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Population Demographics, Distribution, and Environmental History of Asian Carp in a Great Plains River University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources Natural Resources, School of Fall 12-2020 Population Demographics, Distribution, and Environmental History of Asian Carp in a Great Plains River Jake Werner University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss Part of the Earth Sciences Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Other Environmental Sciences Commons Werner, Jake, "Population Demographics, Distribution, and Environmental History of Asian Carp in a Great Plains River" (2020). Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources. 327. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natresdiss/327 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS, DISTRIBUTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF ASIAN CARP IN A GREAT PLAINS RIVER by Jacob P. Werner A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College of the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Natural Resource Sciences Under the Supervision of Professors Martin J. Hamel and Mark A. Pegg Lincoln, Nebraska November, 2020 POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS, DISTRIBUTION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF ASIAN CARP IN A GREAT PLAINS RIVER Jacob P. Werner, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2020 Advisers: Martin J. Hamel and Mark A. Pegg Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Bighead Carp H. nobilis, and Black Carp Mylopharyngodon piceus, collectively known as Asian carp, are a group of invasive fishes in the U.S.A. that have garnered much attention over the last couple decades. Most research devoted to this group of fishes has been focused in the Mississippi River basin with little investigation in the Missouri River drainage, particularly in tributary systems. The Kansas River is a major tributary to the Missouri River that has multiple anthropogenic barriers creating varying levels of connectivity within the Kansas River itself, and with the Missouri River. Information on various life-history traits of Asian carp are needed before a management plan can be formed. Here, we investigated 1) population demographics, 2) distribution with environmental DNA (eDNA), and 3) environmental history using otolith microchemistry of Asian carp in the lower Kansas River. Silver Carp exhibited spatiotemporal differences in population demographics. Individuals captured above the lowermost barrier had longer lengths-at-age, longer total lengths, and occurred at lower relative abundance than individuals captured below the barrier. No Silver Carp nor Bighead Carp were detected above the second barrier on the river with physical sampling or with the eDNA assay. However, Black Carp were detected near the confluence with the Missouri River with the eDNA analysis. Otolith microchemistry results indicated the population of Silver Carp in the Kansas River is comprised of predominantly residential individuals. Few carp exhibited natal origin signatures from the Missouri River. Transient individuals within the population exhibited short durations of signatures indicative of the Missouri River, suggesting that movements into the Missouri River are brief. These results highlight the importance of tributary habitat for Asian carp in the Missouri River drainage. Management efforts within the Kansas River could be an effective means of population control and mitigating secondary introductions. Additionally, management efforts focused in particular reaches of the Kansas River could affect the greater Missouri River population. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my wife, Christina, for all of her love and support throughout my graduate school experience and in my pursuit of a career in fisheries. Her encouragement and positive attitude pushed me to accomplish my goals. I am truly grateful for her support and understanding, and am thankful to have her by my side throughout this journey. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Marty Hamel, for helping develop my knowledge and skill set in fisheries techniques, and for providing the opportunity to progress as a researcher. I want to thank my committee members, Dr. Mark Pegg, Dr. Kevin Pope, Dr. Chris Chizinski, and Chris Steffen for providing guidance and feedback throughout my graduate school tenure. Your perspectives, insights, and knowledge kept me headed in the right direction and helped develop my understanding of applied ecology and statistical methods. I want to thank Dr. Samodha Fernando for your guidance with the genetic work. I would like to thank the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism for the funding for my project. I want to thank Jeff Koch, Ben Neely, Jeff Conley, Luke Kowalewski, Connor Ossowski, and Ernesto Flores for their assistance with field sampling. I would also like to thank the folks with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jeremy Hammen, Jason Goeckler, Zach Sanders, Jahn Kallis, and the rest of the crewmembers, for their assistance with field sampling and for providing their specialized gear to help capture Asian carp. I would also like to extend my thanks to our technicians, Katie Schrag, Charlie DeShazer, and Quade Brees for their hard work in the field and v sustained positivity through long days and the onslaught of flying Silver Carp. This project would not have been possible without the collaboration and hard work from the multiple agencies and numerous people involved. I want to thank my friend and lab mate, Quintin Dean, for your insightful perspectives, dad jokes, and positivity throughout our graduate school experience. Your hard work and dedication set an example that helped all those around you succeed in their endeavors, and that’s what I appreciates about you. I am thankful for the community provided here at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. Thank you to Alex Engel, Zach Horstman, Esther Perisho, Dave Keiter, Lindsay Ohlman, Henry Hansen, Lyndsie Wszola, Brittany Buchanan, Erin Wood, Mikaela Cherry, and the many others that I was privileged enough to share experiences with along the way. Thank you to all the members of the Pegg, Pope, and Fernando labs for our experiences both in and out of the classrooms. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and family for their support throughout my education experience. Their passion for the outdoors and respect for our natural resources greatly influenced my career path into the field of ecology. I would truly not be here without their love and encouragement. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND STUDY OBJECTIVE….……..…...1 DATA GAP: POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS……...……….………………..6 DATA GAP: DISTRIBUTION AND UPSTREAM EXTENT…………...…...….7 DATA GAP: ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY……………………………...…...9 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..11 CHAPTER 2: POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS OF SILVER CARP AND BIGHEAD CARP IN THE LOWER KANSAS RIVER, A LARGE TRIBUTARY TO THE MISSOURI RIVER……………………………………………………………..….……19 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..19 INTRODUCTION…………………………………….………………………....20 METHODS……………………………………………………………..………..23 Study Area……………………………………....……………………….23 Field Sampling…………….......…………………………………………24 Laboratory Methods……………………………………………………...25 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….26 RESULTS………………………………………..………………………………28 DISCUSSION………………………………………………………..…………..30 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..37 CHAPTER 3: EFFICACY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DNA FOR ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE ASIAN CARP IN A LARGE TURBID RIVER…….56 ABSTRACT………………………………………………….…………………..56 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….……………57 METHODS…………………………………………………………………..…..59 Study Area……………………………………………………………….59 Sample Collection………………………………………………………..60 DNA Extraction: Filtration………………………………………………61 DNA Extraction: Centrifugation…………………………………………62 PCR Amplification and Evaluation……………………………………...63 vii Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….64 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………..……………………..64 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..69 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF SILVER CARP IN THE LOWER KANSAS RIVER, KANSAS: INSIGHT FROM OTOLITH MICROCHEMISTRY ANALYSIS…………………………………………………………………….………..78 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………..78 INTRODUCTION………………………………………….……………………79 METHODS…………………………………………………..…………………..81 Study Area………………………………………………………….…....81 Microchemistry Data Collection…………………………………………82 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………….85 RESULTS……………………………………..…………………………………88 Water Chemistry…………………………………………………………88 Otolith Chemistry………………………………………………………...88 DISCUSSION…………………………..………………………………………..91 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..97 CHAPTER 5: MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATION………..111 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS………………….………………..112 Population Control……………………………………………………...112 Monitoring for Asian Carp in Segment 3………………………………114 Movement Deterrents…………………………………………………..116 FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS…………………………………………..……117 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………...…………..120 LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………121 APPENDIX A…………………………………………………………………………..124 APPENDIX B…………………………………………………………………………..136 APPENDIX C…………………………………………………………………………..140 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Median, first, and third quartiles of catch per unit effort (number/hour) of
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