Short Line Rail: Its Role in Intermodalism and Distribution
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RAIL-RU4474 Short Line Rail: Its Role in Intermodalism and Distribution FINAL REPORT May 2009 (revised July 2009) Submitted by: John F. Betak, Ph.D.* ** Research Fellow Submitted to: Sotirios Theofanis Co-director, Freight and Maritime Program, and Maria Boile, Ph.D.** Associate Professor *Collaborative Solution s, LLC **Center for Advanced Infrastructure & Transportation (CAIT) Civil & Environmental Engineering Rutgers, The State University Piscataway, NJ 08854-8014 In cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Disclaimer Statement "The contents of this report reflect the views of the author(s) who is (are) responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the New Jersey Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation." The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Transportation Centers Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. RAIL-RU4474 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Short Line Rail: Its Role in Intermodalism and Distribution May 2009 6. Performing Organization Code CAIT/Rutgers 7. Autho r ( s ) Dr. John F. Betak 8. Performing Organization Report No. RAIL-RU4474 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. Center for Advanced Infrastructure & Transportation (CAIT) 100 Brett Rd. 11. Contract or Grant No. Rutgers, The State University Piscataway, NJ 08854 13. Type of Report and Period Covered 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Final Report NewU.S. JerseyDepartment Department of Transportation of Transportation 5/15/2008-5/14/2009 Research and Special Programs AdministrationFederal Highway Administration PO 600 U.S. Department of Transportation th 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 400Trenton, 7 Street,NJ 08625 SW Washington, D.C. Washington, DC 20590-0001 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract The purpose of this project is to investigate the potential role of short line railroads in the U.S. to perform intermodal terminal operations and distribute/pick-up containers/trailers in metropolitan areas. Included in this project is an investigation of the potential for short line railroads to serve industrial parks and/or freight villages. This research report reviews the literature on short line operations in the U.S., their current role in originating and distributing rail freight traffic and their capacity to take on intermodal terminal operations and functions. Further, we examine transload/transflow operations vis-à-vis short line railroads, as well as the viability of industrial park/freight villages as short line served entities. The research included discussions with knowledgeable officials at The American Short Line and Regional Railroad Association, FHWA and existing short line operators regarding their current situation, plans and constraints. In addition, discussions were held with senior officials in Class I railroads, senior members of industrial real estate organizations, academics and senior consultants in the transportation industry. These comments, suggestions and recommendations have been incorporated in this report, as noted in the body of the report and citations. In addition, the report frames some options available to enhance these types of operations on short line railroads. It identifies potential candidate short line railroads for pilot projects to test these options. Finally, beyond this report, the research culminates in proposals for funding the pilot projects by external agencies. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Intermodal, freight villages, short line, rail, terminal operations 19. Security Classif (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 194 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-69) SHORT LINE RAIL: ITS ROLE IN INTERMODALISM AND DISTRIBUTION: A PERSPECTIVE John F. Betak, Ph.D. Collaborative Solutions, LLC Research Fellow Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation Rutgers University May 15, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………….. 3 List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………. 5 Prologue.…………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Summary…………………………………………………………………………………… 8 Chapter 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 12 Chapter 2. Short Lines in the U.S.………………………………………………………. 15 Chapter 3. Metropolitan Areas with Short Lines……………………………………….. 21 Chapter 4. Forecast Freight Traffic Growth in the United States……………………. 