flowers
(Figures 4.30-4.33).
31
Figure 4.14. Early development of compound leaves and 1 cm long leaflets.
Figure 4.15. Development of 5 cm long terminal raceme of flowers.
32
Figure 4.16. Early flowers noting two racemes and reddish purple corolla.
Figure 4.17. Typical solitary racemes with reddish purple corolla and yellow anthers.
33
Figure 4.18. Solitary terminal racemes with reddish purple corolla and yellow anthers.
Figure 4.19. End of the flowering season for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
34
Figure 4.20. Group of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana showing ease of identification when flowering.
Figure 4.21. Early development of fruit, a one-seeded indehiscent legume.
35
Figure 4.22. Terminal raceme with numerous one-seeded indehiscent legumes approximately 5 mm long.
36
Figure 4.23. Numerous one-seeded indehiscent legumes produced per raceme.
37
Figure 4.24. Shrub habit of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
Figure 4.25. Frequently burned habitat of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
38
Figure 4.26. Frequently burned site with less competition from a thick shrub layer.
Figure 4.27. Frequently burned habitat with less competition from shrubs and more herbaceous species. 39
Figure 4.28. Less frequently burned site with more competition from shrub and herbaceous species.
Figure 4.29. Less frequently burned site with more competition from surrounding shrubs. Note difficulty in locating the species.
40
Figure 4.30. Unidentified insect on flowers with nearby bracken fern.
Figure 4.31. Unidentified insect visiting flowers.
41
Figure 4.32. Unidentified insect visiting flowers.
Figure 4.33. Flowers and shrub habit of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana.
42 5.0 DISCUSSION
This systematic study of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana casts doubts on some details previously published. As discussed below, my analyses underline discrepancies between past written accounts and emerging facts about the plant and its habitat.
5.1 Stems and Roots
A prior inventory of stems and clump counts was completed on Ft. Bragg in
1998 and 1999. The data from that inventory used clump counts and sometimes stem counts, but never was a clump defined. Having defined a clump and having discovered groups that were missed in the prior inventories, this study provides more accurate information about the leadplant populations on Fort Bragg.
Taking stem and clump counts is very important for understanding the survival of a species over time. For this particular species it seems that clump counts are more important for two reasons having to do with stability. These sites are regularly disturbed by fire, which could alter the stem counts. Also, at two sites, the foliage of the plant had been browsed. Clump counts would be more useful in determining the success of the species over time and could eliminate the issues mentioned with tracking the species strictly using stem counts.
An Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana plant was extracted to investigate the rooting structure and possibility of rhizomatous rooting. Admittedly the sample size was small, but it nevertheless provides information on plant development. From this experiment, no rhizomatous rooting was observed. The habit of the species is a shrub, where initially multiple stems arise from an underground crown. No stems
43 arose from any other area (Figure 4.2, Figure 4.6). According to the Woody Plant
Seed Manual, above ground stems of Amorpha are maintained from regrowth of basal stem and root collar buds (Zasada and Martineau, n.d.). Other species of Amorpha
such as A. canescens apparently reproduce by rhizomes (Rosario 1988), and this species possibly differs from Amorpha georgiana. Further work should verify my results.
Many plants in the Fabaceae family fix nitrogen through nodules on the roots.
Those nodules contain Rhizobium bacteria that capture and fix nitrogen. The roots of the Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana plant lifted from the ground contained a few small nodules. Whether those nodules actually contained Rhizobium bacteria or another nitrogen fixing bacteria was not verified here. Other species of Amorpha are known to fix nitrogen with Rhizobium. Thus Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana likely has this same type of mutualistic relationship with Rhizobium.
5.2 Flowers and Fruits
The flowering period of Amorpha georgiana ranges from May to July, according to Radford et al. (1968). This is incorrect for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana, which flowers from mid-April to early May. The confusion about flowering time may be due to lumping of the two varieties of Amorpha georgiana.
The other variety Amorpha georgiana var. confusa reportedly flowers later from June to mid-July. The short flowering period is also the best time to search for the species. The flowers are showy and distinctive, making the plant easier to recognize.
Small bumblebees and small flower bees (Halictids) have been observed visiting inflorescences in South Carolina (Sorrie 1995a). I observed long horned
44 beetles (Figure 4.9) and pearl crescent butterflies (Figure 4.10). The pearl crescent
butterfly is a very common small butterfly whose habitat includes open areas such as
pastures, road edges, vacant lots, fields, and open pinewoods. The species can be
found from Southeastern Alberta south through Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New
Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California to Mexico; east to southern Ontario and
all the eastern United States. It has been noted in most counties in North Carolina
(Opler et al. 1995) (Figure 5.1).
Figure 5.1. Phycoides tharos (Pearl crescent) range in North Carolina. (Documented occurrences in blue).
In Sorrie (1995b), Weakley suggests that, like other dwarf Amorpha, A. georgiana does not flower and fruit for the first year or two following a burn.
However, at some Ft. Bragg sites plants produced flowers and fruits the first year following a burn. The Element Stewardship Abstract also states that other observers and herbarium specimens show that fruit may remain on the plant only through
January (Sorrie 1995a). Groups observed in this study had fruits persist until early
April of the following year (Figure 4.8). This study clearly contradicts the statements of other observers.
45 5.3 Soils
Several different soil series are mapped at the locations of the Amorpha
georgiana var. georgiana groups. These series are all listed as non-hydric soils on
the national hydric soils list with the exception of Chewacla which has “some phases
of this soil … not frequently flooded [for] long duration” (Soil Survey Staff 1995).
However, Chewacla is not listed as hydric according to the county hydric soil list
(State Soil Scientist 1996). Although several sites are listed as having Chewacla soils, none of the sites were flooded during the time when the species was being observed. Also the subsurface soil layers at every site were brown to yellowish
brown with greater hues and chromas than in the surface layers. The soils were all
loamy sands in the surface layer except the Chewacla series that is loam over clay loam. The remaining soils had subsurface textures of sands to clay loams or sandy clay. The majority of sites (15 if 19) occur on soils with drainage classes of moderately well, well, or somewhat excessively drained soils. This result is logical considering the rate at which water can drain or move through the profile of the mapped soils due to the soil textures. From this information, suitable sites would be at least moderately well drained. This would eliminate areas with deep clays, impervious layers, or slowly pervious layers due to the probability of saturated soils in the upper layers.
The soil nutrient results show several things about the soils in which Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is growing. These results were reviewed and discussed with Dr. Davey at NCSU for any insight or abnormalities that may have existed or set the soils in which the species was found apart from the surrounding soils. His
46 conclusion was that there were no abnormalities or anything exceptional about the
soil nutrients surrounding the groups.
5.4 Hydrophytic Status
Radford et al. (1968) state that Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana grows in
sandy woodland borders and open woods and fields. However, this study found
plants mostly along with a shrub layer beside a drain, ditch, swale or more mesic
sites.
Observations of the 19 groups in this study suggest that the status of FACW
appears to be incorrect for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. The weighted values
2.52 and 2.79 both fall between the categories of FAC+ or FACW- to FAC (Table
3.3). This suggests that Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana should be classified
between FACW and FAC categories. However, for a site to be considered a wetland,
all three factors must be present: hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation.
The hydrology of the groups was not continuously monitored with instruments, but
observations throughout the growing season never indicated saturation at any of these
sites. Moreover, the soil profiles on all sites, excluding one, showed no indications of
being hydric soils. Therefore Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana should be considered an UPL species at least at Fort Bragg rather than being grouped under
Amorpha georgiana as FACW. This study does not address all the known occurrences of the species, therefore, other known locations may in fact be wetlands.
5.5 Vegetative Community
When beginning a search for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana it is necessary to know the differences between it and a few other species with similar
47 appearance. These other species include Rhus copallina (winged sumac), Pteridium
aquilinum (bracken fern), and especially Tephrosia virginiana (goats rue).
Pteridium aquilinum has widely spaced leaves that are stiff and erect with
reddish petioles toward the base and yellow above. The leaves are glabrous, 3-
pinnatifid, or rarely 3-pinnate cut to the midrib, and appearing pinnately compound.
The basal pinna project forward, and the ultimate segments are not lobed (Figure 5.2).
Figure 5.2. Pteridium aquilinum. Figure 5.3. Rhus copallina.
Rhus copallina is a shrub to small tree. The stems are densely short pubescent. The leaves are compound with 9-23 leaflets that are sessile and oblong to elliptic in shape. The leaflet margin can be entire or crenate to serrate with a cuneate to rounded base. The rachis is usually winged. The flowers are whitish in a terminal panicle and the fruit is a red drupe.
