The Ancient War’s Impact on the Home Front

The Ancient War’s Impact on the Home Front

Edited by Lucia Cecchet, Christopher Degelmann and Maik Patzelt

The Ancient War’s Impact on the Home Front

Edited by Lucia Cecchet, Christopher Degelmann and Maik Patzelt

This book first published 2019

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2019 by Lucia Cecchet, Christopher Degelmann, Maik Patzelt and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-5275-3776-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-3776-7

TABLE OFCONTENTS

Preface ...... vii

Introduction ...... 1 Studying the Home Front in Antiquity: Questions and Challenges Lucia Cecchet,egelmann Christopher and Maik D Patzelt

Preparing War at the Home Front

Chapter 1 ...... 23 The Psychological Preparationoric for War: The Effects of the “Rhet of Visibility” on Military Training Anna Busetto Chapter 2 ...... 45 Declamationvir of fortis War: and the The Quest for Old Values and New Answers Imperial in Roman Declamation Stephanie Kirsch

Rituals for the Home Front

Chapter 3 ...... 79 Athens as a “Landscape ofSack ofTrauma”: Miletus Phrynichus’ and the Aftermath the Persian of Wars Giorgia Proietti

Chapter 4 ...... 99 A Small Part of You be brought Home in an Urn for Her to mourn: Commemorating in the the War Roman Dead Republic and the Early Empire Simon Lentzsch Chapter 5 ...... 125 Coping Prayers on the Home Front: The Case of Collective Supplications at Rome Maik Patzelt

vi Table of Contents

Chapter 6 ...... 147 “He Has Saved Us Without Wall, Andl”: Taught Us That He Is Our Wal Eastern Roman Cities Under Divine Protection Christian Schönburg

Soldiers and Civilians at the Home Front: cultural and Socio-Political Implications

Chapter 7 ...... 173 “You Can Tell a Woman Off A By Long The Way Way She Throws”: Women and War in Ancient Greece Jorit Wintjes

Chapter 8 ...... 193 The Dark Side of War: War Woundedn and Dissenters in the Athenia Theatre ofth Century the Late 5 Lucia Cecchet

Chapter 9 ...... 217 The Demographic Impact of War onn the Home Front during the Reig of Philip V of Macedon Michael Kleu

Chapter 10 ...... 237 Reading Male Bodies: of a Veteran The Fate in Livy 2.23 Christopher Degelmann

Chapter 11 ...... 261 Athens, the eIonians “Netting” and ofth the Islands Emanuele Pulvirenti Contributors ...... 285

General Index ...... 289

Index of Sources ...... 295

PREFACE

This volume takes its inspirationuyter from the “Fourth Walter de Gr Seminar” of the Mommsen Gesellschaft,b and organised by Kurt Raaflau Christoph Lundgreen on the topice Home of “Ancient War’s Impact on th Front”, held in Wittenbergober 2014. We in are Octthe grateful to organizers and to all the participantsussions held for in the stimulating disc Wittenberg. In particular, we would for like to thank Kurt Raaflaub introducing us to this interestingtopic of and so far rather neglected research in the study of ancientpresentation war and for guiding us in the and discussion of our work. Thanksancient to his previous work on the home front—as well as to the impactns on theof his numerous contributio cultural aspects of ancient war—weit from had the opportunity to benef expert guidance in our first approachcial thanks to this topic. We owe spe also to the Mommsen Gesellschaft and to the Walter de Gruyter Foundation, who funded the event,r the and to Christoph Lundgreen fo excellent organization.

The idea of pursuing future work in on the topic of the home front antiquity began to mature afterlating the editors attended this stimu workshop. However, this volume rs is not a publication of the pape delivered by workshop participants.ader Rather, it is part of a bro publication project to which manyed, new colleagues have contribut offering papers on topics andt historical have the periods that we did no chance to consider back in 2014.l We hope that this approach wil contribute to preserving andy strengtheningspirit that the interdisciplinar animated the seminar. Based on then belief that the home front—i antiquity as today—ist and central an importan featureand not of war, only a side aspect of it, we hopeion of to papers offer the reader a collect that might encourage further research in the future.

