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Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception IJS STUDIES in JUDAICA

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Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception IJS STUDIES in JUDAICA Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception IJS STUDIES IN JUDAICA Conference Proceedings of the Institute of Jewish Studies, University College London Series Editors Markham J. Geller François-Guesnet Ada Rapoport-Albert VOLUME 14 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ijs Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception Ancient Astronomy and Astrology in Early Judaism By Helen R. Jacobus LEIDEN | BOSTON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jacobus, Helen R. Zodiac calendars in the Dead Sea scrolls and their reception : ancient astronomy and astrology in early Judaism / by Helen R. Jacobus. pages cm. — (IJS studies in Judaica, ISSN 1570-1581 ; volume 14) Conference proceedings of the Institute of Jewish Studies, University College London. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-28405-0 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28406-7 (e-book) 1. Jewish calendar. 2. Jewish astronomy. 3. Dead Sea scrolls. I. Title. CE35.J315 2014 529’.326—dc23 2014033847 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-1581 isbn 978-90-04-28405-0 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28406-7 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. For my family, with love ∵ Contents Acknowledgements xi List of Tables and Charts xiii List of Figures xv Abbreviations and Notes xvi Introduction 1 1 Clarification of the Тitle of 4Q318 3 2 A Forgotten Calendar? 4 3 Was There an Interest in Astrology at Qumran? A Note on 4QZodiacal Physiognomy (4Q186) 6 4 Fate, Time and Divination 15 5 Some Strands of Thought in Early Jewish Calendar Scholarship 19 5.1 Talmon’s Theory of Schism 19 5.2 Jaubert’s Theory 24 6 The Neo-Jaubertian Consensus 29 7 Questions Regarding Some Scholarship on the Dead Sea Scrolls 31 7.1 J.T. Rook’s Theory 31 8 Some Problems of Ethiopic Manuscripts and Qumran 34 9 Summary 39 10 Parameters of this Research 40 11 Structure of this Study 41 1 Towards A New Interpretation of 4QZodiac Calendar 44 1.1 Introduction 44 1.1.1 Date 44 1.1.2 Textual Structure and the 360-day Calendar 45 1.1.3 The Lunar Zodiac in 4Q318 47 1.2 Scholarship on 4Q318: Setting the Problem 52 1.2.1 The Question of the thema mundi and MUL.APIN 53 1.2.1.1 The 360-Day Calendar as a Qumran Issue 60 1.3 Background to the Micro-zodiac: The Zodiac and the Months 63 1.3.1 tcl 6.14: A Handbook of Astrology 65 1.3.2 The Names of the Micro-zodiac Sub-Divisions 72 1.3.3 The Gestirn-Darstellungen Texts 74 1.4 The Babylonian Calendar, the 360-day Year and Intercalation 83 1.4.1 The 360-Day Year and the Micro-zodiac 91 1.4.2 Cuneiform Horoscopes and 4QZodiac Calendar 99 viii Contents 1.4.3 4Q318 and the Rabbinical Calendar 115 1.4.3.1 The Rabbinical Calendar Tested with 4Q318 122 1.5 The Zodiac Sign Names in 4Q318 133 1.5.1 The Aramaic Numerals 145 1.6 Babylonian-Aramaic Month Names 148 1.7 Material Description and Measurements 157 1.7.1 Column iv of 4QZodiac Calendar 159 1.7.2 Material Reconstruction: Published and Unpublished Reports 161 1.7.3 Textual Reconstruction of 4QZodiac Calendar 166 1.8 Summary and Conclusion 175 2 4QBrontologion: Transmission, Origins and Significance 177 2.1 Introduction 177 2.1.1 Background Scholarship 178 2.1.2 Paleographical Issues 179 2.1.3 Questions Raised by Geoponica 184 2.2 Byzantine Brontologia with Calendars 191 2.2.1 The Structural Twin to 4Q318 191 2.2.2 An “Etruscan Brontoscopic Calendar” 197 2.2.3 More Byzantine Calendrical Omen Texts 201 2.2.4 Parapegma with a Lost Brontologion 204 2.2.5 Discussion 207 2.3 Mesopotamian Science and Omen Literature 208 2.3.1 Early Mesopotamian Lunar Omens and Thunder 209 2.3.2 A Mesopotamian Calendrical Text with Omens 214 2.3.3 Excursus: A Note on Medieval Brontologia and Zodiac Calendars 216 2.4 Purpose 218 2.4.1 The Skills of the Descending Angels 221 2.4.2 Divine Poetry: The Stars in Liturgical and Literary Texts 229 2.4.3 