Tephrosia virginiana is the most likely of the three plants to be confused with
Amorpha gerogiana var. georgiana. It is a perennial herb. The stems are sparsely to densely strigose, appressed to spreading short pubescent, or villous. The compound leaf is 5-14 cm long with 15-25 leaflets. The leaflets are elliptic to linear-oblong in shape and 1-3.3 cm long. The flowers are borne in a raceme or rarely a panicle and
48 almost exclusively terminal and sessile or short pedunculate. The calyx is usually
densely pilose or villous, occasionally strigose. The petals are 14-21 mm long,
bicolorous (standard lemon-yellow to cream without and cream to white within), the
wings and keel are usually rose colored. The fruit is a legume 2.5-5.5 cm long and
3.5-5.5 mm broad that dehisces into two separate valves. The fruit is sparsely
strigillose to densely villous.
Figure 5.4 Tephrosia virginiana Figure 5.5 A. georgiana var. georgiana
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is a shrub that grows 0.3-1.0 m tall. The current season’s growth is usually glabrous to very sparsely puberulent. Leaves are compound 3-18 cm long. Leaflets are 0.6-2.5 cm long, oblong to elliptic in shape, typically glabrous at maturity or sparely strigillose beneath along the principal veins and inconspicuously punctate-glandular (but visible without magnification).
Racemes are mostly 4 to 15 in number and 0.5-3 dm long on 0.4-1 mm long pedicels.
The calyx is usually glabrous, and the lone flower petal is reddish purple or violet.
The fruit is a one seeded indehiscent legume about 4-5.5 mm long.
Two of the species can easily be differentiated from Amorpha. Pteridium aquilinum branches into three pinna. Rhus copallina has a winged petiole and white
49 flowers. Tephrosia virginiana, most similar in appearance, is an herb with slightly longer leaves than the Amorpha, and the flowers are whitish with some rose color.
Amorpha has much more rounded leaflets and purple flowers. Another difference
between Tephrosia and Amorpha is the sites they occupy. Typically not far from one
another, Amorpha tends to be in more mesic areas, drains or swales while the
Tephrosia is found in drier more open sites.
Canopy densities can have great impacts in regenerating stands. However
with Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana, canopy cover doesn’t appear to impact stem
counts, flowering, or fruiting, at least at the densities in this study. The greatest
impact appears when forest canopy gaps allow competing vegetation to be thicker due
to the increased sunlight. With time, this could possibly impact the populations of
Amorpha due to competition. Also, wind throw from storms could impact the species
on a greater scale, but only a study of gaps could examine how Amorpha deals with
increased light, competition, and changing microclimate.
Of the species associated with Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana, a few offer
little in the way of differentiating habitat for the species. Four of these generalist
species are Liquidambar styraciflua, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra, and Pinus taeda.
These four species have very large ranges and occupy very diverse sites. For
example, Acer rubrum is stated as one of the most abundant trees in eastern North
America and grows on sites from dry ridges and southwest slopes to peat bogs and
swamps (Burns and Honkala 1990). Liquidambar styraciflua is very similar within
the Piedmont Plateau having good growth on river and stream bottoms and showing
considerable potential on many upland sites (Burns and Honkala 1990). Quercus
50 nigra grows on a wide variety of sites from wet bottomlands to well-drained uplands and has a very similar range to Pinus taeda, which is an adaptable species to numerous sites (Burns and Honkala 1990). Thus, these four species are not helpful in distinguishing suitable habitat for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana because of their adaptability to various sites.
According to the vegetation study, Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana grows most often with common species of the Mesic Pine Flatwoods community of Schafale and Weakley (1990). Due to the location of the sites where Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana was found, the plant occurs in areas where this community grades into Wet
Pine Flatwoods, Pine Savanna, Pine/Scrub Oak Sandhill, or Xeric Sandhill Scrub.
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is not the only plant species for which inadequate information has been gathered. It therefore provides an excellent example of why further studies concerning such species are warranted. The results presented in this thesis amend several facts relevant to understanding the habitat and habits of
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. Such details are important if one intends to organize a search for the plant in the field.
Moreover, such searches are the only way to ascertain whether proposed development projects will impact the species. Of course, as a Federal Species of
Concern, Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana currently does not obligate all project proponents to conduct such searches. However, the legal status of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana could change if further studies determine the need to elevate its protection status to endangered or threatened.
51 6.0 Conclusions
Five conclusions can be drawn from my study of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana:
• The taxon flowers from mid-April to early May, earlier than previously
thought.
• The taxon will flower and fruit the first and second year following a burn.
• Groups of individuals are separate plants, not one vegetative colony.
• The FACW classification is incorrect for the groups on Fort Bragg.
• A decision matrix useful in identifying suitable habitat for the species has
been developed.
6.1 Searching for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana
The search for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana should be conducted in
spring during the flowering season from mid-April to early May since the flowers are
showy and easily identified. All species that may seem similar can easily be
eliminated after further inspection.
Searches for the species can be limited to the Sandhills and Upper Coastal
Plain region. The following decision matrix was created to identify areas where
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana might occur. The matrix is a tool to determine if suitable habitat for the species is available.
52 Decision Matrix to Aide in Identifying and Locating Suitable Habitat for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana in North Carolina
1. Site in the Coastal Plain or Sandhills region? No- Habitat Unavailable Yes- 2
2. Site soils consisting of loams, sandy loams, or loamy sands with pH range of 3.9 to 4.9? No- Habitat Unavailable Yes- 3
3. Site having standing water or saturated soils? Yes- Habitat Unavailable No- 4
4. Site having at least two of the following species: Gelsemium sempervirens, Ilex glabra, Clethra alnifolia, Smilax glauca, Aristida stricta, Vaccinium crassifolium, Bignonia capreolata, Lyonia mariana, Pteridium aquilinum, or Pinus palustris? No- Habitat Unavailable Yes- 5
5. Site having canopy density of approximately No- Habitat Unavailable 80 % cover? Yes- Suitable Habitat Available
6.2 Recommendations for Future Research
Future research concerning Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana should answer questions about how to manage for survival of the species. First, however, whether
Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana is in fact a species totally separate from Amorpha georgiana var. confusa needs to be determined. Most scientific opinion seems to favor the assumption that they are separate species, but studies to prove this would be useful in determining whether the current listing is accurate.
Reproductive processes of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana should be investigated. Questions about seed dispersal, viability, and establishment are also
53 very important to the survival of the species. Answering these questions could help to determine why the plants occur largely along the Little River.
Further research on the fire ecology could prove to be very important to the success of the plant. The season of fire could be important in creating a clear seed bed, possibly stratifying the seeds, eliminating competition and, depending on the season of burn, helping to get the persistent seeds to the ground.
54
7.0 List of References
Burns, Russel M. and Barbara H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: Volume 1. Conifers; Volume 2. Hardwoods. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Washington, DC.
Federal Register: Feb. 28, 1996 (Volume 61, Number 40). Proposed Rules. Page 7597. From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access. wais.access.gpo.gov.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GDNR). 2004. Special Concern Plant Species in Georgia. Wildlife Resources Division, Georgia Natural Heritage Program. October 22, 2004. Available URL: http://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/specialconcernplants.asp [Accessed 06 December 2004].
Hudson, Berman D. 1984. Soil Survey of Cumberland and Hoke Counties, North Carolina. US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. Washington, DC.
Isley, Duane. 1990. Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States Vol. 3, Part2: Leguminosae (Fabaceae). University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.
Johnson, James R. and Gary E. Larson. 1999. Grassland Plants of South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD.
Kantrud, Harold A. 1995. Native Wildflowers of the North Dakota Grasslands. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/plants/wildflwr/wildflwrspecies/amorcane.htm. (Version 06JUL2000). [Accessed 06 December 2004].
North Carolina General Assembly. General Statute 19B 106: 202.12. Plant Protection and Conservation Act, 1979. Available URL: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/Statutes/GeneralStatutes/HTML/ByArticle/Chapter_106/ Article_19B.html. [Accessed 06 December 2004].
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2004. Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina. Office of Conservation and Community Affairs, NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Raleigh, NC.
Opler, Paul A., Harry Pavulaan, and Ray E. Stanford (coordinators). 1995. Butterflies of North America. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/lepid/bflyusa/nc/199. htm. (Version 12DEC2003). [Accessed 06 December 2004].
55 Peet, Robert K., Thomas R. Wentworth, and Peter S. White. 1998. A flexible, multipurpose method for recoding vegetation composition and structure. Castanea. 63: 262-274.
Radford, Albert R., Harry E. Ahles, C. Ritchie Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.
Rosario, Lynn C. 1988. Amorpha canescens. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available URL: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/amocan/. [Accessed 06 December 2004].
Schafale, Michael P. and Alan S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of North Carolina, Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. Raleigh, NC.