Lucia Cecchet, Degelmann, Christopher Maik Patzelt

INTRODUCTION

STUDYINGH THEOME F RONT INANTIQUITY : QUESTIONSC ANDHALLENGES

LUCIACECCHET , CHRISTOPHERDEGELMANN ANDM AIKPATZELT

The Home Front in Antiquity

The concept of the “home front”product is commonly considered to be a of modern warfare. The emergencey tied of to this the notion is intrinsicall attempt to mobilizeties whole against socie external1 a enemies, background that has often grantedarge it in a significant emotional ch political discourse.historians However, ofhas war to opened the concept up an entirely new2 The field notion of research. of the home front overlaps both with the idea ofand a physical its space (i.e. the city countryside during wartime)ld, that and is with distinct from the battlefie that of a community of individualsolved in (i.e. the those not directly inv fighting). But the home front group. is not It just a physical place or a includes the entire-related variety experiences of the war lived by community at home. These involveand the the sphere of human relations everyday experiences shared byciety the non-combatant at people of a so war.

The notion of the home front alsooundaries extends beyond the temporal b within which a specific war or the battle time is fought. It encompasses before and after,includes inasmuch the as preparationsitwar for undertaken by the community ofrs, civilians as well and prospective fighte

1 Kramer 2011, 16–18. 2 There is a vast number of studiesSee, on e.g., the American Winkler home front. 2012; Smith 2010; Giesberg 2009; De Quesada 2008. 2 Introduction as their reactions3 Indeed, in the historiographical aftermath. approaches to the modern home front tend to approach the topic from two complementary perspectives. Ontopics the one hand, scholars focus on relating to the “pragmatic” andnon- immediate impact of war on the combatant community, such4 embargos, as food sieges, shortages, the ubiquitous presence of orphans,5 burial widows, and the disabled, practices, motivational campaigns scenes and to stagy reports of fighting the civilians.6 On the other, they also study the impact of war on society in its aftermath, such as war-relatederans, traumas, the the position of vet construction of a collective memory of of war, and the development commemoration practices.

It is important to stress thata history a history of of home fronts is not passive observers or silent audiences.food or Declaring the supply of clothes to the troops to be notct of only war an itself act of support but an a is a fundamental step in overcomingront and the dichotomy between war f home front, and thus in contributinged to the formation of a unit combatant identity. Several homestudies front have shown that life on the makes a clear contribution toelf” the asgeneration well of a “collective s as to the shaping 7of Moreover, common values. the distinction between home front and war front becomesat less the sharp if one considers th soldiers who escape death becomelians. part The of the home front as civi war front and the home front areparate not, then, two parallel yet se realities but,s” rather, and sides two of “stagemenon: the same war. pheno

Unsurprisingly, the home frontl place as such in does not have any specia the war narratives of ancient historians historians, although the works of such as Thucydidesrich and in Livyinformation arecivilians concerning and their experiences. of war have Historians generallytention paidto at extrapolating such pieces of information.. K. The seminal work of W Pritchett contains importantcts treatments of war of “institutional” aspe that were performed on the homee battles, front, such as sacrifices befor festivals related to war, raidsand burials and the oftreatment of captives,

3 For a similarsee approach, Raaflaub 2016, 39-40. 4 Winkler 2012, 43–49. 5 Hausen 1987; Hagemann; Giesberg 2002, 11–122009,laub 143–62; 2016, Raaf 49–52. 6 Winkler 2012, 37–43; Raaflaub 2016, 39. 7 Raaflaub 2016, 52–61; Winkler 2012,aks about 31–37. the Kramer 2011, 18 spe home front’s capacityover all for individuals” “rulingherrschung”). (“Durch Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and3 Challenges the war8 More dead. recently, H. Van Wees’s work has shed light on the role of women, the treatment of ed widows, in orphans and those wound war, and on massacreshe deportation and9 t But of it civilians. is necessary to note that the treatment of these “at the aspects has, in a way, been margins” of a broader focus onhe the war activities front. taking place on t It is only recently have startedthat scholars approachinghome front as the a specific subject.

