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TARİHİ SÜREÇ İÇERİSİNDE NUSAYBİN YAHUDİLERİ Ahmet KÜTÜK*

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TARİHİ SÜREÇ İÇERİSİNDE NUSAYBİN YAHUDİLERİ Ahmet KÜTÜK* İslâMÎ.İlİMler.derGİsİ,.Yıl.10,.cİlt.10,.saYı.10,.Güz.2015 (93/115) TARİHİ SÜREÇ İÇERİSİNDE NUSAYBİN YAHUDİLERİ Ahmet KÜTÜK* Öz Yahudiler, tarihsel süreçte birçok önemli bölgede var olageldiler. Yer- leşik oldukları bölgenin aynı zamanda siyasi ve ekonomik dinamikle- rini de ele geçirmeye çalıştıklarından çoğu zaman egemen güçler ta- rafından istenmeyen bir grup olarak tasfiye edildiler. Özellikle Roma egemenliği altında imparatorluğun çeşitli bölgelerine dağılmış olan Yahudiler, siyasi otoriteye karşı gerçekleşen isyanları kışkırttıkları, hatta bu isyanlarda bizzat rol aldıkları veya İranlılara karşı yürütü- len savaşlarda Sasani tarafını destekledikleri iddiasıyla imparatorluk tarafından takibata uğradılar. Bu sıkı takibat döneminde Yahudilerin kendilerini güvende hissettikleri korunaklı şehirlerden biri de Nusay- bin olmuştur. Nusaybin, tarihsel süreçte Yahudiler için farklı açılar- dan önem arz etmiştir. Şehirde bu dönemde hareketli olan doğu-batı merkezli sınır ticareti vesilesiyle zenginleşen Yahudi cemaati, şehrin yerlisi ve tannaitik geleneğin önemli isimlerinden biri olan Yahuda b. Bathyra’nın liderliğinde kurulan hukuk okulu sayesinde bölge Yahudileriyle sürekli irtibat halinde olmuşlardır. Bu makalede, kay- naklarda dağınık şekilde bahsedilen Nusaybin Yahudilerinin siyasi, sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel faaliyetleri ile ilgili detaylar ortaya kon- maya çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nusaybin, Yahudilik, Yahuda b. Bathyra, Babil, Roma İmparatorluğu JEWS OF NISIBIS IN THE HISTOrICAl PrOCESS Abstract Jews settled many different regions in their historical process. They tried to seize the political and economic dynamics of the region where they settled. For this reason Jews were surpressed and prosecuted by the sovereign rulers. This stuation has clearly been experienced du- ring the period of Roman rule. Roman governors in Palestine accused the Jews of inciting rebellion against the empire and supporting Sas- sanids. Nisibis has been a refuge for Jews in such accusations and pressure period. For the Jews, Nisibis has an important meaning in other respects. Jews community, who were enriched by the occasion border trade in east and west in this period, contacted with the Jews of region owing to law school which was founded by Judah b. Bathyra their leader and an educator of religious. In this article it will be dealt with some details of political, social, economic and cultural activities of Jews at Nisibis in the historical context. Keywords: Nisibis, Judaism, Judah b. Bathyra, Babylonia, Roman Empire Makalenin Dergiye ulaştığı Tarih: 20.08.2015; hakem ve Yayın Kurulu Değerlendir- mesinden Geçen Makalenin Yayına Kabul Edildiği Tarih: 26.10.2015 * Yrd. Doç. Dr., Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü, ahmetku- [email protected] 94. İslâMî.