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Jrla.P 10J J1a.R a. o J ",eD b ]) ,L1~ La."",4. TiuUtn i.. ItL,,' JrLa.p 10J J1 a.r Iem, : ,str.t'W' I ""j the La11"d.~ as in Z''he Ori/l1taZ Locsand.Farm:. To if[ustr41~ . tfnd.'\'\tIn\;:t1 'CT\qi.'l\ tI.~a.'B~...t\~~t\.h~' .~ frnn.. ~~~}~. c.farrud ~,.1' ~ Stage IA Documentary Study PSA SERVICE AREA #5 East Harlem, New York CEQR #89-048M Dr. Karen S. Rubinson,SOPA KEY PERSPECTIVES 250 West 100th St. NYC August 1989 .. TABLE OF CONTD'1'S LIST OF FIGURES ..............................~... ii INTRODUCTION ·.........~~.......'" ...... ......- .. 1 TOPOGRAPHY ·..............~............... .... 3 PREHISTORY .. ..... .. ......." .. ........" " .. .. ..... " " 4 HISTORIC PERIODS AND LOT HISTORIES ..- .. " ...... .... 9 Historical Overview .." " " " .. " .... " " " " " ...." . " 9 Building History of the Site 11 Lot Histories • " " " '" .... " .. " •• " " •• II " .. " • " ..... " ... 15 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ." " .. .. " " " " " .... .. " " " " 20 FIGURES ...." ..." " ..." . " .." .." .. " ..." " " ... ... 22 MAPS CONSULTED ....." .. ." .. .. ...... " .." " " .. .. ." .. " .. .. " ." " 34 " BIBLIOGRAPHY • ... " " " • .II ." ... .. ." ... " " .. " ..... " ." " " .." 35 i LIST OP FIGURES Figure l:Site Block and Lots ......•••...•••...••• 22 Figures 2A and 2B:Site views ..•..•.....•.....••... 23 Figures 2C and 2D:Site views ..••••.•....•..••••... 24 Figure 3:Indian site and trail (after Bolton) 25 Figure 4:Vi1lage of New Harlem (after Pierce) 26 Figure 5:Harlem 1765, view (after Stokes) .••..... 27 Figure 6:after Sackersdorf Blue Book, 1815 •••••... 28 Figure 7:Randel's Map of Farms 1819-20 .•..•...•.. 29 Figure 8:Landmark Map 1625-1909 (after Stokes).... 30 Figure 9:Sanborn 1951 •••.•••....•...........•••.. 31 Figure 10:Sanborn 1896 •.••••....•......•.......... 32 Figure 11:Site location on block •..•••.••••••.••• 33 ii '" INTRODUCTION This study is designed to fulfill the requirement of a Stage IA documentary survey for block 1788, lots 9,10, 11, 12, 38, 40, 41, 42 in the Harlem section of Manhattan, as required by The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, CEQR *89-048M (Fig. 1). These lots were flagged for study because they were viewed as being a potential source of significant remains dating to the early history of settlement in Manhattan, specifically the vil- lage of Harlem and thus is a possible source of seventeenth and eighteenth century remains. This study consists of an examination, through maps and texts, of the history of the area of block 1788 and its natural topography. In addition, the building history of the site has been researched and the site visited and examined in its present condition. The information is analyzed to determine if a Stage IS archaeological survey should or should not be required, and an appropriate recommendation is made. A Stage IB archaeological survey will be required if, on the basis of the Stage lAo documen- tary research, the site is determined to have the possibility of yielding significant archaeological materials. The site will house the facilities of Police Service Area #5 of the New York City Housing Authority. The project has not yet been designed. Therefore, this report enumerates the potential sensitivity on a lot by lot basis and, as well be seen, only one 1 lot, lot 12, is potentially sensitive for historic remains. The research for this study was conducted at The New York Public Library, the Brooklyn College Library, The Watson Library of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Buildings Department of the City of New York and in the author's personal library. In addition, material is used which was supplied by the New York City Housing Authority. 2 TOPOGRAPHY The project site lies at the edge of the flatlands called by the native population Muscoota, which lies between the Harlem River and Morningside Heights, northwest of what was once Harlem Creek and its surrounding swampy area. In its present state, the site consists of a vacant, partially weed covered 10t.1 The ground surface consists of earth, construction rubble and brick debris. A low, approximately two foot high, mound of earth and demolition debris runs along the northern border of the proposed development site (Fig. 2A). A shallow, approximately one foot deep depression marks the east-west center of the site roughly along the line of the old lot boundaries; the depression is more pronounced in the west (Fig. 2B). This depression presumably marks the old yard areas, which, according to the contour of the adjacent and still-standing buildings and to the incomplete records preserved in the Buildings Department, were situated a few feet below the surrounding street grade (Fig. 2C). The site is flanked on its west by the Chambers Memorial Baptist Church. To the east, the formerly Our Saviours Lutheran Church (Sanborn 1939;1951) is now the Iglesia Advantista del Septimo Dia, re- flecting the changed population of the neighborhood (Fig. 2D). 1 The site was visited on July 31, 1988. 