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Hydric Soils National List – Revised December 15, 1995 [Online WWW]. Available URL: http://soils.usda.gov/use/hydric/ [Accessed 06 December 2004].
Sorrie, Bruce A. 1995a. Element Stewardship Abstract (ESA) for Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. Raleigh, NC.
Sorrie, Bruce A. 1995b. Status Survey of Amorpha georgiana var. georgiana. Submitted to the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Endangered Species, Asheville, NC, and to the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. Raleigh, NC.
South Carolina Heritage Trust (SCHT). 2003. Rare, Threatened, & Endangered Species Inventory. South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. June 9, 2003. Columbia, SC.
State Soil Scientist. 1996. Cumberland, Hoke and Moore County Hydric Soils List. USDA, NRCS, Technical Guide Section II-A-2.
US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Southeast (Region 2). US Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.
Wentworth, Thomas R., George P. Johnson, and Russell L. Kologiski. 1988. Designation of Wetlands by Weighted Averages of Vegetation Data: A Preliminary Evaluation. Water Resources Bulletin, American Water Resources Association.
56
Wilbur, Robert L. 1954. An Undescribed Dwarf Species of Amorpha from Georgia. Rhodora 56: 261-265.
Wilbur, Robert L. 1975. A Revision of the North American genus Amorpha (Leguminosae-Psoraleae). Rhodora 77: 337-409.
Wunderlin, R. P., and B. F. Hansen. 2004. Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Available URL: http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/details.asp?plantID=2056. Institute for Systematic Botany, University of South Florida, Tampa. [Accessed 06 December 2004].
Wyatt, Perry W. 1995. Soil Survey of Moore County, North Carolina. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Zasada, John C. and David Martineau. (n.d.) Woody Plant Seed Manual. Available URL: http://ntsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Amorpha.pdf. [Accessed 06 December 2004].
57
APPENDICES
58
Appendix A- 10 x 10 Data Plot ID Species (54) 9A 9C 10A 10B 10C 11A 12A1 12A2 12B1 12B2 12C 12D 13A 13B1 13B2 13B3 13C1 13C2 13C3 ACERRUB 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 ALNUSER 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AMORGEO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ANDRVIR 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ARISSTR 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 ARUNGIG 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 BIGNCAP 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 CHASLAX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLETALN 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 CYRIRAC 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 DIOSVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EUPAPIL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GAYLDUM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 GALYFRO 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 GELSSEM 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 HAMAVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ILEXGLA 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ILEXOPA 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KALMLAT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LESPSP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LIQUSTY 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LYONLUC 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 LYONMAR 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 MAGNVIR 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 MYRIHET 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 NYSSBIF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 OSMUCIN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSMUREG 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PANIVIR 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 PERSBOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUELL 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUPAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 PINUSER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 PINUTAE 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 PTERAQU 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 QUERALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERMAR 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERNIG 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RHODATL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSCOP 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSTOX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RUBUARG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RUBUFLA 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SARRFLA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 SASSALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SMILGLA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 SMILROT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STYRAME 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 SYMPTIN 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 VACCCOR 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 VACCCRA 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 VACCELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 VACCTEN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VITIROT 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
59
Appendix A- 10 x 10 Data (Cont.) Plot ID Species (54) 13C4 13C5 13C6 13C7 13D 15A1 15A2 15C 15D1 15D2 15D3 15D4 15E 17A ACERRUB 0 0 0 000000010 1 1 ALNUSER 0 0 0 001000001 1 0 AMORGEO 1 1 1 111111111 1 1 ANDRVIR 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 00000 1 0 ARISSTR 1 1 1 111110000 0 0 ARUNGIG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 BIGNCAP 0 0 0 001110011 0 0 CHASLAX 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 CLETALN 1 1 1 100001100 1 1 CYRIRAC 0 0 0 010001100 0 1 DIOSVIR 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 EUPAPIL 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 GAYLDUM 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 00001 0 0 GALYFRO 0 0 1 000000000 0 0 GELSSEM 1 1 1 111111111 1 1 HAMAVIR 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 ILEXGLA 1 1 1 111111110 1 0 ILEXOPA 0 0 0 000011000 0 0 KALMLAT 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 LESPSP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 LIQUSTY 1 1 1 111110110 1 1 LYONLUC 0 0 0 000011100 0 0 LYONMAR 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 10010 1 0 MAGNVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01100 0 0 MYRIHET 0 0 0 000000000 1 0 NYSSBIF 0 0 0 010000000 0 0 OSMUCIN 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 OSMUREG 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 PANIVIR 0 0 0 010000000 0 0 PERSBOR 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 PINUELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 PINUPAL 0 0 0 001111111 1 1 PINUSER 0 0 0 000100000 0 0 PINUTAE 1 1 1 100001010 1 0 PTERAQU 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 01100 0 1 QUERALB 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 QUERMAR 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 QUERNIG 1 1 1 011101011 1 1 RHODATL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00000 0 0 RHUSCOP 0 0 0 000000001 0 0 RHUSTOX 0 0 0 000001000 0 0 RUBUARG 0 0 0 000000010 0 0 RUBUFLA 0 0 0 000000010 0 0 SARRFLA 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 SASSALB 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 SMILGLA 1 1 1 101111110 1 1 SMILROT 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 STYRAME 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 SYMPTIN 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 VACCCOR 0 0 1 101000001 1 0 VACCCRA 1 1 1 111100000 1 1 VACCELL 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10000 0 0 VACCTEN 0 0 0 000000000 0 0 VITIROT 0 0 0 000000000 0 0
60
Appendix A- 1 x 1 Data Plot ID Species (54) 9A 9C 10A 10B 10C 11A 12A1 12A2 12B1 12B2 12C 12D 13A 13B1 13B2 13B3 13C1 13C2 13C3 ACERRUB 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ALNUSER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AMORGEO 3 4 3 6 5 7 6 6 7 3 4 7 5 6 4 7 7 8 6 ANDRVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ARISSTR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 4 2 0 4 7 ARUNGIG 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 0 0 0 BIGNCAP 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 CHASLAX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLETALN 5 0 0 7 4 0 0 7 5 5 6 7 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 CYRIRAC 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 DIOSVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EUPAPIL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GAYLDUM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GAYLFRO 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 GELSSEM 3 4 3 3 3 4 0 0 3 4 3 0 0 3 4 0 0 3 0 HAMAVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ILEXGLA 5 4 0 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 9 0 6 6 5 ILEXOPA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KALMLAT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LESPSP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LIQUSTY 0 3 4 6 6 6 7 4 6 6 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 6 0 LYONLUC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LYONMAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 MAGNVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 MYRIHET 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 NYSSBIF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSMUCIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSMUREG 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PANIVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 PERSBOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUPAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUSER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUTAE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PTERAQU 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 QUERALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERMAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERNIG 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 4 0 RHODATL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSCOP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSTOX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RUBUARG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RUBUFLA 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SARRFLA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SASSALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SMILGLA 3 5 3 4 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 3 3 3 3 SMILROT 0 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STYRAME 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 SYMPTIN 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VACCCOR 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 VACCCRA 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 0 0 0 VACCELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 VACCTEN 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VITIROT 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
61
