DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Living Heritage Sites in Mainland Southeast Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managing Living Heritage Sites in Mainland Southeast Asia MANAGING LIVING HERITAGE SITES IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA By Patcharawee Tunprawat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Archaeology Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2009 MANAGING LIVING HERITAGE SITES IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA By Patcharawee Tunprawat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Archaeology Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2009 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Managing Living Heritage Sites in Mainland Southeast Asia” submitted by Miss Patcharawee Tunprawat as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Historical Archaeology ……........................................................................ (Associate Professor Sirichai Chinatangkul, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... Thesis Advisors 1. Assoc. Prof. Sayan Praicharnjit 2. Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Prof. Phasook Indrawooth, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Assoc. Prof. Chanan Vongvipak) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member .................................................... Member (Assoc. Prof. Sayan Praicharnjit) (Mr. Pisit Charoenwongsa) ............/......................../.............. ............/......................../.............. 48101904 : MAJOR : HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY KEY WORD : LIVING HERITAGE CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA CONSERVATION PATCHARAWEE TUNPRAWAT : MANAGING LIVING HERITAGE SITES IN MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA. THESIS ADVISORS : ASSOC. PROF. SAYAN PRAICHARNJIT AND PISIT CHAROENWONGSA. 238 pp. In the 14th century A.D. after the decline of Angkor and the rise of Pagan and Ayutthaya, Theravada Buddhism, from Sri Lanka, became the most prominent religion and has been practiced in Mainland Southeast Asia in present-day Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, and Myanmar, while Mahayana Buddhism, spread from China, became popular in present-day Viet Nam. The Buddhist worldviews governed how the traditional population interacted with past material remains and differentiated the traditional worldviews from the Western worldviews which were based on Christianity. It was noted that the West perceived time as linear and the cult of the holy relics dictated that values were inherent in materials whereas in the East values were ascribed to materials. The arrival of the Europeans in the late 19th century A.D. by way of Colonization greatly influenced the traditional worldviews. After France and England gained control of most parts of the region except Siam, they took it under their responsibilities to study the antiquities of the region which became the legacy of the colonizers. After WWII, the Wars of Independence that took place in many cities gradually made France and England relinquish their controls. Antiquities by then became icons for independence and nationalism for the natives. Though Siam was not colonized, its structure of heritage management was laid out by Westerners, which immersed Siam, which later became Thailand, in the Western concepts of conservation and heritage management. The Venice Charter launched in 1962 became the backbone of heritage conservation in many countries including Southeast Asia. The World Heritage Convention born in 1970s emphasized authenticity. This concept was later questioned and caused heritage professionals to revisit heritage management in their countries in order to move away from the fabric-based conservation, which is not applicable in all cases. During this period, looting has reached a new height, while the lack of awareness is a serious issue. Communities have been separated further from the heritage. In order to find a practical context-based framework to manage heritage sites in Mainland Southeast Asia, there is a need to explore the current trends and approaches in heritage management which will provide a basis to form a regional framework. This framework will then be combined with results from the case studies in the region and the fundamental concept of heritage conservation and management so as to come up with a model as well as guidelines for heritage managers which are based on the traditional system, making the heritage ‘living’. Department of Archaeology Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2009 Student's signature ............................................................... Thesis Advisors' signature 1. ..……………......................... 2. ................................................ c Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people who provided me with their time, materials, and valuable comments: Dr. Pisit Charoenwongsa, Dr. Phasook Indrawooth, Assoc. Prof. Sayan Praicharnjit, Assoc. Prof. Chanan Vongvipak, Dr. Pinraj Khanjanusthiti, Dr. Gamini Wijesuriya, Dr. Britt Baillie, Dr. Pornthum Thumwimol, U Nyunt Han, Dr. Thongsa Sayavongkhamdy, Mr. Simon Warrack, U Ba Shwe, Mr. Phong Vo Dang, Ms. Nguyen Thu Ha, Mr. Mark Chang, Ms. Le Thi Thu Thuy, Ms. Montira Horayangkura Unakul, Mr. Samlane Luangaphay, Ms. Tara Sharma, Dr. Ioanis Poulios, Ms.Katriina Simila, and Dr. Elizabeth Moore. I also thank friends and colleagues at SPAFA, ICCROM, GCI, and Silpakorn University who have always been supportive during the time of my research and shared with me their experiences. I would especially like to thank my colleagues in Phrae including Mr. Wuttikrai Pathong, Ms.Sunantana Saenprasert, Mr. Shinnaworn Chompoophan, Mr. Prayad and Mrs. Lantima Kaewmanee, as well as the Phrae project volunteers especially Ms.Pichya Boonpinon, Ms.Wannachan Chiewsilp, and Mr. Palawat Thammamitr. I am always thankful for my family especially my father and my mother without whom this thesis would not be accomplished. d Table of Contents Page Abstract................................................................................................................... c Acknowledgements................................................................................................. d List of Figures ........................................................................................................ g Chapter 1 Introduction................................................................................................. 1 2 Trends and Approaches in Heritage Management...................................... 9 Current Trends in Heritage Management ........................................... 9 Public Archaeology/ Community Archaeology.................................. 13 Heritage Management Approaches..................................................... 17 3 The Old World: Traditional Mainland Southeast Asia............................... 23 Mainland Southeast Asia and the Foundation of its Beliefs System... 23 Essence of Beliefs ............................................................................... 27 Traditional Concepts of Materiality and Time.................................... 31 Traditional Views on Past Material Remains and Conservation......... 36 Traditional Systems of Conservation and Management...................... 44 Summary ............................................................................................. 48 4 The Colonized Past ..................................................................................... 49 Western Colonization.......................................................................... 49 European Interests in Antiquities from the 19th Century A.D. to 1940s ............................................................................................... 58 Early Tourism in Mainland Southeast Asia ........................................ 88 Summary ............................................................................................. 97 5 Heritage and Politics................................................................................... 100 e Chapter Page 5 Thailand and the Birth of Heritge........................................................ 100 Independence of French Indochina and Its Heritage........................... 106 Burma’s Independence........................................................................ 117 New Challenges................................................................................... 121 6 Current Heritage Management Practices in Mainland Southeast Asia ...... 125 The Shwedagon Pagoda, Myanmar..................................................... 125 The Angkor Complex of Monuments, Cambodia............................... 138 The Plain of Jars, Lao PDR................................................................. 153 The Ancient Town of Hoi An, Viet Nam............................................ 166 The Historic City of Phrae, Thailand .................................................. 181 7 Conclusion and Recommendations............................................................. 197 The Journey of Heritage...................................................................... 197 Discussion on Heritage and Conservation........................................... 200 Analysis of Heritage Management Models ......................................... 203 Guidelines for Heritage Managers .....................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Who Are the Buddhist Deities?
    Who are the Buddhist Deities? Bodhisatta, receiving Milk Porridge from Sujata Introduction: Some Buddhist Vipassana practitioners in their discussion frown upon others who worship Buddhist Deities 1 or practice Samadha (concentrationmeditation), arguing that Deities could not help an individual to gain liberation. It is well known facts, that some Buddhists have been worshipping Deities, since the time of king Anawratha, for a better mundane life and at the same time practicing Samadha and Vipassana Bhavana. Worshipping Deities will gain mundane benefits thus enable them to do Dana, Sila and Bhavana. Every New Year Burmese Buddhists welcome the Sakka’s (The Hindu Indra God) visit from the abode of thirty three Gods - heaven to celebrate their new year. In the beginning, just prior to Gotama Buddha attains the enlightenment, many across the land practice animism – worship spirits. The story of Sujata depicts that practice. Let me present the story of Sujata as written in Pali canon : - In the village of Senani, the girl, Sujata made her wish to the tree spirit that should she have a good marriage and a first born son, she vowed to make yearly offering to the tree spirits in grateful gratitude. Her wish having been fulfilled, she used to make an offering every year at the banyan tree. On the day of her offering to the tree spirit, coincidentally, Buddha appeared at the same Banyan tree. On the full moon day of the month Vesakha, the Future Buddha was sitting under the banyan tree. Sujata caught sight of the Future Buddha and, assuming him to be the tree-spirit, offered him milk-porridge in a golden bowl.
