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Martin Kjellgren MARTIN KJELLGREN sEKELBOKFÖRLAG his doctoral thesis. Taming the Prophets Astrology, Orthodoxy and the W ord of God in Early Modern Sweden Taming the Prophets Astrology, Orthodoxy and the W ord of God in Early Modern Sweden Martin Kjellgren SEKEL Denna bok publiceras med stöd av Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur Nationella forskarskolan i historia © Sekel Bokförlag och författaren, Lund 2orr Omslag: Johanna Åkerberg Omslagsillustration: Quae sup ra nos, nihil ad nos, emblem från Andrea Alciati, Emblemata, Lyon r 550 Engelsk språkgranskare: Deirdre Moore Korrekturläsare: Anneli Collins, Mikaellsacson Grafisk form: I&J Tryck: lnterPress, Budapest 2orr ISBN 978-91-85767-87-8 Contents Acknowledgements 7 PROLOGUE At the End ofTime II CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Between Nestor and Prometheus 19 CHAPTER TWO Astrology in the Northlands 53 CHAPTER THREE Piloting the Wreck of St. Peter CHAPTER FOUR Monopolizing Prophecy 129 CHAPTER FIVE The Reluctant Dissident CHAPTER SIX Ruling the Last Days 241 CHAPTER SEVEN Taming the Prophets Summary References Index nominum Index rerum Acknowledgements To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted; A time to kil!, and a time to heal; a time to break down, and a time to build up ... A time to love, and a time to hate; a time of war, and a time of peace. Ecclesiastes 3:1-3, 8. uring my doctoral studies, thetimeshave been shifting. There have Dbeen times of extreme weariness. There have been times when I have buried myself in my lecturing duties, just to get away from the thesis for a while. Then again, there have been times of sheerest joy- ho urs and hours spent over dusty books in libraries or in my study. Now, when I'm finally finished, it is time for me to give thanks to all those who have helped and supporred me through these years. From the beginning, my main supervisor Dick Harrison has put me un­ der wholesorne stress, urging me to get on with the work. H e has patiently done his part of the tedious paper work, filled in the right forms and written introductory letters and certificates. In berween he has guaranteed me full academic freedom, for which I am gratefuL My co-supervisor Mats Greiff once uttered rhat he, being an expert in dass issues in the industrial age, in history of sport and of modern popular culture, rarelyhas learned so much from supervising a doctoral student. I regret to be of a different opinion. Mats will probably never tum me into an orthodox Marxist, but through the years he has pointed out crucial perspectives I would never have disca­ vered without his help. And, I have to admit, Engels' book on the German Peasant's War was a good evening read. Yet among my supervisors, Håkan Håkansson should have the greatestshare ofhonour. Through his erudition he has corrected my misconceptions and guided me into the intellectual world of the Renaissance, and he has done far more for this thesis than could be expected. To the very end he has encouraged me and damperred my anxieties over rhe text. 7 Hjalmar Fors, my boon companion since my very first day at the aca­ demy has read and commented the introductory chapter, helping me to make it a lot better than it originally was. Terhi Kiiskinen kindly read and commented an early version of my chapter on Sigfridus Forsius. I am also deeply indebted to Kjell Lekeby, who has shared his extensive excerpts and Swedish translations of various sources related to Forsius. These documents have been invaluable points of reference for my own research and for my struggle with the Latin phrases. During my work, Historical Studies and the seminar at Malmö Uni­ versity has been my primary research milieu. Thanks for good comradeship and discussions - Thomas Småberg for keeping the medievalist colours high, and for encouraging the noble art of post seminars among your col­ leagues; Stefan Nyzell for discussions on everything between the cultural history of riots, film, literature and parenthood; Carolina Jonsson Malm for your energy and intelligence; Matilda Svensson for your sharp-witted tongue, disguised by your gentle, Ölandish idiom; Vanja Losic for your kindness and hospitality- and to the rest of you for making everyday cares a lot more interesting. Through a scholarship from the National Graduate School of History I was able to spend three terms in 2005-2006 as visiting student at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University. Apart from providing inspiring environments and unrnatehed libraries, Cambridge was a place of many seminars and discussions. Thanks to my sponsor Lauren Kasseli for reading and commenting my first empirkal drafts. During my time at HPS, the Latin Therapy Group also became part of my weekly routine. A great deal of thanks thus goes