Appendix A- 1 x 1 Data (Cont.) Plot ID Species (54) 13C4 13C5 13C6 13C7 13D 15A1 15A2 15C 15D1 15D2 15D3 15D4 15E 17A ACERRUB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 ALNUSER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AMORGEO 6 8 5 4 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 ANDRVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ARISSTR 6 7 0 6 0 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 ARUNGIG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BIGNCAP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 7 0 0 CHASLAX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLETALN 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 7 5 0 0 5 6 CYRIRAC 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 DIOSVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EUPAPIL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GAYLDUM 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 GAYLFRO 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GELSSEM 3 0 0 0 0 5 6 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 HAMAVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ILEXGLA 5 7 7 0 0 0 8 5 6 9 6 0 7 0 ILEXOPA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KALMLAT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LESPSP1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LIQUSTY 7 0 7 6 4 0 0 7 0 7 5 0 0 4 LYONLUC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 LYONMAR 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 5 0 0 0 MAGNVIR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MYRIHET 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NYSSBIF 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSMUCIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OSMUREG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PANIVIR 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PERSBOR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUPAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 PINUSER 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINUTAE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PTERAQU 5 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 QUERALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERMAR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QUERNIG 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 5 0 5 7 0 3 RHODATL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSCOP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RHUSTOX 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 RUBUARG 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 RUBUFLA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 SARRFLA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SASSALB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SMILGLA 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 SMILROT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 STYRAME 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SYMPTIN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VACCCOR 0 0 0 5 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VACCCRA 0 7 0 0 8 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 VACCELL 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 VACCTEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 VITIROT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
62
Appendix A- Frequency Data
1 x 1-Meter 10 x 10-meter Species R2 Status Total species % Occurrences Total species % Occurrences ACERRUB FAC 5 15.15 11 33.33 ALNUSER FACW 0 0.00 5 15.15 AMORGEO FACW 33 100.00 33 100.00 ANDRVIR FAC- 1 3.03 7 21.21 ARISSTR FAC- 11 33.33 17 51.52 ARUNGIG FACW 4 12.12 5 15.15 BIGNCAP FAC 5 15.15 15 45.45 CHASLAX FACW- 1 3.03 2 6.06 CLETALN FACW 16 48.48 23 69.70 CYRIRAC FACW 4 12.12 10 30.30 DIOSVIR FAC 1 3.03 1 3.03 EUPAPIL FACW 1 3.03 1 3.03 GAYLDUM FAC 1 3.03 5 15.15 GAYLFRO FAC 5 15.15 5 15.15 GELSSEM FAC 22 66.67 32 96.97 HAMAVIR FACU 0 0.00 1 3.03 ILEXGLA FACW 18 54.55 29 87.88 ILEXOPA FAC- 0 0.00 6 18.18 KALMLAT FACU 0 0.00 1 3.03 LESPSP1 FACU 1 3.03 2 6.06 LIQUSTY FAC+ 21 63.64 30 90.91 LYONLUC FACW 2 6.06 10 30.30 LYONMAR FAC 6 18.18 15 45.45 MAGNVIR FACW+ 2 6.06 7 21.21 MYRIHET FACW 3 9.09 8 24.24 NYSSBIF OBL 1 3.03 3 9.09 OSMUCIN FACW+ 1 3.03 4 12.12 OSMUREG OBL 1 3.03 2 6.06 PANIVIR FAC+ 2 6.06 3 9.09 PERSBOR FACW 0 0.00 2 6.06 PINUELL FACW 0 0.00 1 3.03 PINUPAL FACU+ 3 9.09 13 39.39 PINUSER FACW+ 0 0.00 4 12.12 PINUTAE FAC 0 0.00 22 66.67 PTERAQU FACU 9 27.27 15 45.45 QUERALB FACU 0 0.00 1 3.03 QUERMAR NI 0 0.00 2 6.06 QUERNIG FAC 10 30.30 26 78.79 RHODATL FAC+ 1 3.03 1 3.03 RHUSCOP FACU+ 2 6.06 7 21.21 RHUSTOX FACU 1 3.03 1 3.03 RUBUARG FACU+ 1 3.03 1 3.03 RUBUFLA UPL 3 9.09 5 15.15 SARRFLA OBL 0 0.00 1 3.03 SASSALB FACU 0 0.00 1 3.03 SMILGLA FAC 15 45.45 26 78.79 SMILROT FAC 3 9.09 4 12.12 STYRAME FACW 1 3.03 2 6.06 SYMPTIN FAC 2 6.06 8 24.24 VACCCOR FACW 4 12.12 8 24.24 VACCCRA FAC+ 9 27.27 18 54.55 VACCELL FAC+ 3 9.09 4 12.12 VACCTEN FACU 1 3.03 2 6.06 VITIROT FAC 2 6.06 4 12.12
63
Appendix B- Group Data Group 9A 9C 10A 10B 10C 11 12A1 12A2 12B1 12B2 12C 12D 13A 13B1 13B2 13B3 # stems 9 22 3 156 66 4 84 84 89 89 14 108 120 70 70 70 #clumps 6 12 1 21 14 2 16 16 13 13 6 15 30 16 16 16 fruiting 0 0 1 1 0100111101 1 1
Canopy density 95 85 95 75 35 90 95 95 90 90 95 85 75 75 75 75 # pines in plot 1 6 7 4 11477511211 1 3 Avg. dbh (pine) 22.2 8.1 7.4 9.8 22 11 12.8 11.2 9.6 7 8.9 13 16.9 6.8 2.1 5.4 # other tree sp. 20 2 9 2 3 8 5 1 6 3 Avg. dbh (other) 4 2.3 3 3.5 4.7 8.6 11 3.8 1.4 1.6 Quercus 13 2 3 1 1 4 1 5 2 Liquidambar 1 1 4 4 1 1 Ilex 6 1 Cyrilla 1 3 Acer 21 Prunus 1
Group 13C1 13C2 13C3 13C4 13C5 13C6 13C7 13C8 13C9 13C10 13C11 13C12 13C13 13C14 13C15 13C16 13C17 # stems 1243 1243 1243 1243 1243 1243 1243 38 24 24 19 24 24 24 24 5 3 #clumps 291 291 291 291 29129129110994999 9 1 1 fruiting 1 1 1 1 1111111111 1 1 0
Canopy density 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 80 80 85 80 80 80 80 80 85 # pines in plot 6 9 7 1 1 1 2 5 1 4 3 2 2 2 4 Avg. dbh (pine) 8.4 5.7 4.7 3.4 14 18 17.2 10.9 5.7 12 18 17.2 19.3 13.8 14.5 # other tree sp. 2 5 Avg. dbh (other) 2.2 3.6 Quercus 2 1 Liquidambar 3 Ilex Cyrilla Acer 1 Prunus
64 Appendix C- Soil Series Descriptions
Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Official Soil Series Descriptions [Online WWW]. Available URL: "http://soils.usda.gov/soils/technical/classification/osd/index.html" [Accessed 06 December 2004].
LOCATION BLANEY SC+GA NC Established Series Rev. BNS 07/1999 BLANEY SERIES
The Blaney series consists of deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable loamy soils that formed in marine sediments. The subsoil is hard, compact material with 10 to 60 percent of the mass being brittle. This horizon partially restricts root penetration and water movement. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Arenic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Blaney sand--forested (Colors are for moist soil.)
A--0 to 3 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick)
E1--3 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) sand; single grain; loose; mostly uncoated sand grains; many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
E2--9 to 25 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; mostly uncoated sand grains; many fine roots; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (12 to 24 inches thick)
Bt1--25 to 38 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy clay loam; few medium faint very pale brown (10YR 7/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard and compact, friable; brittle in 20 percent of the mass; few faint clay films on faces of peds; many medium and fine pores; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 24 inches thick)
Bt2--38 to 50 inches; light brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy clay loam; common coarse distinct reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard and compact; friable; brittle in 20 percent of the mass; common faint clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick)
BC--50 to 65 inches; reddish brown (7.5YR 6/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; hard and compact, friable; brittle in 15 percent of the mass; sand grains bridged and coated with clay; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Lexington County, South Carolina; 20 feet south of Dogwood Road; 300 feet west of Fish Hatchery Road, and 2.6 miles southwest of U.S. Highway 21.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid in the B horizon. Content of coarse fragments range from 0 to 7 percent throughout the solum. The B horizon, immediately below the A horizon, is hard and compact when dry but is friable when moist. It is brittle in 10 to 60 percent of the mass. The Bhorizon partially resticts root penetration and water movement.
The A horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or neutral, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 or less. Where the value is less than 3.5, the A horizon is less than 6 inches thick. The Ap horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2. The E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The A horizon is sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, or loamy coarse sand. Some pedons have a BE horizon of sandy loam with hue of 7.5YR or 2.5Y, value of 6, and chroma of 3 or 4.
The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 commonly with mottles in shades of yellow, brown, or red. In some pedons, the Bt horizon is mottled in shades of yellow, brown, or red. Mottles in shades of gray are in the lower part of the Bt horizon of some pedons. The Bt horizon commonly is sandy clay loam but ranges to sandy loam. Some pedons have subhorizons of sandy clay in the lower part.
The BC horizon has the same range of colors as the Bt horizon. It is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loamy sand. 65 Some pedons have a C or 2C horizon below about 60 inches of variable or stratified materials.
COMPETING SERIES: These are Baymeade, Chipola, Garcon, Gomery, Kenansville, Tenaha, Tomahawk, and Uchee series. Similar soils in other families include Ailey series. Baymeade, Chipola, Garcon, Gomery, Kenansville, Tenaha, Tomahawk, and Uchee soils do not have a Bt horizon that is compact and brittle in part of the mass. Ailey soils are friable and moderately permeable in the upper part of the B horizon.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Blaney soils are mainly on upland ridges and flats. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. They formed in Coastal Plain sediments usually in the Sandhill Region. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is 64 degrees F.; average annual precipitation is 44 inches, and the freeze-free period is 217 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the similar Ailey series, these are Blanton, Gilead, Lakeland, Pelion, Troup, and Vaucluse series. Blanton and Troup soils have a sandy A horizon more than 40 inches thick. Gilead soils are clayey. Lakeland soils are sandy throughout. Pelion and Vaucluse soils have an A horizon less than 20 inches thick.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained, slow to medium runoff and moderately slow permeability. Water is perched above the hard, compact layer for brief periods after heavy rains.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas have been cleared and were used for growing cotton and corn but are now in loblolly, longleaf, or slash pine. Some areas are used for growing corn, small grains, soybeans, or pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and North Carolina. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Scotland County, North Carolina; 1965.