Interest has been stirred up byoneering the rediscovery of J. Shay’s pi workAchilles in Vietnam (1994) and by the application of its ground- breaking perspective10 Shay’s to ancient work has texts. been crucial to the exploration of two questions:already first, the notion of war trauma, deployed in medical studies ande value psychoanalysis, of and, second, th ancient classical texts in sheddingition. Shay light on this clinical cond focusses onIliad Homer’s and the effects that reading this work had on Vietnam veterans: he notes that,ans were although the majority of veter not familiar with the text, theyits scenes could relateto at least some of events they had experienced during war.

In the wake of Shay’s work, thequity study has of the home front in anti been the subject of growing interest.ent among This is particularly evid scholars of the GreekFrom Melosworld. to My Lai. L. War Tritle’s and Survival (2000) examines the actual responseion of society to the integrat or marginalisation of veteransodern both in ancient Greece and the m United11 States. Beyond the epics, classicists have also started to look at texts such as tragedies as hermeneutical to detect the tools that can be used impact of war on veterans12 This direction and civilians. of enquiry continues Shay’s work, focussing post-war mainly on evidence relating to trauma and on the way in which 13 it For was dealt with by Greeks. instance, the papers containedCombat Trauma and the in the volume Ancient Greeks (2014), edited by P. Meineck and D. Konstan, discuss significant cases of reactions of to Greek war in the civilian communitie cities. In fact, the applicabilityand, of the notion of war trauma

8 Pritchett 1979–1991, I, 93–100126 and (sacrifices V, 363–468 (booty); I, 109– before the battle); IV, 94–259 (raids) (burial and, of war dead); V, 312–63 concerning religiouss for war, seeritual vol. III. 9 Van Wees 2004, 32; 39–40; 123; 144;–150 229–30 (on (women in war); 131 siege, prisonersgees); and wounded refu (146–48; 154). 10 Shay 1994; cf. Shay 2002. 11 Cf. Tritle 2009, 195–99. 12 Meineck 2013; Konstan Meineck 2014; and Raaflaub 2016. 13 For example, and CilliersRetief 2005. 4 Introduction specifically, oftress Post-Traumatic Disorder ncient(PTSD) S to the a world has also been questionedrences by those who emphasise the diffe between the ancient and modern14 Indeed, experiences it seems to of war. be universally acknowledged thatwn ways the ancient Greeks had their o of coping with past experience and traumatic of provide war. Tragedies one example of such approaches.

Another directionrch of on recent war in resea thethat Greek world provides a direct link to the hometion front of concerns the commemora past victories as an instrumentes and for a sense shaping collective identiti of belonging. Such processes arerpose deeply of intertwined with the pu constructing polis-identity.he This case has of been shown very well in t the Persian Wars, which workedhaping as a catalyst of not only for the s the civic memory of single communitiese relations but also in affecting th between15 cities.

The construction of a collectivet virtually memory of war is a process tha any society that has experiencedgrappled a military conflict will have with. This makesticularly the topic susceptible paration from to investig comparative perspectives,everal recent asstudies Thus, s the have shown. volumeCultures of Commemoration. War Memorials, Ancient and Modern, edited by P. Low, G. Oliver, and P. J. Rhodes, (2012) draws comparisons betweenes of warselected commemoration casancient in the Graeco-Roman world and examples from modern and contemporary history, drawing on World War I andar. the Vietnam War in particul Similarly, theCommemorating recent War volume and War Dead, Ancient and Modern, edited by M. Giangiulio, E. Franchi and G. Proietti (2019) brings together ancient and moderned to war. cases of social memory relat However, comparative studies havect of not been limited to the subje commemoration:Experiencing the War.volume Trauma and Society from Ancient Greece to the Iraq War, edited by M. Cosmopoulos, (2007) compares a number of aspects of thents, ancient and modern home fro including motivational campaigns,nce) of civilian knowledge (or ignora violence in war, the public preparationtion of for war, and the preven

