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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Directly Acts on Mouse Lymphoid-Biased but Not Myeloid-Biased Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Directly Acts on Mouse Lymphoid-Biased but Not Myeloid-Biased Hematopoietic Stem Cells Hematopoiesis ARTICLE Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor directly acts on mouse lymphoid-biased but not Ferrata Storti Foundation myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells Miner Xie,1 Shanshan Zhang,1 Fang Dong,1 Qingyun Zhang,1 Jinhong Wang,1 Chenchen Wang,1 Caiying Zhu,1 Sen Zhang,1 Bingqing Luo,1 Peng Wu1 and Hideo Ema1,2,3 1State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; 2National Clinical Research Center for Hematological Disorders and 3Department of Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Haematologica 2021 Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China Volume 106(6):1647-1658 ABSTRACT ranulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely used in clin- ical settings to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into the cir- Gculation for HSC harvesting and transplantation. However, whether G-CSF directly stimulates HSC to change their cell cycle state and fate is controversial. HSC are a heterogeneous population consisting of different types of HSC, such as myeloid-biased HSC and lymphoid-biased HSC. We hypothesized that G-CSF has different effects on different types of HSC. To verify this, we performed serum-free single-cell culture and competitive repopulation with cultured cells. Single highly purified HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) were cultured with stem cell factor (SCF), SCF + G-CSF, SCF + granulocyte/macrophage (GM)-CSF, or SCF + thrombopoietin (TPO) for 7 days. Compared with SCF alone, SCF + G-CSF increased the number of divisions of cells from the lymphoid-biased HSC- enriched population but not that of cells from the My-bi HSC-enriched population. SCF + G-CSF enhanced the level of reconstitution of lymphoid- biased HSC but not that of myeloid-biased HSC. Clonal transplantation assay also showed that SCF + G-CSF did not increase the frequency of myeloid-biased HSC. These data showed that G-CSF directly acted on lym- phoid-biased HSC but not myeloid-biased HSC. Our study also revised the cytokine network at early stages of hematopoiesis: SCF directly acted on Correspondence: myeloid-biased HSC; TPO directly acted on myeloid-biased HSC and lym- HIDEO EMA phoid-biased HSC; and GM-CSF acted only on HPC. Early hematopoiesis [email protected] is controlled differentially and sequentially by a number of cytokines. Received: September 26, 2019. Introduction Accepted: February 17, 2020. Pre-published: February 20, 2020. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are able to self-renew and differentiate into all blood lineages.1 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is widely used in clinical settings to mobilize HSC from the bone marrow (BM) to the peripheral https://doi.org/10.3324/haematol.2019.239251 blood (PB) for stem cell harvesting.2 However, the effect of G-CSF on HSC is poorly understood. Several studies have reported that G-CSF drives dormant HSC into the ©2021 Ferrata Storti Foundation cell cycle,3-5 whereas other studies have reported that G-CSF does not.6,7 Since in vivo G-CSF administration results in complex changes in the BM microenviron- Material published in Haematologica is covered by copyright. ment, such as disruption of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis,8,9 it may be difficult to deter- All rights are reserved to the Ferrata Storti Foundation. Use of published material is allowed under the following terms and mine the direct effect of G-CSF on HSC in vivo. To avoid this issue, Ogawa’s conditions: research group combined in vitro culture with transplantation assay and reported https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode. that G-CSF can induce HSC self-renewal.10 Copies of published material are allowed for personal or inter- The above studies are informative but quite controversial. This study aimed to nal use. Sharing published material for non-commercial pur- poses is subject to the following conditions: clarify whether G-CSF acts directly on HSC and drives them into cycling, thus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode, changing their fates. HSC are a heterogeneous population. Muller-Sieburg’s sect. 3. Reproducing and sharing published material for com- research group was the first to classify HSC into myeloid-biased HSC (My-bi mercial purposes is not allowed without permission in writing HSC), balanced HSC (Bala HSC), and lymphoid-biased HSC (Ly-bi HSC), based on from the publisher. the ratio of lymphoid to myeloid cells (the L/M ratio) in reconstituted mice.11,12 Given that G-CSF is a neutrophil-specific cytokine that is essential for granu- haematologica | 2021; 106(6) 1647 M. Xie et al. lopoiesis,13,14 we hypothesized that G-CSF acts directly on with 5×105 BM competitor cells from