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation SC0063 BLANEY 0- 25 60- 66 210-240 42- 48 250- 450
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness SC0063 NONE 6.0-6.0 - 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- SC0063 0-25 S LS 0- 0 95-100 2-10 0.5-1.5 SC0063 0-25 COS LCOS 0- 0 92-100 2-10 0.5-1.5 SC0063 25-50 SCL SL 0- 0 90-100 18-35 0.5-2.0 SC0063 50-65 SL SCL LS 0- 0 90-100 10-25 0.5-2.0
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll SC0063 0-25 4.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW SC0063 0-25 4.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 20- 20 LOW SC0063 25-50 4.5- 5.5 - 0- 0 0.2- 0.6 LOW SC0063 50-65 4.5- 5.5 - 0- 0 0.2- 0.6 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
LOCATION CHEWACLA NC+AL FL GA MS SC TN VA Established Series AG; Rev. MHC 05/2004 CHEWACLA SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A, 136, 153A, 153B MLRA Office Responsible: Raleigh, North Carolina Depth Class: very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): somewhat poorly drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: very shallow to moderately deep, common Index Surface Runoff: negligible to low 66 Permeability: moderate Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain Landform: flood plains Geomorphic Component: talfs Parent Material: alluvium Slope: 0 to 2 percednt Elevation (type location): Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 59 degrees F. Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 44 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Chewacla loam--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 4 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; common very fine, fine, and medium roots; few fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)
Bw1--4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common fine flakes of mica; few medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--14 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; many fine flakes of mica; common medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions and common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw3--26 to 38 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw4--38 to 47 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; common medium distinct gray (10YR 5/1) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw5--47 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1), strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), and red (2.5YR 5/8) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 6 to 60 inches)
C--60 to 72 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) and gray (7.5YR 5/1) loam; massive; friable; many fine flakes of mica; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Halifax County, North Carolina; 1.0 mile east southeast of Norfleet on Secondary Road 1800, 1.3 miles east southeast on a farm path, 1.0 mile south southwest on farm path, 0.5 mile southeast of the farm path, in a wooded area.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 6 to 24 inches, November to April Rock Fragment content: less than 5 percent by volume in the A and upper B horizons. In some pedons, gravel content ranges to 15 percent by volume in the lower B horizons. Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid to a depth of 40 inches, very strongly acid to mildly alkaline below 40 inches, except where limed Other Features: Few to many mica flakes are throughout Other Features: Concretions are few to common in some pedons
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
A or Ap horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, or clay loam
Ab horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand 67 AB or BA horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loam, silt loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Bw horizon: Color--hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Some subhorizons are without dominant matrix hue Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
Bg horizon (if it occurs): Color-- neutral, or has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown
BC horizon (if it occurs): Color-- has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
BCg horizon (if it occurs): Color-- neutral, or has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown
C horizon (if it occurs): Color-- has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam. Below 40 inches, texture is variable, ranging from extremely gravelly sand to clay Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and iron depletions in shades of brown, yellow, olive, or gray
Cg horizon (if it occurs): Color-- neutral, or has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 0 to 2 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt loam or silty clay loam. Below 40 inches, texture is variable, ranging from extremely gravelly sand to clay Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown
COMPETING SERIES: Oakboro soilshave bedrock at 40 to 60 inches
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Piedmont and Coastal Plain Landform: flood plains Geomorphic Component: talfs, treads Parent Material: alluvium Elevation: 10 to 700 feet Mean Annual Air Temperature: 58 to 68 degrees Mean Annual Precipitation: 37 to 69 inches Frost Free Period: 185 to 250 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: On flood plains: Buncombe soilssandy and excessively drained Cartecay soilscoarse-loamy Chastain soilsclayey and poorly drained Chenneby soilsfine-silty Congaree soilsdo not have a Cambic horizon Enoree soilscoarse-loamy Oakboro soilshave bedrock at 40 to 60 inches Riverview soilswell drained Shellbluff soilswell drained and fine-silty
68 Tawcaw soils--clayey Wehadkee soilspoorly drained
On adjacent stream terraces: Altavista soilshas an argillic horizon Augusta soils-- has an argillic horizon Dogue soils-- has an argillic horizon Merry Oaks soils-- has an argillic horizon Moncure soils-- has an argillic horizon Roanoke soils-- has an argillic horizon Wahee soils-- has an argillic horizon Wickham soils-- has an argillic horizon
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Drainage class (Agricultural): somewhat poorly drained Index Surface Runoff: negligible to very low Internal Free Water Occurrence: very shallow to moderately deep, common Permeability: moderate
USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: pasture and cropland, some forest Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivatedcorn, small grain. Where wooded--yellow poplar, sweetgum, water oak, eastern cottonwood, green ash, blackgum, red maple, willow oak, and American sycamore. Loblolly pines are in some areas that are not subject to frequent flooding. Common understory plants include river birch, winged elm, hackberry, greenbrier, American holly, black willow, sourwood, eastern and hophornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia Extent: large
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hall County, Georgia; 1937.
REMARKS: 4/18/03, DTA. In 2003 version, moved the type location from Burke County, North Carolina to Halifax County, North Carolina. The former type location is located in the mesic part of MLRA 136.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 4 inches (Ap horizon) Cambic horizon--the zone from 4 to 60 inches (Bw horizons) Aquic conditions--the soil has redox depletions and concentrations within the upper 24 inches of the soil, with periodic saturation and reduction at some time during the year Series control section--the zone from 0 to 60 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Data Map Unit ID (type location):
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation CHEWACLA 0-2 58-68 185-250 37-69 10-700
FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness RARE FREQ 0.5-2.0 APPARENT NOV-APR 60-60
Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- 0-4 FSL SL 0-0 95-100 5-20 4-20 0-4 SIL L CL 0-0 95-100 10-35 5-30 4-26 SIL SICL CL 0-0 95-100 18-35 10-25 26-38 SCL L SL 0-0 95-100 18-35 10-25 38-60 SIL CL SICL 0-0 75-100 18-35 10-25 69 60-72 VAR - - - -
Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll 0-4 4.5-6.5 1.-4. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 0-4 4.5-6.5 1.-4. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 4-26 4.5-6.5 .5-2. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 26-38 4.5-6.5 .5-2. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 38-60 4.5-7.8 .5-2. 0-0 0.6-2.0 LOW 60-72 - - - -
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
LOCATION GILEAD NC+SC Established Series Rev. DGS:ENH:JAK 12/2000 GILEAD SERIES
The Gilead series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, firm, clayey soils in the upper Coastal Plain. They have moderately slow or slow permeability. These soils are on uplands and have slopes ranging from 0 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Aquic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Gilead loamy sand--cultivated on a 9 percent slope; elevation 350 feet. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 5 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many coarse and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)
Bt1--5 to 8 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
Bt2--8 to 22 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) sandy clay; common fine distinct yellowish red and white mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, sticky, plastic; common fine and medium roots; many prominent continuous clay films on primary faces of peds; common medium flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (5 to 20 inches thick)
Bt3--22 to 42 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy clay; many medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) and common medium prominent dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm, sticky, plastic; common medium roots along primary faces of peds; common prominent patchy clay films on primary faces of peds; common medium flakes of mica; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (10 to 24 inches thick)
Bt4--42 to 52 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) sandy clay loam, many coarse prominent white (10YR 8/1) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm, common medium flakes of mica; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
C1--52 to 72 inches; mottled brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and light gray (10YR 7/1) sandy clay loam, massive, friable; common medium flakes of mica; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick)
C2--72 to 76 inches; white (N 8/0) clay; massive; very firm; strongly acid.
C3--76 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) gravelly sand, strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Harnett County, North Carolina; 15 miles west of Lillington on NC 27, 0.4 mile west of Pineview; 0.4 mile north of subdivision road off NC 27, south bank of road.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 24 to 60 inches. All horizons are strongly or very strongly acid unless limed. Flakes of mica range from few to common in the B and C horizons. Quartz pebbles or fragments of ironstone range from 0 to 18 percent by volume throughout.
70 The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. The E horizon, if present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. The A and E horizons are loamy sand, sandy loam, gravelly loamy sand, or gravelly sandy loam.
The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Few to many mottles are present in the lower Bt horizon or it may be mottled with variegated colors. It is sandy clay, clay, clay loam, or thin transitional layers of sandy clay loam.