    [Show full text]
  • From 16 October 2013 to 26 January 2
    Room 2 Room 1 Indochina Indochina from 1908 to 1956 from 1858 to 1907 entrance Exhibition www.musee-armee.fr - - from 16 October 2013 Open every day from 10 a.m. to 26 January 2014 to 6 p.m. until 31 October, - As of November 1st, from 10 a.m Hôtel des Invalides, to 5 p.m. 129 rue de Grenelle, Closed on 25 December and 1 January 6 boulevard des Invalides (special needs access) Paris VII Located at the crossroads of India and China, in the 16th century the Indochinese peninsula aroused European interest. The Pope gave the Jesuits and missionaries in the foreign missions the task of converting the local people and training a «native» clergy, while the initial commercial relations between Europe and the peninsula were inaugurated by the Portuguese, followed a century later by the Dutch and the English. France, which was only involved from the religious point of view in the 17th century, sought supply points between India and China for the ships belonging to the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (East India Company). The civil war of 1775-1802, coming after a relatively peaceful period between the Vietnamese domains in the North and the South, gave it the opportunity, through Mgr. Pigneau de Béhaine, of signing an assistance treaty which was never applied, between the King of France Louis XVI and the heir Sabre belonging to Gia Long, to the Nguyen dynasty, the future Emperor Gia Long (1802- the Emperor of Annam - 1820). At the same time as the Confucian structures of the Late 18th - early 19th century Steel, gold, jade, coral, pearl, Empire were being renovated, he modernised the army and precious stones and vermeil (c) Paris, Musée de l’Armée (1891).
    [Show full text]
  • Special Issue 2, August 2015
    Special Issue 2, August 2015 Published by the Center for Lao Studies ISSN: 2159-2152 www.laostudies.org ______________________ Special Issue 2, August 2015 Information and Announcements i-ii Introducing a Second Collection of Papers from the Fourth International 1-5 Conference on Lao Studies. IAN G. BAIRD and CHRISTINE ELLIOTT Social Cohesion under the Aegis of Reciprocity: Ritual Activity and Household 6-33 Interdependence among the Kim Mun (Lanten-Yao) in Laos. JACOB CAWTHORNE The Ongoing Invention of a Multi-Ethnic Heritage in Laos. 34-53 YVES GOUDINEAU An Ethnohistory of Highland Societies in Northern Laos. 54-76 VANINA BOUTÉ Wat Tham Krabok Hmong and the Libertarian Moment. 77-96 DAVID M. CHAMBERS The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps. 97-109 GARRY W. DAVIS Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and 110-143 Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges. VARISA OSATANANDA Phuan in Banteay Meancheay Province, Cambodia: Resettlement under the 144-166 Reign of King Rama III of Siam THANANAN TRONGDEE The Journal of Lao Studies is published twice per year by the Center for Lao Studies, 65 Ninth Street, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA. For more information, see the CLS website at www.laostudies.org. Please direct inquiries to [email protected]. ISSN : 2159-2152 Books for review should be sent to: Justin McDaniel, JLS Editor 223 Claudia Cohen Hall 249 S. 36th Street University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104 Copying and Permissions Notice: This journal provides open access to content contained in every issue except the current issue, which is open to members of the Center for Lao Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Th E Phaungtaw-U Festival
    NOTES TH_E PHAUNGTAW-U FESTIVAL by SAO SAIMONG* Of the numerous Buddhist festivals in Burma, the Phaungtaw-u Pwe (or 'Phaungtaw-u Festival') is among the most famous. I would like to say a few words on its origins and how the Buddhist religion, or 'Buddha Sii.sanii.', came to Burma, particularly this part of Burma, the Shan States. To Burma and Thailand the term 'Buddha Sii.sanii.' can only mean the Theravii.da Sii.sanii. or simply the 'Sii.sanii.'. I Since Independence this part of Burma has been called 'Shan State'. During the time of the Burmese monarchy it was known as Shanpyi ('Shan Country', pronounced 'Shanpye'). When th~ British came the whole unit was called Shan States because Shanpyi was made up of states of various sizes, from more than 10,000 square miles to a dozen square miles. As I am dealing mostly with the past in this short talk I shall be using this term Shan States. History books of Burma written in English and accessible to the outside world tell us that the Sii.sanii. in its purest form was brought to Pagan as the result of the conversion by the Mahii.thera Arahan of King Aniruddha ('Anawrahtii.' in Burmese) who then proceeded to conquer Thaton (Suddhammapura) in AD 1057 and brought in more monks and the Tipitaka, enabling the Sii.sanii. to be spread to the rest of the country. We are not told how Thaton itself obtained the Sii.sanii.. The Mahavamsa and chronicles in Burma and Thailand, however, tell us that the Sii.sanii.