14 Against the applicability ofreek the notion world, of see war trauma to the G Crawley 2014. 15 The bibliography on the subjectere is to vast. the We refer the reader h paradigmatic work of Steinbockf 2013 the Persianon the role of the memory o Wars in shaping the relations between Athens and Thebes. Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and5 Challenges psychological16 In a injuries. recentOur Ancient work, Wars: Rethinking War through the Classics (2016), V. Caston and S.-M. Weineck offer an excellent example of how the anciented in home front can be approach view of our knowledge of thevice versa modern.17 home front, and

As should be clearrt overview, from this researchshome front onin the ho the ancient Greek world has focusedhological more on the social and psyc impact of war on the civilian communityspects of than on the practical a daily life on the home front, in such providing as the role of the civilians support to the soldiers, the reactionses, the of the community to sieg presence of refugees, and so aton. least, This is to certainly due, in part the scanty reports from which wencient can draw in the works of the a historians. Nonetheless, piecesn other of evidence can also be found i genres, such as comedies, as shownion of by the K. A. Raaflaub’s explorat role of women during war, publishedton and in the volume edited by Cas Weineck. A recentL. contribution Rubinstein the also by discusses presence of warth-century refugees18 However, Athens. in 4 much work remains to be done19 in this direction.

When looking at the Roman world,e frontit is clear that the Roman hom has been explored even less thoroughlyt. Studies than the Greek home fron of Roman history are preoccupiedar, with such the “pragmatic side” of w as the technical aspects of warfaretaining and to the macro-phenomena per the demographic, economic, and political impact of war on Roman society. Over the past two decades,udies have a wide range of detailed st sought to understand the “natureg on of the ancient battle” by focussin strategies and rfare, techniques military of wanry, equipment, weapo organisation, and infrastructure,d settlements as well as the recruitment an of Roman soldiers.20 In this respect, we can note the recent two volumes onWar and Warfare in Late Antiquity (2013), edited by A. Sarantis and N. Christie;The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare (2007), edited by Ph. Sabin, H. van Wees,r volume and M. Whitby; and the earlie

16 See especiallyosmopoulos, the papers of Palaima, C Flesher Collins Moon, and Popov, and Chrissanthos, in Cosmopoulos 2007. 17 Cf. alsonni Bakogia and Hope 2015. 18 Rubinstein 2018, 5–24. 19 See Wintjes’ paper in this volume. 20 See e.g. Mann 2013; Sarantis anddle Christie 2010; Roth 2013; Fagan and Trun 2009; Burckhardt 2008; Montagu ley2006; 1993. Hanson The 2000; Rich and Ship table of contents of the second of volume Greek of and the Cambridge History Roman Warfare is emblematic in s this and respect; Whitby see Sabin, van Wee 2007. Cit. Melchior 2011, 213. 6 Introduction onWar and Society in the Roman World (1993), edited by J. Rich and G. Shipley, all of whom are mainlyation concerned and with military organis war strategies.

The results arising from detailedde” of analyses war, of the “pragmatic si though crucial to our understandingmpted of ancient warfare, have te scholars to focus more on the similaritiesbetween than the differences different cultures of warfare.The Ancient World For instance, in his book at War: A Global History (2008), P. de Souza compares the military structures of ancient Europeanlisations civilisations in with those of civi South and East Asia, arguing thatmies the Macedonian and Chinese ar developed along similar linesod.21 during the early Hellenistic peri