to Debbie, Nick, Anke, Liz, Patrick and all others, not only for the intellectual exercise and for the slightly odd Latin texts we translated, but also for tea and biscuits galore. A scholarship from Ridderstads stiftelse for historisk grafisk forskning has financed parts of my research, for which I now express my gratitude. The printing of the thesis has been financed by KungL Gustav Ado?fi Akademien for svensk folkkultur and by the National Graduate School of History. Despite all comradeship and all fun involved, writing a thesis is lonely work. I cannot emphasize enough how much my friends and family has meant to me during these years. My parents, Per and Catharina Kjellgren have encouraged and supported me from the very beginning. My sister Hanna Stafhammar Kjellgren has patiently listened to the complaints ofher little brother. With her own thesis well behind her, she has pointett out all the perils and traps that I as a P hD student was bo und to fall into sooner or 8 later - which I also did. B ut i t is consoling to learn that you are not alone in your misery. Others have been there before. Finally, my wife Lisa Kjellgren has lived with my thesis and my dead clergymen and astrologers ever since we first met that April evening in Uppsala. Her patience has been admirable, her wits and humour a eonstant source of joyand happiness, and her love a God-sent gift. In later years, my daughter Elsa has also taught me that there are things in life mo re important than my thesis, like reading Maomin books, playing football in the garden, swimming in the lake and watching Shaun the Sheep on the telly. To her I dedicate this book by paraphrasing the Preacher of Ecclesiastes 12:12: "My daughter, be admonished: of writing books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh." Sjörröd, Hästveda, at daybreak 13 July 2ou. Editorial Notes Unless stated otherwise, all translations are mine. Longer quotations, and quotations significant for the argument, are provided in original in the footnotes. The names of historical persons are given in the form they are generally known. For instance I will use vernacular English for Cyprian Leowitz, but the Latinized Benedictus Olai instead of the Swedish Bengt Olofsson. For the names of Swedish monarchs and consorts I have kept the Swedish standard spelling, with the exceptions of Gustavus Adolphus and Christina, due to their international renown. Most Swedish individuals mentioned in the sources are placed after their forenarue in the index, apart from those (for instance Sigfridus Aranus Forsius) whose last names (in most cases indicating their place ofbirth) are traditionally acceptedas their surnames. Names of cities within the Swedish realm in the sixteenth and sevente­ enth centuries are given according to contemporary Swedish practice: thus I write Helsingfors instead of Helsinki, Reval instead of Tallinn, Dorpat instead ofTartu etc. Names of Swedish d ties that were Danish before 1658, like Malmö, are narned in Swedish. 9 PROLOG DE At the End ofTime And there shall be signs in the sun, and in the moon, and in the stars; and upon the earth distress of nations, with perplexity; the sea and the waves roaring [ ... ]And when these things begin to come to pass, then look up, and lift up your heads; for your redemption draweth nigh. o anyone able to interpret the signs, ancient prophecies seemed to be T standing on the brink of fulfilmen t. In November 1587 a strange fish, marked with obscure characters and figures had been caught in the sea off the Norwegian coast. Miraculous visions of arrned hasts, fighting in the skies were seen by thousands of people while blood fell as rain from the hea­ vens. Monstrous births occurred among beasts and men, and eclipses and sundogs appeared as harbingers of coming calamities. Burning comets lit the night sky, and in their wake followed religious disruption, war, famine and pestilence, as the horsemen of the Apocalypse rode through the world, scourging an unrepentant humanity.2 r Uniess stated otherwise, all Bible quotes are from KJV, standard text of 1769. 2 The sixteenth- and seventeenth-century literary corpus on portents is vast and well­ nigh impossible to survey. Most of the material was printed and spread in form of broadsheets and pamphlets, hut there were also collections in so-called wonder­ books. For a distinct example, see Conrad Lycosthenes, Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon, Basel 1557; cf. RudolfSchenda, "Die deutschen Prodigiensammlungen des r6. und 17· Jahrhunderts", Archiv for Geschichte des Buchwesens vol. N, Frankfurt am Main 1963, esp. the bibliography pp. 699-710; for contemporary notes on the fish of 1587, see ''Anteckningar af kyrkoherden Nicolaus Andreae från åren 1561-1592", printed in Historiska handlingar vol.
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