İliMler.derGisi giriş Fırat ve Dicle nehirleri arasındaki verimli saha, tarih boyunca farklı isim- lerle anılagelmiştir. Egemen devletin ya da yerleşik halkların farklı adlandır- maları sebebiyle Babilonya [Babil], Mezopotamya, Adiabene, Bet Nehreyn, el- Cezire gibi biri diğerine göre farklı büyüklükteki alanı kapsayan bölge isimle- ri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu tarihi coğrafyaya Yahudi yerleşimi açısından bakıldı- ğında Babil kavramı diğerlerine nazaran daha fazla ön plana çıkmakta, bölge Yahudileri kastedilirken de “Babil Yahudileri” (Jews of Babylonian) tanımı daha çok kullanılmaktadır. Asya’nın batısında bulunan ve sınırları değişik dönemlerde çeşitlenen Babil bölgesi, kabaca güneyde Pers körfezi, doğuda Dicle, batıda Arabistan çölüne kadar uzanan bölgeyi içine alır. Kuzey sınırı politik duruma göre zaman zaman değişikliğe uğramıştır. Mezopotamya adı verilen bölgenin de güney ve orta kısımlarını içerisine alan Babil, antikçağ- dan itibaren Yahudiler için bir yaşam merkezi olmuştur.1 Babil Yahudileri ile ilgili ilk bilgiler Asurlular zamanına kadar uzan- maktadır. Antik Bit Adini’de* geniş bir Yahudi cemaati var olmuştur. Kuzey İsrail’in 10 kabilesi Asurlular tarafından burada yerleştirilmiştir.2 Bölge, İran hâkimiyetine geçmeden uzun zaman önce Yahudiler Dicle-Fırat hattı üze- rinde zaten yerleşmişlerdi. İlk cemaatin, MÖ. 722 yılında Nusaybin civarın- da bulunan Habur Nehri üzerindeki Halah’a sürülen Kuzey İsrail’in seçkin sınıfından oluştuğu söylenir.3 Daha çok savaşçı, zanaatkâr ve diğer vasıf- lı insanların tehcir edildiği bu sürgünde götürülenler Halah, Habur, Haray ve Gozan ırmağı etrafında iskân edilmiştir. Asurlular, sürgünlerden boşa- lan yerlere Babil, Kuta, Avva, Hamat ve Sefarvaim’den getirdikleri halkları yerleştirmişlerdir.4 1 Robert W. Rogers-S. Krauss, “Babylonia”, Jewish Encyclopedia, yy, ty, II, 401. Babilonya kav- ramı hakkında bkz. W. S. W. Vaux, “Babylonia”, Dictionary of Greek And roman Geography, ed. W. Smith, , Boston 1854, I, 360-363; Willard Gurdon Oxtoby-Jacob Neusner, “Babylo- nia”, EJd2, New York 2007, III, 24-30. * Suriye’de bir bölge veya şehir adıdır. MÖ. 10.-9. yüzyıllar arasında burada Bit Adini Ermeni Krallığı kurulmuş, Asur kralı III. Salmanaser tarafından MÖ. 856 yılında ortadan kaldırılmış- tır. 2 Jacob Neusner, A history of the Jews in Babylonia, Leiden 1969, I, 13; Emil Schürer, The history of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ, (175 B.C .- A.D. 135), A New Eng. Vers. and Ed. G. Vermers-F. Millar-M. Goodman, Edinburgh 1986, III, 8; Isaiah M. Gafni, “The Political, Social, And Economic History of Babylonian Jewry, 224–638 CE”, The Cambridge history of Judaism (The late roman-rabbinic Period,) ed. Steven T. Katz, Cambridge 2006, IV, 804. 3 The holy Bible, An Extract Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version, Oxford 1833, [II. Kings, 17:6, 18:11]; Jacob Neusner, “Jews in Iran’’ The Cambridge history of ıran, ed. E. Yarshater, Cambridge 1983, 3/2, 909; Nuh Arslantaş, “İki Yahudi Seyyahın Gözünden [Beth Hilleli Rabbi David (1824-1832) ve II. Benjamin (1846)] Şırnak Çevresinde Yahudiler”, ulus- lararası Şırnak ve Çevresi sempozyumu, (14-16 Mayıs 2010), Ed. N. Doru, Ankara 2010, 907; Salime Leyla Gürkan, “Yahudilik”, DİA, Ankara 2013, XLIII, 190. 