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Roberts, Paul (2005) Spoken English As a World Language

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Roberts, Paul (2005) Spoken English As a World Language Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings SPOKEN ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE: INTERNATIONAL AND INTRANATIONAL SETTINGS Paul Roberts B. A. Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2005 NGy G2`FR J ITY Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings Abstract This thesis sets out to characteriseEnglish as a World Language, in contrast with English used in homogeneous,intranational settings. After a brief introduction, the relevant literature is reviewed in two chapters: firstly the concept of an international variety of English is challenged and, following this, there is consideration of current thinking under the headings of English as an International Language and English as Lingua Franca. This preliminary part of the thesis leads to some hypotheses concerning the way in which EWL might be characterised,with particular attention to attitudes among different sorts of speaker. Chapter Five introduces methodologies(1) for finding data-providing participants and (2) assessingtheir language-relatedattitudes relevant to the research questions. It continues by (3) examining ways of obtaining spoken data and (4) of transcribing and (5) analysing it. Chapter 6 presentsthe specific methodological choices for this thesis. The following four chapters provide results. Firstly, brief results are given of tests applied to ascertainparticipants' language-relatedattitudes. Following this, the results of analysing and explaining the spoken data itself are given. Chapter 8 closely compares one EWL conversation with one homogeneousone and draws tentative conclusions about what might be found in the remaining conversations: that EWL may be characterisedby greater convergenceamong speakers,irrespective of whether or not they are native speakers.Chapter 9 examinesthe whole suite of conversations in this light and the previous results are generally confirmed: the speakers in homogeneousconversations tend to be as divergent as they are convergent, where in EWL conversationsthey try their bestto maintainan atmosphereof comity. Chapter 10 completesthe results sectionby comparingthe performanceof six speakersin ii Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings particular, who each participate in an EWL conversationand in a homogeneousone. They are found to draw on convergencestrategies for their EWL conversationswhile being more direct and divergent in their homogeneousones. Chapter 11 attempts to summarisethe preceding chaptersand to draw some conclusions from the results. 111 Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings Acknowledgements I would like above all to acknowledgethe excellent, inspiring tuition I received for this thesis from my supervisor,Professor Michael McCarthy. I would also like to acknowledgethe following: the large number of studentsand staff at the University of Hertfordshirewho consentedto take part in the various stages of data-gathering on which this thesis rests; the School of Combined Studies at the University of Hertfordshire which made my work possible by providing resources,most importantly time resources,allowing the work to be carried out; colleagues in the School were also of invaluable help in sounding out ideas, reading parts of the thesis and being generally supportive of my work; the Ethics Committee in the Humanities Faculty at the University of Hertfordshire who allowed me to go aheadand gather data from human subjects; Dr. Tim Parke, in the Humanities Faculty at the University of Hertfordshire who made useful suggestions during the early stages of writing. IV Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1. ChangingEnglish, Changing English 2 view of .......................................................... 1.1 The English 2 growing number of people speaking ......................................... 1.2 Researchin English to the 4 studiesrelevant changes...................................... 2. This thesis in 7 research context.................................................................................. 3. Overview 10 ................................................................................................................. Chapter 2: Is English as a World Language a Variety of English? 1. Introduction 15 ............................................................................................................. 2. StandardEnglish 20 ..................................................................................................... 2.1 Defining StandardEnglish 21 ........................................................................... 2.2 Descriptive 25 problems................................................................................... 2.3 Ideological 29 problems.................................................................................... 2.4 Conclusion 31 ................................................................................................... 3. World StandardEnglish 32 .......................................................................................... 4. International English 33 ............................................................................................... 4.1 International English language 33 - as a standard ............................................ 4.2 International English Lingua Franca 34 -a ...................................................... 4.3 A International English 36 specially-constructed ............................................. 4.4 Conclusion 37 ................................................................................................... 5. World English 38 ......................................................................................................... 6. Global English 43 ........................................................................................................ Conclusion 43 7. .............................................................................................................. 3: English Language Chapter as a ..... 1. Introduction 46 ............................................................................................................. 2. EFL, ESL ENL 47 and ................................................................................................. 2.1 People, countries,role and function.............................................................47 2.2 Confusion EFL, ESL ENL 49 over and ............................................................ 2.3 The the Native Speaker 50 supremacyof ......................................................... 2.4 ENL, ESL EFL Conclusion 51 and - ............................................................... 3. EIL ELF 51 and ........................................................................................................... 3.1 EIL 51 ............................................................................................................... 3.2 ELF 53 .............................................................................................................. 3.2.1ELF is built the LF 53 on construct......................................................... 3.2.2 Users of ELF 54 321PT. FicgFnnctinn....................................................................................... 55 V Spoken English as a World Language: international and intranational settings 3.2.4 ELF the `common 56 and concept of core' ............................................. 3.2.5 ELF language 58 as a variety ................................................................... 4. EWL English World Language 61 - as a ................................................................... 4.1 EWL Users 62 ................................................................................................... 4.1.1 Difficulties defining 62 native speakers.................................................. 4.1.2 Native 70 speakersare a significant minority .......................................... 4.1.3 Four 71 casestudies ................................................................................. 4.2 EWL function 73 as a ....................................................................................... 4.3 EWL the `core' 74 and variety and questions................................................... 5. Conclusion 75 .............................................................................................................. Chapter 4: Hypotheses concerning EWL interactions 1. Introduction 77 ............................................................................................................. 2. EWL 78 asymmetrical conversations........................................................................ .. 2.1 The the 79 centrality of native speaker........................................................... .. 2.1.1 Ownership 80 ........................................................................................... 2.1.2 Authority 82 ............................................................................................. 2.1.3 Learner teacher 83 preferences, predilections ......................................... 2.2 NNS NS in EWL interactions 85 and ............................................................... 2.2.1 Accommodation 85 .................................................................................. 2.2.2 Foreigner Talk 88 ....................................................................................
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