Archaeologists ehave support provided for this researchsom comparative agenda: the results of recentof surveysthe Romans suggest that the tactics did not differ much from those ofthe their opponents, contrary to suggestions we find 22 in G. our Fagan literary and M. sources. Trundle complement this picture by emphasisingechniques the fact that military t (e.g. during sieges) and militaryportance organisation of (e.g. growing im the cavalry) in Roman warfareme. remained There quite consistent over ti might, perhaps, be some noveltiese argument or “trends” to detect but, th goes, no fundamental23 These comparativechanges. approaches, however, run the risk of obscuring thend specificity approaches of certain contexts a to war in different societieslar. and in the Roman world in particu

Nevertheless, several recent ate attempts the have been made to illumin social and cultural impact ofootsteps Roman warfare. of Following in the f studies of the Greek world, recenthas research into Roman history unveiled the social and culturalof function of the commemoration victories and24 Recent defeats. studies have highlighted the commemoration offor war social as a means integration.for instance, It is, commonly acknowledged that creatinghens images of the enemy strengt the sense of belonging and community25 it will among the opponents: suffice to mention here themetus Gallicus. recurring26 The narrative of the function of commemoration the strengthening and ofnity of the commu

21 Souza 2008. 22 See e.g. Sidebottom Hanson 2008 2000; against Mandllbauer and 2007. Steffe 23 Fagan and Trundle 2010. 24 Franchi and Proiettisee also Lentzsch 2014; 2019. 25 E.g. Ganschow 2007; Faust 2012. 26 Twyman 1997; Rosenberger 2003. Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and7 Challenges through the evocation of victory,e practice for example, of is obvious in th the Roman27 triumph.

The function of wart for as social a catalys integrationen has be highlighted in focusrecent on studies the processtity-making. that of iden These studies regardas a community early Rome of bonded war servants, together by the strains and losses battlefield that they experienced on the and beyond.28 Similar approaches to social integration have also been taken in the study of the Romanhich army have and veteran settlements, w been recognised as places29 Whilst of social is generally change. acknowledged that war favoured of socialRoman integration in all layers society, mechanisms of socialn also differentiation occur. and stratificatio This differentiation mainlygentes, who, concerns from the the role of the archaic period onwards, had increasedng their power by accumulati resources and strengthening 30the bonds between fighting fellows.

A recently finished research by project O. Stoll, on defeats and losses, led has taken a rather differents direction. focused on Stoll and his colleague how depictionsof and narratives on victories and defeats had an impact on the mentality of Roman citizens.n which As Stoll points out, the way i defeats were depicted, narrated,t of radical or even ignored belong to a se coping strategies.31 These coping processes are, however, authoritative and retrospective depictions. We stilling lack knowledge about the cop processes at moments of severe danger.

Very recent studieson the have impact focussed thatdge the knowle acquired by soldiers abroad hadome. on An the society in the city of R ongoing dissertation projectt ofby foreignJ. Albrecht points to the impac knowledge thatrried the soldiers back home. cathat Albrecht the argues constant growth of the Empireargement eventually contributed to the enl of the perception of the worlde beyond soldiers the walls of Rome, becaus were coming back home filled withknown stories about an otherwise un world. This reminds us of the ndebate life styles about the impact of foreig

27 Itgenshorst 2005, 205–18; Östenbergh project 2014. on In a current researc “invectives”, Martinses the Jehne grouping analye satirical function of songs th that were sung by the soldiersn hisduring project a triumphal “Raum procession. I und Ritual im römischen Triumph”,ther Sven study Schipporeit on prepares ano the Roman triumph as a place of commemoration. 28 Armstrong, 2016a; 2016b. 29 Patterson 1993. 30 Smith 2006, 281–98. 31 Stoll 2016. 8 Introduction on the Roman population. Thisreligion— especially concerns the field of thereligio translata andreligio migrantum, as Ch. Auffarth once called it.32 The changes at Rome were caused not only by the soldiers who brought foreign religious beliefss who home and by the Roman general officially introducedevocatio foreign). Military cults expansion to Rome ( itself and the inclusion of newncreased communities within the Empire i circulation of people and culturalworld practices, a making the Roman widely connected33 world.

