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EU's Rejection of Turkey: the Real Underlying Reason

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EU's Rejection of Turkey: the Real Underlying Reason POLICY BRIEF GLOBAL POLITICAL TRENDS CENTER (GPoT) EU’S REJECTION OF TURKEY: THE REAL UNDERLYING REASON by YALIM ERALP January 2011 | GPoT PB no. 21 ABSTRACT There are many negative elements in EU-Turkey relations. Some consider the difference in religion as the primary factor. The issue is deeper than that. It is cultural contradiction. When Europe says cultural diversity is richness, it tends to mean cultural integration. “Religion is the substance of culture too simple. Certainly, there is an and culture the form of religion.” element of truth, but it is deeper Paul Tillich than that. Many arguments have been According to French sociologist advanced against Turkish and historian Amaury de Riencourt membership in the European Union. “culture and civilization are two Some have said that Turkey and its expressions that have been used capital, geographically speaking, more or less indiscriminately and are not in Europe. Some have said interchangeably in the past. The Turkey is too big. These are not distinction between them is of tenable arguments; they are flimsy organic succession. They do not in the face of “pacta sunt coincide in time but follow each servanda” (agreements must be other during the life span of a kept). Turkey’s geography has not particular society: each Culture changed since the 1963 Treaty engenders its own Civilization...” binding the then Common Market with Turkey. Turkey is and was big Many writers and academicians then. have stressed the role of religion in a given society in the shaping of What is not openly said as the main culture. Islam, in general, has not obstacle to Turkish membership is gone through a process of perhaps, according to many, Reformation as was the case in religion. Many Turks believe that EU Christianity. What is said in the will keep Turkey outside because of Quran is often irrelevant and even Islam. However, this seems to be misinterpreted among many GLOBAL POLITICAL TRENDS CENTER (GPoT) 2 EU’S REJECTION OF TURKEY: THE REAL UNDERLYING REASON, YALIM ERALP practitioners. In other words, the counter-balance the impact of letter and spirit of the Quran have poverty, migration and other socio- been ignored many times by its economic problems. The situation practitioners in certain Islamic of children, especially of girls, at societies. This is evident in the primary boarding schools needs treatment of women and fine arts attention in order to avoid drop- in Islamic societies; even in Turkey, outs and increase the quality of while many steps had been taken education. The safety of minors in to redress women’s situation under these institutions, in particular girls, is Kemal Atatürk, the situation seems a cause for concern and was to have reversed yet again. debated in the press. There is a need for a transparent and The EU report on gender issues in objective review of the system. The Turkey states: gender gap in secondary and other levels of education persists. “The gender gap in primary School textbooks still contain education continued to narrow stereotypes about women’s role and has virtually closed at national and status. level. This needs to be sustained by continued encouragement of girls’ There is evidence of increase in enrollment and prevention of honour killings. The number of school drop-outs, particularly in shelters for women and other rural areas”. However, gender preventive and protective services equality and combating violence remain limited in scope. There is no against women remain major effective government oversight of challenges in Turkey. shelters and of the Women's work of representation in There is a need for a municipalities. Inter- politics, senior transparent and objective institutional positions in public review of the system. The cooperation needs administration and gender gap in secondary to step up. Training trade unions are and other levels of education of law enforcement very low. persists. School textbooks still bodies and public contain stereotypes about institutions, With regards to women’s role and status. particularly in the women's lowered field of violence participation in the against women, labor market, the needs to be sustained. With regards absence of sufficient child-care towards domestic violence, facilities, difficulties in access to execution of the ECHR judgment in secondary and further education the Opuz v. Turkey case is still and the existence of gender pending. Family courts have been stereotypes are all contributing applying severe sanctions in cases factors. Unpaid work in subsistence of domestic violence and honour agriculture and employment in the killings. However, this practice informal sector continue to be needs to be applied consistently. In challenges. There are no social one honour killing case, the Court inclusion mechanisms for women to GLOBAL POLITICAL TRENDS CENTER (GPoT) 3 EU’S REJECTION OF TURKEY: THE REAL UNDERLYING REASON, YALIM ERALP of Cassation reduced