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Attitudes, Values, and Behaviour: Pastoralists, Land Use and Landscape Art in Western New South Wales

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Attitudes, Values, and Behaviour: Pastoralists, Land Use and Landscape Art in Western New South Wales Attitudes, Values, and Behaviour: Pastoralists, land use and landscape art in Western New South Wales Guy Fitzhardinge February 2007 Revised February 2008 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Western Sydney © Guy Fitzhardinge 2007 Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree in this or any other institution Guy Fitzhardinge ii Acknowledgements My appreciation of the support, encouragement, wise council and efforts of Robert Fisher is unbounded. I also wish to acknowledge the support and encouragement of Tom Griffiths and Libby Robin and Robert Mulley. To my editor, Lindsay Soutar, my sincere thanks for a job well done. Many people – too many to name, have helped me and supported my efforts in a variety of ways and have made an otherwise difficult job so much easier. To all those people I wish to express my gratitude and thanks. Finally, to my wife Mandy, my deepest thanks for the sacrifices she has made during the writing of this thesis. Without her support this thesis would have not been possible. iii Table of Contents Statement of Authentication................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................iv List of Figures ...................................................................................................................vii List of Plates.....................................................................................................................viii Abstract ..............................................................................................................................ix Chapter One: Introduction.............................................................................................. - 1 - 1.1 Background to the research and the evolution of personal interest ..................- 7 - 1.2 Methodology ...................................................................................................- 20 - 1.3 Thesis structure ...............................................................................................- 24 - Part 1: Thinking about Nature Chapter Two: Thinking about Nature .......................................................................... - 29 - 2.1 Concept of human uniqueness ........................................................................- 33 - 2.2 The subjugation of nature................................................................................- 34 - 2.3 Theological preconditions...............................................................................- 35 - 2.4 The return to nature.........................................................................................- 39 - 2.5 The building of ecological thought .................................................................- 43 - 2.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................- 53 - Chapter Three: Attitudes, Values and Behaviour ........................................................ - 58 - 3.1 Attitudes ..........................................................................................................- 60 - 3.2 The evaluation of outcomes: the expectancy-value model .............................- 65 - 3.3 Attitude change: persuasion and social influence ...........................................- 67 - 3.4 Attitude change: rationalising behaviour ........................................................- 69 - 3.5 The prediction of intended actions..................................................................- 72 - 3.6 The effect of norms .........................................................................................- 74 - 3.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................- 76 - iv Part 2: The Western Division: People and Place Chapter Four: Background to Settlement: Misreading the Australian landscape....... - 81 - 4.1 Early settlement in Australia and the Western Division .................................- 81 - 4.2 The empty landscape: early perceptions .........................................................- 83 - 4.3 Implications of misreading the landscape.......................................................- 86 - 4.4. Indigenous understanding of landscape .........................................................- 87 - 4.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................- 89 - Chapter Five: The Settlement History of the Western Division .................................. - 92 - 5.1 Historical context ............................................................................................- 92 - 5.2 Summary of the main periods in the history of the Western Division............- 96 - 5.3 Land tenure in the Western Division ..............................................................- 98 - 5.4 The process of settlement..............................................................................- 100 - 5.5 The beginnings of responsible government ..................................................- 103 - 5.6 Fencing..........................................................................................................- 108 - 5.7 The Homestead Act.......................................................................................- 110 - 5.8 Royal Commission of Enquiry 1901.............................................................- 112 - 5.9 The 1982 Hassall Report...............................................................................- 120 - 5.10 1981-1985 NSW State Government Inquiry (the Fisher Inquiry) ..............- 122 - 5.11 2002 NSW State Government Review (The Kerin Review) ......................- 123 - 5.12 Implications of changing technology..........................................................- 125 - 5.13 Discussion ...................................................................................................- 126 - Chapter Six: Grazing and the Environment of the Western Division of New South Wales........... - 130 - 6.1 Grazing in the Western Division...................................................................- 131 - 6.2 Issues of sustainability: stock numbers and overstocking ............................- 134 - 6.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................- 142 - Part 3: Visual art and literature as media for reflected values Plates referred to in Chapter Seven............................................................................ - 147 - Chapter Seven: Discussions on Landscape................................................................ - 161 - 7.1 The development of a sense of connection with landscape ..........................- 165 - 7.2 Prose and verse as a reflection of attitudes ...................................................- 169 - v 7.3 The concept of “Landscape” .........................................................................- 178 - 7.4 Landscape informed by visual art .................................................................- 190 - 7.5 Art as a medium for ideology in landscape appraisal ...................................- 201 - 7.6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................- 213 - Chapter Eight: Visual Art as a Means of Exploring Attitudes and Values: A Project Description................................................................................................................. - 214 - 8.1 The project objectives ...................................................................................- 220 - 8.2 The approach and methodology....................................................................- 224 - 8.3 The construction of the projects....................................................................- 228 - Chapter Nine: Responses to the three projects........................................................... - 247 - 9.1 Responses......................................................................................................- 248 - 9.2 Personal Identity and Group Pressure...........................................................- 254 - 9.3 Conclusion ....................................................................................................- 256 - Part 4: Conclusions Conclusions................................................................................................................ - 261 - 10.1 Historical context and the relationship with the natural world ...................- 263 - 10.2 The issue of apparently inconsistent behaviour ..........................................- 267 - 10.3 The reflection of socially derived landscape values through visual art ......- 270 - 10.4 Visual art as a tool for understanding attitudes...........................................- 271 - 10.5 Further research...........................................................................................- 276 - Bibliography..............................................................................................................
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