Taxonomic Treatment of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae) in the New World
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1992 Taxonomic Treatment of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae) in the New World. Alan Wayne Lievens Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Lievens, Alan Wayne, "Taxonomic Treatment of Indigofera L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae) in the New World." (1992). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5395. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5395 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. 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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9302913 Taxonomic treatment Indigoferaof L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae) in the New World Lievens, Alan Wayne, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1992 UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TAXONOMIC TREATMENT OF INDIGOFERA L. (FABACEAE: FABOIDEAE) IN THE NEW WORLD A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany by Alan W. Lievens B.S., St. Edward's University, 1975 M.D., University of Texas Medical Branch, 1979 August 1992 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study would not have been possible without the loan of a large number of specimens of taxa of Indigofera from a number of institutions. Directors of the following herbaria (acronyms as in Holmgren et^ al^ 1990) kindly provided specimens and/or photographs for study: A, B, BM, BR, CAS, DS, F, FLAS, G, GH, GOET, HAL, K, KANU, LE, LL, LSU, M, MA, MEXU, MICH, MO, OKL, P, PAUH, PH, POM, NY, RSA, S, SD, TEX, UC, US, W, WU. In addition, correspondence with a number of individuals at these and other institutions provided much needed information and insight into problems in the genus. I can only mention a few of these people here. I especially thank Dr. Duane Isely (ISC), Dr. Brian Schrire (K), and Mr. Gwilym Lewis (K) for their useful comments; Dr. Isely generously provided me with a copy of an unpublished manuscript on native and cultivated species of Indigofera found in the United States. Dr. Dan Nicolson (US) was a good source of help on several difficult nomenclatural questions. 1 would like to acknowledge the support of the Department of Botany at Louisiana State University over these past few years in this endeavor. The input of my graduate committee is also acknowledged. I especially thank my major professor, Dr. Lowell Urbatsch, for his help and guidance over the years. I will always remember that he was more than willing to spend time in the laboratory and in the field working with me on my genus. The technique of starch gel electrophoresis was learned in the laboratory of Dr. Jim Hamrick at the University of Georgia in Athens. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I am grateful for the instruction which he and his staff provided. At LSU, the electrophoretic work was done in Dr. Jim Grace's laboratory. I owe a debt of gratitude to Sue Langevin Grace for coaching me in the techniques and for helping me to interpret the phenotypic patterns seen on the gels. I also acknowledge a grant from Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society, in support of the electrophoretic work. A number of other people deserve words of thanks. 1 was able to make two productive trips to Mexico to see Indigofera in the field with Dr. Ben Gregory, Jr. (in the Department of Entomology at LSU at the time). My co-workers at LSU— Dr. Elizabeth Harris, Dr. Patricia Cox, Elizabeth Rossi Spatafora, Dennis Bell, Honora Buras, and Ray Neyland— proved to be good companions over the years for a good deal of the work, especially that accomplished in the field. Of this group, my special thanks go to Pat Cox— I will always especially remember the many field trips she and Dr. Urbatsch and I made in Texas, Louisiana, and the southeastern United States looking for Rudbeckia and Indigofera. There are two people who aroused ray interest in botany in the first place. I would be remiss in not mentioning them since I would not be finishing this project without their initial input. Brother Daniel Lynch, C.S.C., at St. Edward's University in Austin, Texas, first opened ray eyes to taxonomy and the flora of central Texas through his plant taxonomy course (spring 1975). Later, I spent many a pleasant visit with Sister Mary Clare Metz, C.D.P. (now retired from Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, Texas), in the field or in discussion of plants of the San Antonio area. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Finally, I must add a word of thanks and love to my family. I will be eternally grateful for the support all of them have given me as I made my decision on a career change. My mother and my grandmother have added their prayers and encouragement to my endeavors. My close family— Rick Lievens, Ron and Linda Lievens, and Jim and Tracey Lievens— have also offered their constant moral support. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................... ii LIST OF TABLES...................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES..................................... viii ABSTRACT............................................ ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................. 1 Introductory Comments..................... 1 Taxonomic History......................... 2 Generic Synonymy in Indigofera............ 4 Review of Rydberg's (1923) Infrageneric Taxa.................................... 7 Morphology and Anatomy................ 13 Floral Syndrome........................... 15 Cytology.................................. 17 Other Investigative Approaches............ 17 2 TAXA OF INDIGOFERA IN NORTH AMERICA....... 19 Introduction.............................. 19 I. Methodology Used in the Present Taxonomic Study.................. ..... 20 II. Cladistic Analysis of Rydberg's Infrageneric Taxa................... 22 Introduction and Materials and Methods.. 22 Results and Discussion................. 29 III. Key and Synopsis of North American Species................................ 33 Artifical Key to Indigofera species 36 in North America 3 LEPTOSEPALAE.............................. 190 Introduction.............................. 190 I. Electrophoresis........................ 192 Introduction and Materials and Methods.. 192 Results and Discussion........... 197 II. Phene tic Work......................... 201 Introduction and Materials and Methods.. 201 Results and Discussion.......... ...... 203 III. Herbarium Study...................... 209 Introduction and Materials and Methods.. 209 Results and Discussion................. 209 4 SYNOPSIS OF TAXA KNOWN FROM SOUTH AMERICA.. 271 5 DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED TAXA OR TAXA INCOMPLETELY KNOWN................... 332 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LITERATURE CITED 354 APPENDICES A IMPORTANT MONOGRAPHS AND REGIONAL TREATMENTS WHICH HAVE INCLUDED INFORMATION ON SPECIES OF INDIGOFERA..................