the penalty many banks and companies have due to ‘unjust provocation’. women as executives should not give an image of equality of Early and forced marriages remain women in the society. Honour a cause for concern. Such killings are considered routine marriages could also lead to especially in the South East. Many reproductive health risks and girls’ suicides are either related to domestic abuse. There are no forced marriages or to honour killing reliable figures on threats. Daily the incidence of newspaper Milliyet such marriages. Turkey’s problem, despite its continues a Women legal guarantees, is campaign for girls: organisations report insufficient implementation in “Father send me to deterioration in their all areas, in particular on school.” The very dialogue and their gender issues. Turkey fact that such a cooperation with continues to be a man’s campaign is relevant public society. required only institutions, at both demonstrates how central and local dire the situation is. levels. Implementation of the Note that the campaign is national action plan on gender “father.....” and not “mother send equality and violence against me to school” which clearly shows women lacks sufficient human and the patriarchal nature of the family. financial resources. The action plan In many rural areas, the practice of does not contain firm and having a second unofficial wife, measurable targets. kuma, remains widespread. The practice has even been globalised Turkey’s problem, despite its legal since some women are being guarantees, is insufficient brought over from the Maghreb implementation in all areas, in countries. On UNDP’s gender particular on gender issues. Turkey inequality index, Turkey ranks 77th. continues to be a man’s society. The importance given to women in Even among politicians, the Turkey is reflected in the Gender general consensus is that women Empowerment Measure, released are simply required to bear children as a part of UNDP’s Global Human and do house work. The gap of Development Report in October. mentality between urban and rural According to these results, Turkey areas is huge. Even in big cities the ranks 101 out of 109 countries, practice between the center and behind Pakistan and Azerbaijan, periphery of the city changes effectively as the 8th country from immensely. In the peripheries many last. women go to work to gain money needed not because women are Headscarves remain another issue considered equal. And the money of controversy. Some in Turkey gained is handed over to the regard the wearing of husband, the real head of the headscarves as personal choice or family. Therefore, the very fact that freedom. Some see it as a GLOBAL POLITICAL TRENDS CENTER (GPoT) 4 EU’S REJECTION OF TURKEY: THE REAL UNDERLYING REASON, YALIM ERALP modernization of women; a way for “western” forms of fine arts. The women to reject the mainstream. television series called “The Glorious Yet, many consider it as mainly a Century” depicting Suleiman the man’s problem; namely a man’s Magnificient’s rule has also been a order (husband or father) to wear matter of controversy over the the headscarf. In other words, it is sexual habits of the ruler. Many TV an expression of men’s hegemony viewers believe that the Ruler over women. This trend in Turkey (Suleiman) has been slighted but has coincided with the growing do not realize that this is not a ban on display of religious signs in documentary but a TV series. Many Europe. Many high-level people point out that the core bureaucrats in Turkey complain that people of the present government they cannot advance in their cannot even watch a ballet career unless their wives wear performance. There are claims that headscarves. some ruling party members refuse to shake ladies’ hands. These may The society’s approach, particularly be considered as isolated cases; in rural areas, and in some cases- but many consider that they also the Government’s approach, to reflect a certain mentality. These fine arts also needs to be noted. A developments do not go unnoticed case in point is the dispute over a in the European media. Le Monde, statue “Ode to for example, gave Humanity” erected the news of Prime in Kars (bordering The saying that “cultural Minister Erdoğan’s Armenia) by a diversity is richness” remains remarks on the famous Turkish somewhat hollow. When EU above-mentioned sculptor ordered by speaks of cultural diversity, it statue as “Erdoğan’s the Municipality. The mainly speaks of European latest victim.” Prime Minister called culture. Many in the EU make it monstrous and a distinction between cultural The latest row is over demanded its diversity and lifestyles. the new regulation removal. The on alcoholic problem over beverages where its statues is not new in Islamic use in some areas have been countries. Most recently, the restricted. The government claims Minister of Culture has ordered that that the regulation is compatible many busts of well-known people with EU norms whereas some fear be taken from the basement of the that it would be the first step in Ministry and dusts be taken off.
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