    [Show full text]
  • Neil Sowards
    NEIL SOWARDS c 1 LIFE IN BURMA © Neil Sowards 2009 548 Home Avenue Fort Wayne, IN 46807-1606 (260) 745-3658 Illustrations by Mehm Than Oo 2 NEIL SOWARDS Dedicated to the wonderful people of Burma who have suffered for so many years of exploitation and oppression from their own leaders. While the United Nations and the nations of the world have made progress in protecting people from aggressive neighbors, much remains to be done to protect people from their own leaders. 3 LIFE IN BURMA 4 NEIL SOWARDS Contents Foreword 1. First Day at the Bazaar ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. The Water Festival ............................................................................................................................. 12 3. The Union Day Flag .......................................................................................................................... 17 4. Tasty Tagyis ......................................................................................................................................... 21 5. Water Cress ......................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Demonetization .................................................................................................................................. 26 7. Thanakha ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 131299 Bangperng 2020 E.Docx
    International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.net Volume 13, Issue 12, 2020 Champasak: Dhammayuttika Nikaya and the Maintenance of Power of the Thai State (Buddhist Decade 2390- 2450) Kiattisak Bangpernga, aDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Email: [email protected] This article is intended to analyse the time during Siam's reign in Champasak, when Siam exercised the colonial power to collect tributes and taxes, resulting in the local Lao’s burdens. This caused rebels to be formed under the culture of local Buddhists combined with indigenous beliefs. Siam therefore attempted to connect the local Lao and culture to the central power. One of the important policies was to send Thammayut monks to remove the local beliefs and to disseminate pure Buddhism, according to Thai Dhammayuttika Nikaya. Later, French colonies wanted to rule the Lao territory in the name of Indochina, resulting in that the monks of Dhammayuttika Nikaya were drawn to be part of the political mechanism, in order to cultivate loyalty in the Siamese elites and spread the Thai ideology. This aimed to separate Laos from the French’s claiming of legitimacy for a colonial rule. However, even if the Dhammayuttika Nikaya was accepted and supported by the Lao rulers, but it was not generally accepted by the local people, because it was the symbol of the power of Siam who oppressed them, and appeared to have ideological differences with their local culture. Dhammayuttika Nikaya, as a state mechanism, was not successful in maintaining the power of the Thai state.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Army and Siam, 1893–1914
    243 FROM THE ARCHIVES The French Army and Siam, 1893–1914 Amable Sablon du Corail Translated by Michael Smithies ABSTRACT—Concerning the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893, the forcing of the mouth of the Chao Phraya River by French gunboats under Siamese fire is generally known, as well as the treaty of October 1893 that gave the left bank of the Mekong River to France. Little, however, has been written about the land operations between French and Siamese armies in the region of the Khone Falls, or about the occupation of Chanthaburi district up until 1905. Important for the history of Thailand, these latter episodes moreover illustrate French colonial doctrine very aptly in France’s conquest and pacification of Tonkin. The French exported that doctrine everywhere in their empire—reliance on the use of native troops, integration of political and military action, and primacy accorded to civil administration. The present article examines how the governors-general of French Indochina perceived the rapid modernisation of Kingdom of Siam, as they buttressed France’s farthest and richest colony. The beginning of the dispute On 26 October 1891, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alexandre Ribot, claimed in the name of the Annamese Empire all the territories on the east of Mekong River (Tuck 1995: 96). While it was a declaration of principle addressed only to the Chamber of Deputies, it revealed to the world the desire of France to control the Mekong basin and to appropriate an access route to southern China. The explorations of Auguste Pavie had demonstrated the impossibility of turning the huge river into the Far Eastern Nile of the young French colony.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Southeast Asia