The Btg horizon, where present, has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, or clay.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8, or it is neutral with value of 4 to 8. It may be mottled or contain mottled layers with both high and low chroma. It is clay, silty clay, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, clay loam, sand, or gravelly sand.
COMPETING SERIES: Hornsville is the only series in the same family. Other competitors are Appling, Blaney, Cowarts, Cuthbert, Dogue, Duplin, Esto, Eulonia, Gritney, Hulett, Marlboro, Mayodan, Nankin, Pelion, Uchee, Varina, Vaucluse, and Wedowee series. Hornsville soils are on smooth landscapes in the lower Southern Coastal Plain, have an apparent water table within 2.5 to 3.5 feet of the surface for 3 to 5 months in most years, and do not have flakes of mica in the argillic horizon. Appling, Cuthbert, Hulett, Marlboro, Mayodan, Nankin, Varina, and Wedowee soils lack mottles in chroma of 2 or less within the control section. In addition, Appling, Hulett, Mayodan, and Wedowee soils have saprolite beneath the solum. Blaney and Uchee soils have arenic surfaces. Cowarts, Pelion, and Vaucluse soils are fine-loamy. Cuthbert and Nankin soils have redder hue. Dogue, Eulonia, and Gritney soils have mixed mineralogy. Duplin soils have weaker structure in the upper part of the B2t horizon, have an apparent water table within 2 to 3 1/2 feet of the surface in wet periods, and lack a 20 percent decrease in clay from the maximum within 60 inches. Esto soils lack a 20 percent decrease in clay from the maximum within 60 inches. Varina soils are plinthic and Marlboro soils lack a 20 percent decrease in clay within 60 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Gilead soils occur on highly dissected landscapes in the upper Coastal Plain. Typically these soils are in the Carolina and Georgia Sandhills MLRA. They occupy remnants of old stable surfaces, erosional surfaces, and to a lesser extent toe slopes. The slope gradient commonly is 2 to 15 percent, but the range is 0 to 25 percent. The soils formed in clayey Coastal Plain sediments. The mean annual temperature is 61 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is 47 inches near the type location.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: In addition to the competing Appling, Blaney, Cowarts, Pelion, Varina, Vaucluse, and Wedowee series, these are Blanton, Dothan, Fuquay, Lakeland, Lillington, Norfolk, Orangeburg, and Wagram series. Blanton soils have grossarenic surfaces. Blanton, Dothan, Fuquay, and Lakeland soils generally occupy the higher, smoother parts of the landscape. Dothan and Fuquay soils are plinthic, and in addition, Fuquay soils have arenic surfaces. Lakeland soils are sandy. Lillington soils are loamy-skeletal. Norfolk and Orangeburg soils are fine-loamy. Wagram soils have arenic surfaces.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained; permeability is moderately slow or slow; runoff is medium to rapid. Gilead soils perch water above the clayey Bt horizons for short periods during wet seasons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Native vegetation was mixed hardwoods and pine. Large acreages have been cleared and used for crops and pasture. The principal crops grown are corn, tobacco, cotton, soybeans, small grains, and truck and pasture crops. Native tree species include post oak, runner oak, blackjack oak, hickories, flowering dogwood, sweetgum, blackgum, loblolly pine, and longleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the upper part of the Southern Coastal Plains of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina and the Carolina and Georgia Sandhills. The series is moderately extensive.
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Macon County, Alabama; 1938.
REMARKS: This series was revised in 1987 to change the classification from Typic Fragiudults to Aquic Hapludults and to move the type location from Alabama to North Carolina. This revision did not alter the concepts of the Gilead series; however, it does reflect a more accurate classification of the series.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
71 Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 5 inches (Ap horizon)
Argillic horizon -the zone between depths of 5 and 52 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, and Bt4 horizons)
MLRA's = 137, 133A
ADDITIONAL DATA: NONE
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC0130 GILEAD 0- 25 59- 68 190-240 38- 52 150- 450
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NC0130 NONE 1.5-2.5 PERCHED JAN-MAR 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0130 0- 5 LS GR-LS 0- 5 75-100 4-10 1- 2 NC0130 0- 5 SL GR-SL 0- 5 70-100 6-18 1- 4 NC0130 5- 8 SL SCL 0- 5 70-100 10-35 1- 4 NC0130 8-42 SC CL C 0- 5 85-100 35-60 3- 7 NC0130 42-72 SL SCL 0- 5 85-100 10-35 1- 4 NC0130 72-80 VAR - - - -
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC0130 0- 5 4.5- 5.5 .5-1. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0130 0- 5 4.5- 5.5 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0130 5- 8 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.6- 2.0 LOW NC0130 8-42 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.06- 0.6 LOW NC0130 42-72 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.2- 0.6 LOW NC0130 72-80 4.5- 5.5 - 0- 0 -
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
LOCATION KALMIA NC+AL AR FL LA SC VA Established Series REH:ENH, Rev. MHC 05/2003 KALMIA SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A, 153A, 153B MLRA Office Responsible: Raleigh, North Carolina Depth Class: very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: deep or very deep, none to transitory Index Surface Runoff: negligible to low Permeability: moderate Landscape: lower and middle coastal plain Landform: stream terraces Geomorphic Component: treads, risers Parent Material: fluvial and marine sediments Slope: 0 to 6 percent Elevation (type location): Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 61 degrees F. Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 47 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Kalmia loamy sand - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable, few fine roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick) 72 E--8 to 12 inches, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
Bt1--12 to 14 inches, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, few fine roots; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
Bt2--14 to 27 inches, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable, common fine and medium pores; few thin discontinuous clay films; few fine flakes of mica; few fine fragments of quartz; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 30 inches thick)
BC--27 to 32 inches, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy clay loam; few medium strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and pale brown (10YR 6/3) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, common lenses and pockets of sandy loam and loamy sand; few pebbles of quartz; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)
2C--32 to 60 inches, mottled light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4), pale brown (10YR 6/3), very pale brown (10YR 7/3), and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loamy sand; few streaks of strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; single grained; loose; common fine pebbles and coarse sand pockets at 52 inches; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Scotland County, North Carolina; 4 miles north of Maxton on county road l407, 3/8 mile east of Laurinburg-Maxton Airbase hangar.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 72 inches or more, December to April Rock Fragment content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume Soil Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where limed Other Features: few to common flakes of mica in some pedons
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
Ap or A horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, or it is neutral, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 0 to 3 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
E horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
BE horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam or loam
Bt horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam
BC or B/C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam Mottles (if they occur)-- high chroma mottles present in most pedons
C or 2C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8, or mottled in these colors Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sand, coarse sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand but thin strata of fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or clay loam are in some pedons below depth of 40 inches Mottles (if they occur)-- high chroma mottles present in most pedons
COMPETING SERIES: No known series in the same family Maxton soils-redder hue in the Bt horizon, in subactive family
73 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: stream teraces Geomorphic Component: treads Parent Material: fluvial and marine sediments Elevation: 25 to 170 feet Mean Annual Air Temperature: 59 to 70 degrees Mean Annual Precipitation: 38 to 52 inches Frost Free Period: 190 to 245 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Johns soils-somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained, Kempsville soils-have thicker solums Maxton soils-redder hue in the Bt horizon, in subactive family Lumbee soils-poorly drained Pactolus soils-moderately well to somewhat poorly drained, sandy throughout Suffolk soils-have thicker solums and are in a fine-loamy family
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Drainage class (Agricultural): well drained Index Surface Runoff: negligible to low Internal Free Water Occurrence: deep or very deep, none to transitory Permeability: moderate
USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: cleared and cultivated Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- growing corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco, and truck crops. Where wooded-- loblolly pines, but they include some mixed hardwoods as yellow-poplar, sweetgum, southern red oak, and American holly.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Delaware and Alabama Extent: moderate
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Autauga County, Alabama; 1908.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 12 inches (the Ap and E horizons) Argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of 12 to 27 inches (the Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
ADDITIONAL DATA:
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC0074 KALMIA 0- 6 59- 70 190-245 38- 52 25- 170 NC0137 KALMIA 0- 6 59- 70 190-245 38- 52 25- 170
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NC0074 NONE RARE 6.0-6.0 - 60-60 NC0137 NONE 3.0-6.0 APPARENT DEC-APR 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0074 0-14 LS LFS 0- 0 95-100 4-12 1- 3 NC0074 0-14 SL FSL 0- 0 95-100 10-15 1- 4 NC0074 14-32 SCL L SL 0- 0 95-100 18-35 2- 4 NC0074 32-60 LS S 0- 0 95-100 2-10 0- 1 NC0137 0-22 LS LFS FSL 0- 0 95-100 4-12 1- 3 NC0137 22-34 SCL 0- 0 95-100 18-35 2- 4 NC0137 34-72 LS S 0- 0 95-100 2-10 0- 1
74 SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC0074 0-14 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0074 0-14 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0074 14-32 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.6- 2.0 LOW NC0074 32-60 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW NC0137 0-22 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0137 22-34 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.6- 2.0 LOW NC0137 34-72 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
LOCATION PACTOLUS NC+AL FL SC VA Established Series Rev. GH-PLT 05/2004 PACTOLUS SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A, 153A MLRA Office Responsible: Raleigh, North Carolina Depth Class: Very deep Drainage Class: Moderately well to somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Rapid Surface Runoff: Slow Parent Material: Sandy fluvial and marine sediments Slope: 0 to 6 percent Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 63 degrees F. Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 48 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Thermic, coated Aquic Quartzipsamments
TYPICAL PEDON: Pactolus loamy sand--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 14 inches thick)
C1--8 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy sand; single grained; very friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (4 to 8 inches thick)
C2--15 to 25 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy sand; single grained; very friable; few fine roots; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (8 to 12 inches thick)
C3--25 to 40 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loamy sand; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; single grained; very friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 20 inches thick)
Cg--40 to 80 inches; light gray (10YR 7/1) loamy sand; common medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) soft masses of iron accumulation; single grained; very friable; very strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Pitt County, North Carolina; about 4 miles north of Grimesland on SR 1566, 350 feet north of intersection SR 1564; 80 feet northeast of barn, 10 feet east of path.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of sandy horizons: 80 inches or more. The 10 to 40 inch control section contains 10 to 25 percent fines Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 36 inches, December to April Soil Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid except where the surface has been limed
A or Ap horizon: Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 3 through 6, and chroma of 1 to 4 Texture--loamy sand, loamy fine sand, sand, or fine sand
75 C horizon (upper part): Colorhue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 through 8 Texture--sand, loamy sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy fine sand
C horizon (lower part): Color10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 3 or 4 Texture--sand, loamy sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy fine sand Redoximorphic features--iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less may occur in some pedons within a depth of 20 inches. Iron masses in shades of yellow, brown, or red are found in some pedons.