Studies focusing on the individualshe home who live at and construct t front are rare but some steps haveple, been A. taken already. For exam Melchior, in applying the conceptdiscussion of war trauma and the recent of war trauma in the Greek world theto the Romans, seeks to unveil invisible side of battle and soldiers. the 34 hidden fates of the invisible From this perspective, it is ornot a an large idealised elite competition community reunited for festiveinvestigation triumphs that is the subject of but, rather, thet to individuals live with tresspost-traumatic lef disorder s after the battles were done. Evene are though faced Melchior argues that w with too many methodological obstacles PTSD to apply the syndrome of to the experiences of Roman soldiers, his work should encourage historians of Roman warfare to and widen to the scope of investigation acknowledge the ce impact and trauma of violen onther individuals. O recent studies on have the focused Roman world ond war its trauma an impact on the communityective, as rather a collual than an individ experience.35

In the future it may also be worthan body relating to research on the hum the experience of the home front.n a number There have, for instance, bee of recent studies on physicalch disabilities as visual in Roman society, su or speech impairment, and the questiondies of how these disabled bo became indicators of various36 Such topics moral will attributions. likely provide further glimpses into Other the hard lives of Roman veterans. important areas that still needpact more of war exploration include the im on gender-relateds work, issues, domestic suchly life,lifea etc. and fami So far, only generals and kingsng have gender been studied as exemplifyi

32 Auffarth 2007, 333–63. 33 Pitts and Versluyss 2014; 2016; Horden Versluy 0.and Purcell 200 34 Melchior 2011. 35 Eckert 2014, 262–274; Thorne 2016, 77–119. 36 Laes, Goodey and Rose 2013. Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and9 Challenges roles during wartime37 The and wide in its scope aftermath. of gender- related issues behind these hegemonialremains masculinities, however, unknown.

It is also to these less-exploredolume dimensions is of war that this v dedicated. The present book is ues an attempt to bring together iss concerning the home front in both Greek and Roman antiquity, investigating ligious the social impact and ofreon ancient the war up sphere of daily life in civiliane, communities. the As mentioned abov notion of the home limited front to is wartime notends tobut cover also ext the actions (and reactions) ofriods the beforecivilian community in the pe and after conflicts. This booking therefore from thematises topics rang coping with warnd on theatrical religious occasions aagedies, (Greek tr Roman supplications), to caringcal for the dead, from the ideologi preparation for war as expresseding, in to military the and rhetoric train sophisticated discussion of pressedsocial changes in caused by war, as ex Livy’s narrative on debt bondage.

Given the fact orsthat generally ancient auth cdevote attention no specifi to the home front as such, it followsthis topic that any attempt to explore needs to collectidence” “glimpses from of a varietyes. ev This of sourc volume is an attempt to offerssibilities the reader an of insight into the po this subject and the directions Following of study that might be pursued. the discussionsuyter-Workshop” held at a “de Grard in this 2014, we reg volume as a forum for dealing stillwith a rather field of research that is underrepresented in the study ofk to the ancient world. We thus see provide examplesent of home how the front anci cand in be approache history, philology, and religiousaging future studies in the hope of encour research on these topics.

The Thematic Organisation of this Volume

This volume is organised into rather three parts than according to thematic chronological part,criteria. “Preparing Theome first Front”,War at the H tackles the problemlogical of andthe psychologicalideoation of prepar soldiers and, indirectly, civilians.for the Home The second part, “Rituals Front”, concerns the religiouscred sphere rituals of prayer, burial, and sa for the war dead and also publicrama), non-religious of ways, (such as d coping with war trauma in the civiliant, community. The third par “Soldiers and Civilians at theopics Home Front”, discusses several t

37 Howe, Müller and Stoneman 2017. 10 Introduction related to the interactionse combatant and of ant theth non-combat components of society, includingaditions also and the formation of local tr a collective memory specific concerning events of war.