CD45.2-B6 mice (control). My-bi HSC but not on Ly-bi HSC. For the cultured cell group, single HSC1 cells were cultured with To address this issue, we used a serum-free culture sys- cytokines for 7 days, and cells of each well were transplanted into tem, which enabled us to exclude the effect of unknown lethally irradiated CD45.2-B6 mice with 5×105 BM competitor factors contaminated in the serum.15 To overcome the het- cells from CD45.2-B6 mice. PB cells were analyzed as previously erogeneity of HSC, we performed single-cell culture, sin- described.16 gle-cell transplantation, and single-cell reverse transcrip- tion-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on highly puri- Single-cell reverse transcription polymerase chain fied HSC and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). reaction Surprisingly, we found that G-CSF increased the number For single-cell RT-PCR, 48 single HSC1, HSC2, HPC1, HPC2, of divisions of Ly-bi HSC and maintained their repopulat- HPC3, and HPC4 cells were sorted into each well containing RT- ing activity after transplantation. SCF alone transiently STA master mix. For single-cell RT-PCR for cultured cells, single activated My-bi HSC and increased their long-term recon- HSC1 cells were cultured with SCF, SCF+G-CSF, and SCF+TPO stitution potential, but SCF + G-CSF did not show any for 7 days. Single cells were randomly picked up from 48 wells by additional effect on that potential. We conclude that G- a micromanipulator and were placed into the RT-STA master mix. CSF acts directly on Ly-bi HSC but not on My-bi HSC. Freshly isolated 48 single HSC1 cells were used as a control. PCR This study suggested that My-bi HSC, which are more or was performed as previously described.16 The 48 genes set used less equivalent to long-term HSC, remain in the quiescent for six populations and cultured cells are listed in Online state after G-CSF injection in clinical settings. Supplementary Tables S3 and S4, respectively. Statistical analysis Methods Statistical significance was assessed with the unpaired t-test and analysis of variance using GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad). Mice C57BL/6 (CD45.2-B6) mice were purchased from Beijing HFK Bioscience Co. (Beijing, China). C57BL/6 mice congenic for the Results Ly5 locus (CD45.1-B6) were bred and maintained at the State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology. Animal experiments Definitions of HSC1, HSC2, HPC1, HPC2, HPC3, were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees, Institute and HPC4 of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of HSC1 (CD201+CD150+CD48–CD41–CD34–KSL) and Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. HSC2 (CD201+CD150–CD48–CD41–CD34–KSL) cells were defined as shown in Figure 1A. HSC1 were separated Single-cell sorting from HSC2 by expression of CD150.17,18 We previously BM cells were isolated from 8- to 10-week old female CD45.1- showed that HSC1 cells are enriched in long-term (LT, >6 or CD45.2-B6 mice, and c-Kit-positive cells were enriched using months) My-bi HSC (LT-My-bi HSC), while HSC2 cells anti-c-Kit antibody-conjugated MACS beads (Miltenyi are enriched in short-term (ST, <6 months) Ly-bi HSC Biotechnology, catalog n. 130091224). Cell surface markers used (ST-Ly-bi HSC).16,18-21 HPC1 (CD201+CD150+CD48– for the identification of HSC1, HSC2, HPC1, HPC2, HPC3, and CD41+CD34–KSL), HPC2 (CD150+Flt-3–CD34+KSL), HPC3 HPC4 are listed in Online Supplementary Table S1. Antibodies used (CD150–Flt-3–CD34+KSL), and HPC4 (CD150–Flt- for flow cytometry are listed in Online Supplementary Table S2. 3+CD34+KSL) cells were defined as shown in Figure 1A and B. HPC1 cells are reportedly enriched in myeloid- Single-cell culture restricted repopulating progenitors.19 HPC2, HPC3, and Single cells were cultured in serum-free medium, supplemented HPC4 cells were enriched in MPP2, MPP3, and MPP4/lym- with 50 ng/mL recombinant mouse SCF (Peprotech, 250-03) plus phoid-primed multipotent progenitor (LMPP), respectively 50 ng/mL recombinant mouse thrombopoietin (TPO) (Peprotech, (Online Supplementary Figure S1). 315-14), 10 ng/mL recombinant human G-CSF (Peprotech, 300- 23), or 10 ng/mL recombinant mouse GM-CSF (Peprotech, 315- Cytokine receptor expression 03). Cells were cultured for 7 days at 37°C with 5% CO2 in the air. Single-cell RT-PCR was performed on HSC1, HSC2, Number of cells per well were counted daily under inverted HPC1, HPC2, HPC3, and HPC4 cells to investigate the microscope. expression of cytokine receptors. Gene expression data are shown as heatmaps in Online Supplementary Figure S2. Serial competitive repopulation Figure 1C shows the percentage of gene-expressing cells. Twenty HSC1 or HSC2 cells from CD45.1-B6 mice were cul- c-Kit and Mpl were detected in most cells examined. M- tured with cytokines for 7 days, and cells were transplanted into CSF receptor, Csf1r, was not expressed in >40% of cells in lethally irradiated CD45.2-B6 mice with 5×105 BM competitor any of the populations examined.
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