The upper part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 through 8. The lower part of the C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 3 or 4. Iron depletions in shades of gray are at depths of less than 40 inches, and may occur within a depth of 20 inches. The lower C horizon in some pedons is mottled with redoximorphic features in shades of gray, yellow, brown, or red. Clean sand grains are in the lower part of the C horizon in most pedons. Texture is sand, loamy sand, fine sand, coarse sand, or loamy fine sand.
The Cg horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. Soft masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown range from none to many. Texture is the same as for the C horizon.
COMPETING SERIES: Chipley soils--somewhat poorly drained soils (seasonal high water table 18 to 36 inches)with 5 to 10 percent silt plus clay in the 10 to 20 inch control section Kawah soils--somewhat poorly drained soils (seasonal high water table 18 to 36 inches) with 5 to 10 percent silt plus clay in the 10 to 20 inch control section Lotus soils-moderately well to somewhat poorly drained soils (seasonal high water table 18 to 36 inches) with buried A horizons within a depth of 40 inches
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: Stream an marine terraces Elevation: 25 to 120 feet above mean sea level Parent Material: Loamy and sandy fluvial sediments and marine sediments Mean Annual Air Temperature: 59 to 70 degrees Mean Annual Precipitation: 38 to 60 inches Frost Free Period: 210 to 270 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Alaga soils--somewhat excessively drained soils (seasonal high water table greater than 60 inches)with a minimum of 10 percent silt plus clay in the control section Kenansville soils--well drained soils (seasonal high water table greater than 48 inches) in loamy particle size class on slightly higher landscapes Latonia soils--well drained soils in coarse-loamy family on slightly higher landscapes Osier soils--poorly drained soils (seasonal high water within 12 inches of the surface for 3 to 6 months in most years) on lower parts of the landscapes Troup soils--somewhat excessively drained soils (seasonal high water table greater than 60 inches) in loamy particle size class on higher landscapes Wagram soils-well drained soils (seasonal high water table greater than 72 inches) with loamy particle size class on higher landscapes
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Agricultural Drainage Class: Moderately well to somewhat poorly drained Permeability: Rapid
USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: Mostly cultivated Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, peanuts, improved pasture grasses, tobacco, and truck crops. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, blackgum, red maple, water oak, willow oak, and black cherry, gallberry, inkberry, blueberry, huckleberry, greenbrier, sassafras, and switch cane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia Extent: Moderate
76 MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pitt County, North Carolina; 1969.
REMARKS: This series was previously included in the Klej series, but Klej is in a mesic family. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in the typical pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 8 inches (Ap horizon)
Aquic conditions - redoximorphic features beginning in the zone between 25 and 40 inches (C3 horizon), and also present in the Cg horizon at 40 to 80 inches.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation NC0066 PACTOLUS 0- 5 59- 70 210-270 38- 60 25- 120
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NC0066 NONE RARE 1.5-3.0 APPARENT DEC-APR 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0066 0-40 LS LFS S 0- 0 100-100 2-12 1- 3 NC0066 40-80 S LS LFS 0- 0 100-100 2-12 0- 2
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC0066 0-40 3.5- 5.5 .5-2. 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW NC0066 40-80 3.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
LOCATION TARBORO NC+AL SC VA Established Series Rev. AG:REH:BJW 05/2004 TARBORO SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A, 153A MLRA Office Responsible: Raleigh, North Carolina Depth Class: very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): somewhat excessively drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: very deep Index Surface Runoff: negligible to very low Permeability: rapid Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: stream terraces, marine terraces Geomorphic Component: treads, talfs Parent Material: alluvium, marine deposits Slope: 1 to 4 percent, ranges to 50 percent Elevation (type location): Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 61 degrees F. Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 47 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments
TYPICAL PEDON: Tarboro loamy sand--cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 8 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 10 inches thick)
77 Bw1--8 to 26 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; common fine flakes of mica and medium opaque grains; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--26 to 40 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loamy sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; few fine flakes of mica and common medium opaque grains; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizon is 0 to 48 inches.)
C1--40 to 57 inches; yellow (10YR 7/6) sand; single grained; loose; few fine flakes of mica and common medium opaque grains; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
C2--57 to 82 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand; single grained; loose; few fine flakes of mica and common medium opaque grains; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.
C3--82 to 100 inches; very pale brown (10YR 7/4) coarse sand; single grained; loose; few fine flakes of mica and common medium opaque grains; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Edgecombe County, North Carolina; 2.5 miles west of Tarboro on U.S. Highway 64; 0.2 mile northwest on SR 1207; 2.0 miles north on farm road and 50 feet northeast of road in field.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the sandy deposits.: greater than 80 inches Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: greater than 72 inches Soil Reaction: strongly acid through slightly acid, except where limed Other Features: silt plus clay content in the 10- to 40-inch control section ranges from 5 to 20 percent with less than 8 percent clay Other Features: flakes of mica range from few to common in the B and C horizons
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
A or Ap horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 8, and chroma of 2 to 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand or sand
Bw horizon (if it occurs): Colorhue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 6 or 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand or sand
BC horizon (if it occurs): Colorpaler than hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 6 or 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand or sand
C horizon: Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 8. Colors become paler with increasing depth in many pedons. The chroma 2 colors are of uncoated sand grains and are not a redoxymorhphic feature Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or sand. Coarse sand, loamy coarse sand, and gravelly layers are in the substrata of some pedons
COMPETING SERIES: Assateague soilsexcessively drained, silt plus clay in the control section is less than 5 percent Buncombe soils-- have C horizons that typically have loamy textures below a depth of 40 inches and are on flood plains Crevasse soils-- excessively drained, do not have a Bw horizon, and typically are less acid Malden soils-- excessively drained, have more fine and very fine sand, and typically have more weatherable minerals Peveto soils-- have neutral to moderately alkaline reaction Rolesville soils-moderately deep to hard bedrock
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: stream terraces, marine terraces Geomorphic Component:treads, talfs Parent Material:alluvium, marine deposits Elevation: 10 to 70 feet 78 Mean Annual Air Temperature: 60 to 70 degrees Mean Annual Precipitation: 46 to 50 inches Frost Free Period: 230 to 310 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Altavista soilshave an argillic horizon, are wetter and occupy the lower parts of the landscape Ballahack soils-- have an argillic horizon, are wetter and occupy the lower parts of the landscape Buncombe soils-- have C horizons that typically have loamy textures below a depth of 40 inches and are on flood plains Conetoe soils-- have an argillic horizon Seabrook soilsmoderately well drained State soils-- have an argillic horizon Wickham soils-- have an argillic horizon
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Drainage class (Agricultural): Somewhat excessively drained Index Surface Runoff: negligible to very slow Internal Free Water Occurrence: very deep Permeability: rapid
USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: forestry and cropland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, corn, soybeans, and pasture.. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, white oak, water oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, red maple, and hickory. American holly, flowering dogwood, sassafras, sourwood, and other shrubs and grasses make up the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and perhaps other southern states Extent: moderate
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Edgecombe County, North Carolina; 1976.