The Question of the Practitioner 256 2.5 Summary and Conclusion 258 3 The Aramaic Astronomical Book of Enoch Reconsidered in the Light of 4Q318 260 3.1 Introduction 260 3.1.1 The Question of the Zodiac in the Ethiopic Book of Luminaries 263 Contents ix 3.1.2 The ‘Gates’ in 1 En. 72 Reconsidered 268 3.1.2.1 The 360+4 Day Year in the Ethiopic Book 272 3.1.3 Ethiopic Computus Treatises and Zodiac Substitution 274 3.2 The Solar and Lunar Months 283 3.2.1 Aligning 4Q209 Frag 7, Col. iii with the Zodiac: Winter Solstice Sunrise 291 3.2.2 The Calendars in 4Q209 Fragment 7, Column iii and 4Q318 Compared 311 3.2.3 The Calendars in 4Q209 Fragment 7, Column ii, Lines 2–13 and 4Q318 Compared 316 3.2.4 4Q208 Fragment 24, Column i, Lines 1–8 and 4Q318 Compared 321 3.3 The Solar and Lunar Years 323 3.3.1 The 354-Day Year in 4Q209 Frag 26 324 3.3.2 Is There a 364-Day or a 360-Day Solar Year in the Aramaic Fragments? 334 3.4 Summary and Conclusion 340 4 The ‘Enoch Zodiac’ and Greco-Roman Zodiac Sundials 344 4.1 Introduction 344 4.2 Questions of Transmission 348 4.3 Sundials in Greco-Roman Astrology 352 4.4 Introduction to ‘Enoch Zodiac’ Sundials 359 4.4.1 Ancient Zodiacal Sundials and the Winds 361 4.4.2 Globe Dial, Prosymna, Greece 364 4.4.3 Hemispherical Dial, Rome 368 4.4.4 Horizontal Plane Dial, Pompeii 372 4.4.5 Plane Dial from the Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome 374 4.4.6 The Horologium-Solarium of Augustus, Rome 376 4.4.7 Ptolemaic Ivory Sundial, Tanis, Egypt 379 4.4.8 The Scaiphe Dial, or Roofed-Spherical Dial from Roman Carthage 381 4.4.9 Vitruvius’s “Winter Clock” 382 4.4.10 Later Zodiacal Sundials 383 4.5 Summary and Conclusion 385 5 Zodiac Calendars in Hellenistic Texts and Artefacts 389 5.1 Introduction 389 5.1.1 Co-existence of Zodiac Calendars with Non-zodiacal Calendars 389 x Contents 5.2 Zodiacal Cosmology in the Work of Philo 390 5.2.1 Josephus’s Familiarity with the Zodiac Calendar 396 5.3 Literary Sources: Vitruvius, Geminos, Strabo, Ovid, Manilius 399 5.3.1 A Note on the Influence of Augustus 404 5.4 Era Dionysios 404 5.4.1 Parapegmata: P.Hibeh 27; P.Rylands 589; Miletus I; “Geminos”; Antikythera Mechanism 409 5.5 Summary and Conclusion 424 6 A Late Medieval Astrological Hebrew Text 426 6.1 Introduction 426 6.2 Introduction to ms. Opp. 688, fol. 162v 427 6.2.1 Melothesia 427 6.2.2 Paleography of ms Opp. 688, fol. 162v 431 6.2.3 Description of Opp. 688 ‘Zodiac Calendar’ 432 6.2.3.1 Days of the Month 434 6.2.3.2 Days of the Year 434 6.3 ms. Opp. 688 ‘Zodiac Calendar’ Compared 434 6.3.1 Opp. 688 ‘Zodiac Calendar’ in Relation to Babylonian Horoscopes 439 6.4 Opp. 688 ‘Zodiac Man’ 441 6.4.1 Summary of Opp. 688 ‘Zodiac Мan’ 446 6.5 Summary and Conclusion 449 Summary and Conclusions 451 The Qumran Zodiac Calendar and Brontologion 453 The Aramaic Astronomical Book 455 Late Medieval Hebrew Zodiac Calendars 457 Recommendations for Further Study 458 Bibliography 461 Index 527 Acknowledgements It is great pleasure to thank my supervisor, George J. Brooke, for his guidance and wisdom. I should also like to express my gratitude to my examiners, Sacha Stern and Alasdair Livingstone for their advice and especially to Sacha for his meticulous attention. I am particularly grateful to this monograph’s anony- mous peer reviewers, especially to Henryk Drawnel for his suggestions, and to the anonymous reviewer of my article in Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. This study would not have been possible without Philip Davies who encour- aged me at the start of my long journey as a part-time Ph.D candidate. My warm thanks, too, to Charlotte Hempel for her very kind support and generos- ity. I would also like to thank Mark Geller for his interest in this project, his invaluable encouragement and for accepting this manuscript. It was at one of the public lectures at the Institute of Jewish Studies at University College London, that he used to organise, that provided the spark for this research. I am indebted to many people personally, in particular to my support- ive friends and colleagues, Maria Haralambakis, Sandra Jacobs, and Mila Ginsburskaya.
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