    ARTHUR AHISTORYOF COTTERELL SOUTHEAST AHISTORYOF ASIA SOUTHE A HISTORY OF OF HISTORY About the Author A History of Southeast Asia is a sweeping and wide-ranging SOUTHEAST Arthur Cotterell was formerly principal of Kingston narration of the history of Southeast Asia told through historical College, London. He has lived and travelled widely anecdotes and events. in Asia and Southeast Asia, and has devoted ASIA much of his life to writing on the region. In 1980, Superbly supported by over 200 illustrations, photographs and he published !e First Emperor of China, whose maps, this authoritative yet engagingly written volume tells the account of Qin Shi Huangdi’s remarkable reign was history of the region from earliest recorded times until today, translated into seven languages. Among his recent covering present-day Myanmar, !ailand, Cambodia, Laos, AS books are Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Indonesia Swift Fall 1415–1999, and Asia: A Concise History, and East Timor. T A published in 2011, the "rst ever coverage of the entire continent. “Arthur Cotterell writes in a most entertaining way by putting a human face on the history of Asia. Far too often, “Arthur Cotterell writes in a most entertaining history books are dry and boring and it is refreshing SIA way by putting a human face on the history of Asia.” to come across one which is so full of life. - to be changed” – Peter Church, OAM, author of A Short History of South East Asia, on Arthur Cotterell – Professor Bruce Lockhart
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand Under the Rule of Law
    การประชุมทางวิชาการเนื่องในวาระศาลรัฐธรรมนูญครบรอบ ๒๐ ปี ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ : ผพู้ ิทกั ษ์หลกั นิติธรรม ๙ – ๑๐ เมษายน ๒๕๖๑ กรุงเทพมหานคร ประเทศไทย The Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand under the Rule of Law Nurak Marpraneet President of the Constitutional Court of the Kingdom of Thailand Introduction: Overview of politics, economy, society and human rights in Thailand Section 1 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand stipulates that Thailand is one and indivisible Kingdom, and Section 2 provides that Thailand adopts a democratic regime of government with the King as Head of State. These two principles prescribed in the Constitution are said to be Eternity Clause of the Constitution, reflecting history and root of the land westerners had known as “Siam,” which has continuously existed over 700 years. Thailand changed its governmental regime from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy in B.E. 2475 (1932), in which parliamentary systems vary in accordance with different constitutions. According to the current Constitution, bicameralism shall be applied, in which Members of the House of Representatives are directly elected by the people; and the Senate is installed from a selection among persons having knowledge, expertise, experience, profession in the various areas of society. The Prime Minister must be nominated and approved by the 1 20th Anniversary of the Constitutional Court of Thailand The Constitutional Court: Protector of the Rule of Law 9th - 10th April 2018, Bangkok, Thailand การประชุมทางวิชาการเนื่องในวาระศาลรัฐธรรมนูญครบรอบ ๒๐ ปี ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ : ผพู้ ิทกั ษ์หลกั นิติธรรม ๙ – ๑๐ เมษายน ๒๕๖๑ กรุงเทพมหานคร ประเทศไทย Parliament. Courts namely the Constitutional Court, the Court of Justice, the Administrative Court, and the Military Court, shall exercise judicial powers.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix Appendix
    APPENDIX APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS, WITH GOVERNORS AND GOVERNORS-GENERAL Burma and Arakan: A. Rulers of Pagan before 1044 B. The Pagan dynasty, 1044-1287 C. Myinsaing and Pinya, 1298-1364 D. Sagaing, 1315-64 E. Ava, 1364-1555 F. The Toungoo dynasty, 1486-1752 G. The Alaungpaya or Konbaung dynasty, 1752- 1885 H. Mon rulers of Hanthawaddy (Pegu) I. Arakan Cambodia: A. Funan B. Chenla C. The Angkor monarchy D. The post-Angkor period Champa: A. Linyi B. Champa Indonesia and Malaya: A. Java, Pre-Muslim period B. Java, Muslim period C. Malacca D. Acheh (Achin) E. Governors-General of the Netherlands East Indies Tai Dynasties: A. Sukhot'ai B. Ayut'ia C. Bangkok D. Muong Swa E. Lang Chang F. Vien Chang (Vientiane) G. Luang Prabang 954 APPENDIX 955 Vietnam: A. The Hong-Bang, 2879-258 B.c. B. The Thuc, 257-208 B.C. C. The Trieu, 207-I I I B.C. D. The Earlier Li, A.D. 544-602 E. The Ngo, 939-54 F. The Dinh, 968-79 G. The Earlier Le, 980-I009 H. The Later Li, I009-I225 I. The Tran, 1225-I400 J. The Ho, I400-I407 K. The restored Tran, I407-I8 L. The Later Le, I4I8-I8o4 M. The Mac, I527-I677 N. The Trinh, I539-I787 0. The Tay-Son, I778-I8o2 P. The Nguyen Q. Governors and governors-general of French Indo­ China APPENDIX DYNASTIC LISTS BURMA AND ARAKAN A. RULERS OF PAGAN BEFORE IOH (According to the Burmese chronicles) dat~ of accusion 1. Pyusawti 167 2. Timinyi, son of I 242 3· Yimminpaik, son of 2 299 4· Paikthili, son of 3 .