REMARKS: Tarboro soils were formerly included in the Buncombe and Molena series. However, Buncombe soils may have loamy strata below a depth of 40 inches, and Molena soils have an argillic horizon.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from 0 to 8 inches (Ap horizon) Series control section--the zone from 0 to 80 inches
ADDITIONAL DATA: Laboratory Data North Carolina State University Soils Department one pedon Edgecombe County, North Carolina. Data Map Unit ID (type location): 00000
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation TARBORO 0- 50 60- 70 230-310 46- 60 10- 70
FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness NONE RARE 6.0-6.0 - 60-60 COMMON 6.0-6.0 - 60-60
Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- 0-40 LS S 0- 0 95-100 3-12 1- 2 40-80 S COS LS 0- 0 90-100 2- 7 0- 1
Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll 0-40 4.5- 6.5 .5-1. 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW 40-80 4.5- 6.5 0.-.5 0- 0 20- 20 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A. 79 LOCATION VAUCLUSE SC+FL GA LA NC VA Established Series RLV-DJD/Rev. JAK 05/2003 VAUCLUSE SERIES
MLRA(s): 133A, 137 MLRA Office Responsible: Raleigh, North Carolina Depth Class: very deep Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: very deep Index Surface Runoff: high to very high Permeability: moderately slow to slow Landscape: middle and upper coastal plain Landform: uplands Hillslope Profile Position: summits, shoulders, back slopes Geomorphic Component: interfluves, side slopes Parent Material: marine sediments Slope: 2 to 25 percent, mostly 6 to 15 percent Elevation (type location): Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 62 degrees F. Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Vaucluse loamy sand on the upper part of a convex slope in a forested area. (Colors are for moist soil.)
Ap--0 to 6 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy sand; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (4 to 10 inches thick)
E--6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy sand; single grained; loose; many fine and medium roots; one percent fragments of ironstone; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 12 inches thick)
Bt--15 to 29 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) sandy clay loam; common fine faint yellowish red (5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common fine pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds; about 2 percent fragments of ironstone; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
Btx--29 to 58 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) 70 percent sandy loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) 20 percent, and yellow (10YR 7/6) 10 percent sandy clay loam; the red part (3 to 12 inches in horizontal dimension and 10 to 40 inches in vertical dimension) is massive; brittle, dense, and slightly cemented in about 50 percent of the mass and firm in the remainder, and has few fine roots; the strong brown and yellow part (1/2 to 1 1/2 inches thick and 10 to 30 inches long, occurring about equally in vertical and horizontal streaks) has moderate medium subangular blocky structure, many prominent clay films on faces of peds, common medium roots, and is friable; few fine prominent white particles of kaolin; about 3 percent fragments of ironstone; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of Bt and Btx horizons is more than 20 inches)
BC--58 to 72 inches; red (2.5YR 5/8) sandy loam; common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; sand grains coated with clay; strong brown mottles are sandy clay loam; strongly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Richland County, South Carolina; about 10 miles east of Columbia; 0.7 miles northeast of junction of secondary roads 935 and 86, 60 feet from private drive and 50 feet south of secondary road 86.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the top of fragic properties.: 15 to 35 inches Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: greater than 6 feet Rock Fragment content: quartz or iroonstone, 0 to 60 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon and below Soil Reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid throughout except where limed Thickness of solum: 40 to 75 inches or more
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
80 A or Ap horizon (if it occurs): Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand
E horizon: Color--hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- fine sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, or sand
Upper Bt horizon: Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam or sandy loam Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown Other features-- Some pedons have balls or pockets of white or light gray kaolin clay 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter
Lower Bt horizon: Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and depletions of gray Other features-- Some pedons have balls or pockets of white or light gray kaolin clay 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter
Btx horizon: Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8 Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- sandy clay loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and depletions of gray Other features-- Some pedons have balls or pockets of white or light gray kaolin clay 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter. It is dense, brittle and slightly cemented in about 10 to 50 percent of the mass. The brittleness is thought to be due to masses of iron oxide accumulation. This horizon commonly has weak or moderate, medium or coarse subangular blocky structure but in some pedons it appears to be massive. It contains fine roots but medium and coarse roots are not usually present in the brittle part.
BC horizon: Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8, or it is coarsely mottled in these colors Texture (fine-earth fraction)-- loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and depletions of gray Other features-- Some pedons have balls or pockets of white or light gray kaolin clay 1/4 to 1 inch in diameter
C, 2C, Cd horizon (where it occurs, below depth of 40 inches): Color--hue of 2.5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 8, or it is coarsely mottled in these colors Texture (fine-earth fraction)-stratified loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam. Redoximorphic features (if they occur)--iron masses in shade of red, yellow, or brown and depletions of gray
COMPETING SERIES: Barnwell soils-does not have fragic materials in the Bt horizon, have densic material in the C horizon Cowarts soils-solum less than 40 inches thick, densic soil material only in some pedons Marvyn soils-no fragic or densic soil material Springhill soils-redder hues, does not have fragic or densic materials
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Landscape: Landscape: Coastal Plain Landform: uplands Hillslope Profile Position: summits, shoulders, back slopes Geomorphic Component: interfluves, side slopes Parent Material: marine sediments Elevation (type location): 100 to 450 feet Mean Annual Air Temperature: 59 to 70 degrees Mean Annual Precipitation: 38 to 52 inches Frost Free Period: 190 to 245 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Ailey soils- have a sandy epipedon more than 20 inches thick Blaney soils- have a sandy epipedon more than 20 inches thick Emporia soils- do not have a horizon that is partially brittle and have gray depletions within 50 inches of the surface Fuquay soils- have a sandy epipedon more than 20 inches thick Gilead soils- are clayey 81 Nankin soils- are clayey Neeses soils- are clayey Lakeland soils- are sandy throughout Pelion soils- have mottles with chroma of 2 or less in the upper 24 inches of the argillic horizon Wagram soils- have a sandy epipedon more than 20 inches thick
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained Internal Free Water Occurrence: very deep Index Surface Runoff: high to very high Permeability: moderately slow to slow
USE AND VEGETATION: Major Uses: forest, some cropland Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- corn, cotton, small grain, soybeans, or pasture. Where wooded-- loblolly and longleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Distribution: Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina Extent: large
MLRA OFFICE RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: NcNeil Branch, Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station, Pearl River County, Mississippi; 1950.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 15 inches (Ap horizon). Argillic and kandic horizon--the zone between a depth of 15 and 58 inches (Bt and Btx horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA:
TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation SC0008 VAUCLUSE 2- 25 59- 70 190-245 38- 52 100- 450 SC0111 VAUCLUSE 2- 25 59- 70 190-245 38- 52 100- 450
SOI-5 FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind Months Bedrock Hardness SC0008 NONE 6.0-6.0 - 60-60 SC0111 NONE 6.0-6.0 - 60-60
SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- SC0008 0-15 LS S LCOS 0- 5 90-100 2-10 1- 2 SC0008 0-15 FSL SL 0- 5 90-100 10-20 1- 2 SC0008 0-15 SCL 0- 5 90-100 20-28 1- 3 SC0008 15-29 SCL SL 0- 5 90-100 18-35 1- 3 SC0008 29-58 SCL SL SC 0- 5 92-100 18-45 1- 4 SC0008 58-72 SL SCL LS 0- 2 95-100 5-30 1- 3 SC0111 0-15 GR-LS GR-S 2- 5 55- 80 0-10 1- 2 SC0111 0-15 GR-SL 2- 5 55- 80 10-20 1- 2 SC0111 0-15 GRV-LS GRV-SL 2- 10 35- 60 5-15 1- 2 SC0111 15-29 SCL SL 0- 5 90-100 18-35 1- 3 SC0111 29-65 SCL SL SC 0- 5 92-100 18-45 1- 4 SC0111 65-80 SL SCL SC 0- 5 95-100 5-30 1- 3
SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll SC0008 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW SC0008 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW SC0008 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-1. 0- 0 0.6- 2.0 LOW SC0008 15-29 3.6- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.6- 2.0 LOW SC0008 29-58 3.6- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.06- 0.6 LOW SC0008 58-72 3.6- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW SC0111 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 6.0- 20 LOW SC0111 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW 82 SC0111 0-15 4.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW SC0111 15-29 4.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.6- 6.0 LOW SC0111 29-65 3.6- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.06- 0.6 LOW SC0111 65-80 3.6- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW
National Cooperative Soil Survey U.S.A.
83