4 The holy Bible, [II. Kings, 17:6, 18:11]; Arslantaş, “Şırnak Çevresinde Yahudiler”, 907. Tarihi Süreç İçerisinde Nusaybin Yahudileri 95 İlk Pers devleti olarak kabul edilen ve MÖ. 550-330 yılları arasında hü- küm süren Ahameniş İmparatorluğu’ndan Arap fetihlerine kadar süregelen dönemde İran devletleri ile Yahudiler arasındaki ilişkilerde genelde barış hâkim olmuştur. Büyük İskender’in seferi ve sonrasında kurulan Selevki Devleti ile Yahudiler arasındaki ilişkilerin de olumlu bir süreçte ilerlediği görülmektedir. Yahudi asıllı Roma tarihçisi Josephus (MS. 37-100)’un, Se- levkilerin farklı bölgelerdeki isyanları pasifize etmek için MÖ. 3. yüzyılın sonlarında Mezopotamya ve Babil Yahudilerini isyan bölgelerine nakletti- ğine dair haberi, onların bölge Yahudileriyle olan iyi ilişkilerini göstermesi bakımından dikkate değerdir. Bu durumun istisnası, Sasaniler döneminde 5. yüzyıl sonlarında Zerdüşt olmayan azınlıkların hükümete problem çıkar- maya başlamasıyla gerçekleşmiş, fakat yine de vergilerini ödedikleri ve hu- zuru bozmadıkları sürece Yahudilere herhangi bir müdahale söz konusu olmamıştır.5 Babil bölgesinde yer alan şehirler içerisinde tarihsel bir öneme sahip olan Nusaybin [Nasivin], Yahudi yerleşiminin önemli şehirlerinden biri olmuştur. Nusaybin Yahudileri ile ilgili kaynaklarda verilen bilgiler düzensiz ve dağınık olduğu kadar kronolojik kopukluk da arz etmektedir. Şehir Yahudileri genel- likle şehrin bir kuşatmaya maruz kalması ya da bir isyanın merkezi olması gibi siyasi hareketlilik zamanlarında kaynaklara konu olmuştur. Bölgedeki Yahudi yerleşimlerinin önemli bir durak noktası olan Nusaybin, MÖ. 3. yüz- yıldan önce Yahudi rabbani öğretinin en erken merkezlerinden biri olmuş6, miladi 1. yüzyılda Yahudi sözlü geleneğini içeren Misna’ya dayalı Tanaik* Ya- hudiliğin Babil’deki gelişim sürecinde şehir, iletişim ve otorite merkezi olarak görev üstlenmiştir. Targumim, yani Eski Ahit’in Aramice tercümesi de ikinci yüzyılda Nusaybin’de bir Yahudi toplumun varlığına dalalet etmektedir.7 19. Yüzyıl Yahudi seyyahı Joseph Benjamin, Kudüs Targumu’na atfen burası- nın, Ahd-i Atik’te bahsi geçen “Arkad” şehri olduğunu belirtir.8 5 Neusner, “Jews in Iran’’, 910. 6 Neusner, history of the Jews, I, 13; Gafni, “Babylonian Jewry”, 804. * Tanna kelimesi, Aramice “teni” kökünden gelir ve “sözlü olarak aktarma”, “öğretme” gibi anlamları karşılar. Tannaim ise görüşleri miladi birinci ve ikinci yüzyıllarda Yahudi sözlü geleneğin ilk kez yazılı olarak derlendiği Misnah’ta kayıtlı olan Rabinik öğretmenleri adlan- dırmak için kullanılan bir tabirdir. Tanaik dönemin yaklaşık olarak m. 20 ila 200 yılı arasını kapsadığı kabul edilir. Bkz. Daniel Sperber, “Tanna-Tannaim”, EJd2, New York 2007, XIX, 505-506. 7 Jacob Neusner, “Studies on the Problem of Tannaim in Babylonia (ca. 130-160 C.E.)”, Procee- dings of the American Academy for Jewish research, 1962, XXX, 125; Ute Possekel, “Eviden- ce of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian”, Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Lovanii 1999, 580/102, 19; Christian Lange, “The Portrayal of Christ in Syriac Commentary on the Diatessaron”, Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orienta- lium, Lovanii 2005, 616/118, 17. 8 J. J. Benjamin II, Eight Years in Asia And Africa From 1846-1855, Hanover 1859, 62; Arslan- taş, “Şırnak Çevresinde Yahudiler”, 908. 96. İslâMî.İliMler.derGisi Nusaybin’in, Yahudiler için erken tarihi dönemlerden itibaren sadece bir sığınma merkezi değil, aynı zamanda bu cemaatin sosyal, iktisadi ve kültü- rel
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