3 PRERIS'TORY Prehistoric occupation in the northeast and New York City area has been divided into the following periods: Paleo-Indian, 10,500 - 8000 B.C., Archaic, 8000 - 1300 B.C., Transitional, 1300 - 1000 B.C., and Woodland, 1000 B.C. - historic occupation. The Archaic and Woodland periods have been subdivided into Early, Middle, and Late phases as follows: Early Archaic, 8000 - 6000 B.C., Middle Archaic, 6000 - 4000 B.C., Late Archaic, 4000 - 1300 B.C., Early. Woodland, 1000 - 300 B.C., Middle Woodland, 300 B.C. - 1000 A.D., Late Woodland, 1000 A.D. - European contact. Each of these periods is characterized by particular settle- ment types. Pa1eo-Indian sites are often along areas of low, swampy ground or on very high, protected areas (Ritchie 1980:7). Within New York City, Paleo-Indian remains have been excavated at the Port Mobile site on Staten Island, and worked stone imple- ments of Paleo-Indian type have been found at additional loca- tions within that borough (Ritchie 1980:xvii f. and map, 4f.). Although Paleo-Indian materials have not yet been discovered in Manhattan, some portions of the island were, in the recent past, of the topographic type favored by "the Paleo-Indian hunters. Thus, the Urban Archaeologist's predictive model lists the Col- lect Pond area in lower Manhattan and Washington Heights in the north as being potential areas for Paleo-Indian remains (Baugher 4 et ale 1982:10). In predicting the location of Paleo-Indian sites, it must be remembered that the topography of Manhattan and its surrounding region have changed since the beginning of the Neothermal per- iod. The discovery of the remains of land-based megafauna such as mammoth and mastodon on the Atlantic Ocean floor along the Continental Shelf opposite the New York - New Jersey sea coast serves as a reminder that the geography of the New York area has been altered considerably since antiquity, and that microhabitats such as the stream that flowed adjacent to the project area may have been radically different during the earlier periods of prehistory (Chesler 1982:20). Barrier Gate Creek, Sherman's Creek and even the Harlem River have probably shifted course since Paleo-Indian times. Without core borings and other geolo- gical tests, it is difficult to predict the form the site might have taken in this early period. The Early Archaic was characterized by small hunting camps. According to the Landmarks Commission study for a city-wide archaeological predictive model, such sites do not have great archaeological visibility, nor "are they likely to be associated with particular land forms (Baugher et ale 1982:10). Finds from other portions of the u.s. Northeast indicate that during the Middle Archaic there was a large increase of population. As yet, there is little evidence of this time period in the New York City region and thus it is especially important to watch for remains from this era. Discoveries of Middle Archaic components are 5 necessary in order to define occurrence-characteristics and increase the accuracy of future predictions of site occurrence. For the Late Archaic, sites are most likely to be found in littoral areas (Baugher et al. 1982: 10-11). Littoral areas and the zones along major inland water ways such as the Hudson are also known to have been settled during Transitional times. Stone projectile points of Transitional type have been found in northern Manhattan, in the Inwood/Washington Heights district.2 As yet, there is not a large enough body of information to accurately predict Transitional site occurrence within New York City in anything except the most general terms. In the Woodland period, many different kinds of settlements existed. Permanent and semi-permanent settlements, villages, as well as seasonal campsites and food gathering/processing sta- tions, are characteristic. Agriculture was practiced, although this development may date only to the end of the Late Woodland period, following the first contact with Europeans (Ceci 1982: 2- -36). Shellfish collecting sites at tidal inlets are particular- ly well represented in this period, although this may simply be a reflection of the fact that the tidal zones were less likely to have been disturbed by subsequent city development than were inland areas. In the mid-17th century, high hills near streams, rivers and agricultural fields, and fishing places were favored by the 2 Ritchie 1~O:150-178 for general characteristics and distribution of Transitional remains. 6 Indians for settlement. At the time of European contact and Dutch settlement, Man- hattan was occupied by Munsee-speaking Delaware groups: the Canarsee, who occupied western Long Island and probably con- trolled southern and possibly eastern Manhattan, and other Indian groups whose territory included the northern portions of the island (Trigger 1978:214, fig. 1). Until recently, it was be- lieved that the northernmost segment of Manhattan Island, had been occupied by two groups: The Reckgawawanks and the Wick- quaesgecks, but Robert Grurnet has now placed the Reckgawawanks at Haverstraw in Rockland County, thus leaving upper Manhattan to the Wickquaesgecks (Grurnet 1981: 59-62; 1982:passim). There was an Amerindian trail which ran nearby the site, which was incorporated into the first road system of the village of Harlem.
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