    [Show full text]
  • Study on the Visual Aspects of Urban Design in the Vicinity
    2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (ICBEDC 2008) STUDY ON THE VISUAL ASPECTS OF URBAN DESIGN IN THE VICINITY OF THE SHWEDAGON PAGODA Ms. Nandar Linn Technological University, Kyaukse, Myanmar [email protected] ABSTRACT: Yangon, the capital of Myanmar, is developing along with the changing aspects of socio-economic developments. The earliest accounts of Yangon are always associated with the Shwedagon Pagoda. The Shwedagon is the cultural lighthouse as well as a landmark of Myanmar. The ancient Myanmar planned this pagoda to attain visual supremacy and dominance over its environs. Conservation of such a historical heritage is to be regarded as our national concern. Some newly built buildings have become visual obstructions to the Shwedagon in the recent years. This situation calls for a scientific study and decisive actions in urban planning of Yangon. It is in need of strict regulations to preserve and protect visual axes of the Shwedagon. There has been a restriction for over sixstoreyed buildings in the preservation area of the Shwedagon according to the 1996 Yangon municipal bylaw. However, these are not supposed to meet the actual requirements of present situation. Proper recommendations for newly built buildings in the environs of the Shwedagon need to be considered from visual aspects of urban design.The first portion of this paper is to review and study the traditional practices of urban planning in comparison with present conditions in the immediate vicinity of the Shwedagon. The critical analysis is made from visual aspects of urban design. Secondly, individual axes of the Shwedagon are found out and identified based on the present and past conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trend of the Role of Ramańńa Nikāya in the Next Decade in Mon State
    THE TREND OF THE ROLE OF RAMAÑÑA NIKĀYA IN THE NEXT DECADE IN MON STATE Ven. Za Wa Na A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2017 The Trend of the Role of Rãmañña Nikāya in the Next Decade in Mon State Ven. Za Wa Na A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts (Buddhist Studies) Graduate School Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University C.E. 2017 (Copyright by Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University) ii Thesis Title : The Trend of the Role of Rãmañña Nikāya in the Next Decade in Mon State Researcher : Ven. Za Wa Na Degree : Master of Arts ( Buddhist Studies) Thesis Supervisory Committee : Asst. Prof. Dr. Phramaha Hansa Dhammahaso : Pali V, B.A. (Philosophy) M.A. (Buddhist Studies) : Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies) : Asst. Prof. Dr. Sanu Mahatthanadull : B.A (Advertisement) M.A (Buddhist Studies) : Ph.D. (Buddhist Studies) Date of Graduation :16/ 03 / 2017 Abstract This qualitative research has three main objectives namely: (1) to study the origin and development of Rãmañña Nikāya in Mon State, (2) to study the characteristics and practices of Ramañña Nikāya Association, (3) to analyze the Trend of the Roles of Ramañña Nikāya in the Next Decade in Mon State. The result of the study found that Mon Buddhism began and develop before Pegan, during Pegan and after Pegan from three periods during conflict civil war. Based on the results of the analysis, the study presents possible solutions to the conflict. These periods will present and explain various conditions based on the results of the analysis from a long time in the history of Ramañña Nikāya.
    [Show full text]