40 Chapter 5. Forecast Freight Rail Traffic Growth in the United States……………… 58 Chapter 6. Forecast Population Growth in the United States……………………….. 68 Chapter 7. Highway Congestion in the United States………………………………… 85 Chapter 8. Freight Rail Congestion in the United States…………………………….. 107 Chapter 9. Some Global Issues Affecting Rail Freight Traffic in the United States……………………………………………………………………………… 117 Chapter 10. Some Musings on Planning for Transportation Infrastructure Investment in the United States………………………………………………………… 131 Chapter 11. A Role for Large-Scale Network Modeling in Addressing Infrastructure Investment in the U.S.…………………………………………………… 138 Chapter 12. Freight Villages/Integrated Logistics Parks/Transflow/Transload Options in Freight Distribution………………………………………………………….. 158 Chapter 13. Possible Roles for Short Line Freight Railroads in Metropolitan Freight Origination and Distribution……………………………………………………. 166 Chapter 14. Metropolitan Area Railroad Pilot Projects: Some Proposals…………. 174 Chapter 15. Future Research Directions…………………………………...…………. 184 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………… 189 References………………………………………………………………………………. 190 2 List of Tables Page Table 3.1: Metro Areas with Three or More Highway Interchange Bottlenecks for Trucks, 2004……………………………………………………… 21 Table 3.2: Metropolitan Areas with Short Line & Regional Railroads………………… 29 Table 3.3: Metropolitan Areas with Short Line & Regional Railroads “Inside the Belt”……………………………………………………………………………... 31 Table 4.1: U.S. Ton-Miles of Freight – 1960 – 2006…………………………………… 41 Table 4.2: Commercial Freight Activity in the U.S. by Mode: 2002………………….. 42 Table 4.3: Commodity Flow Survey Shipments by Transportation Mode: 1993 and 2002…………………………………………………………………………… 43 Table 4.4: Freight Shipments by Two-Digit Commodity: 1993, 1997 and 2002…… 45 Table 4.5: The Spectrum of Freight Moved in 2002………………………………….. 47 Table 4.6: Share of Vehicles Mile of Travel by Highway System…………………… 52 Table 4.7: Weight of Shipments by Transportation Mode: 2002, 2007 and 2035… 55 Table 4.8: Value of Shipments by Transportation Mode: 2002, 2007 and 2035….. 55 Table 4.9: Domestic Mode of Exports and Imports by Tonnage and Value: 2002 and 2035…………………………………………………………………… 57 Table 5.1: U.S. Rail Total Carload and Intermodal Commodity Shipments: 2002.. 61 Table 6.1: Ten Most Populous Metropolitan Areas: 1950 to 2000…………………. 75 Table 6.2: Interim Projections: Total Population for Regions, Divisions and States: 2000 to 2030…………………………………………………………….. 80 Table 6.3: Interim Projections: Change in Total Population for Regions, Divisions and States: 2000 to 2030……………………………………………. 81 Table 6.4: Interim Projections: Percent Change in Population by Region – 2000 to 2030……………………………………………………………………… 83 Table 6.5: Interim Projections: Percent Distribution of Population Growth by Region – 2000 to 2030………………………………………………………….. 83 3 Table 6.6: Interim Projections: Percent Distribution of Population by Region – 2000 to 2030…………………………………………………………………….. 83 Table 6.7: Interim Projections: Percent Change in Population by Region – 2000 to 2030…………………………………………………………………….. 83 Table 6.8: Interim Projections Total Population – 2000 – 2050……………………. 84 Table 7.1: Major Findings for 2007 – The Important Numbers for the 437 U.S. Urban Areas……………………………………………………………………… 92 Table 7.2: Operational Improvement Summary for All 437 Urban Areas…………. 96 Table 7.3: Framework for a National Freight Policy…………………………………. 105 Table 9.1: Shifts in Chinese Consumption Rates of Commodities and Products… 128 Table 11.1: Illustrative Public Sector, Carrier and Shipper Decisions……………… 143 4 List of Figures Page Figure 4.1: Tonnage on Highways, Railroads and Inland Waterways: 2002………… 46 Figure 4.2: Top Water Ports by Tonnage: 2006………………………………………… 48 Figure 4.3: Top 25 Foreign-Trade Gateways by Value: 2006…………………………. 49 Figure 4.4: Major Truck Routes on the National Highway System: 2002…………….. 50 Figure 4.5: Major Truck Routes on the National Highway System: 2035…………….. 51 Figure 4.6: Components of Major Freight Corridors……………………………………. 52 Figure 4.7: Major Freight Corridors………………………………………………………. 53 Figure 4.8: Major Truck Routes on NHS: 2035…………………………………………. 56 Figure 5.1: Railroad Share of Intercity Ton-Miles………………………………………. 59 Figure 5.2: Growth in U.S. Domestic Freight Ton-Miles by Mode: 1980 – 2004……. 60 Figure 5.3: Current Train Volumes Compared to Current Capacity…………………... 66 Figure 5.4: Train Volumes in 2035 Compared to Current Capacity…………………… 67 Figure 6.1: Total U.S. Population: 1990 to 2000………………………………………… 69 Figure 6.2: Total Population by Region: 1900