Preparing War at the Home Front

Before actually going to war, Greeks and Romans had to prepare themselves for combat physically,psychologically. technically, and, not least, The first part of this book iscal devoted implications to the (mostly) ideologi of war preparations, not onlylso for for the the combatant community but a home front.

A. Busetto addresses the visual and performative aspects of the preparation for war in Greekth century sources B.C. between and the the 4 Imperial period. Military trainingechnical was not simply a matter of t preparation: far more than this,eparation it provided for a psychological pr war and contributed to the enhancementblic of war propaganda and pu rhetoric. The questions Busetto war addresses as are those surrounding spectacle and the spectacle asn. a means She for encouraging emulatio analyses these issues from twohe perspectives: public on the one hand, t occasions and contextsmilitary in training whichthe was shown to community and, on the other, theyed “rhetoric by of visibility” deplo ancient authors describing militarytem of training. This enacts a sys “double spectatorship”, namelytors the viewing “historical” civilian specta military training and the readers, “watch of thethese texts, who, in a way ones who are watching”. Both kindencouraged of spectators are indirectly to emulate war deeds in a society that, as Busetto argues, had progressively detached itselfsionals, from war, as in delegating it to profes the case of the mercenariesth century used B.C. from onwards the 4 and the professional Roman army deployedblic from and the time of the late Repu early Principate.

Analysing the educational anddeclamationes therefore, social significance of S. Kirsch illustrates the long-lasting in Roman impact of the home front society in terms of a formationo Busetto, of male gender roles. Similar t Kirsch observes that the importancean of military training in Rom education seems to decline inal the value Imperial of Age, whilst the soci intellectual knowledge aboutanalysis war increases. of After an extensive the social backgroundntext ofand public the coh speeches, Kirsc elaborates her questions, namely, evoke atwar what point do declamations and which consequences and settingsich are of war are discussed and wh neglected. She concludes that rtant military service remained an impo Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and11 Challenges instrument for promoting Republicanperial values to members of the Im aristocracy, even though theyn were such no longer actively engaged i service. Republicanr prominent wars and images theitions and of descrip the home front (suche of the as the successful scenurning general ret home) were ingrained into the collectives Roman identity and thu supported the formation of a arsocial hero andthat literary trope of the w lived on into the Imperial period.

Rituals for the Home Front

It is well known that the ancients of employed an enormous variety religious practices and institutions to promote to a support acts of war and trust in victory, such as publiclic funerals, vows, the sibylline books, pub and annual festivals. Despitejects, intensive research into these sub however, the related dimensiones of of daily experience, such as mod coping with war and promoting eglected.beliefs about it, remain rather n The second part of this volumey thereforeritualsat investigates not merel the home front,for the but home rituals front, spanning the period from classical Athens,lican through Rome, upRepub to(4th to lateth 7 antiquity century A.D.).

In G. Proietti’s approach, theeeply topic bound of rituals and memory is d to that of war trauma. After ach critical in modern review of trauma resear scholarship, Proietti investigatessian Wars the period following the Per through the lense wayof trauma in which and the ealsth community with d the collective traumas of war.matic Proietti rituals treats tragedies as dra that provide shared means of copingy a with the suffering caused b collective dramatic event, suchars. as,Against in this case, the Persian W this background, sheSack of puts Miletus into Phrynicus’ historical context and interprets it as a means of enacting a cultural and psychological catharsis. Proiettithis catharsis illustrates the mechanism of within the imagined post-Persian-war community.

In his studysupplicationes of public in Republican Rome, M. Patzelt seeks to emphasise the therapeuticy ofeffect prayers, of rituals, and particularl on the individual and collective for minds. Patzelt deploys a model explaining psychological processesraumas of coping with war and war t and its relation to ritual practicemodel, he to that end. Based on this pinpoints ecstatic performancese related called “body techniques” and th therapeutic effects called “auditorychniques in driving”, finding these te use on the battle front as wellsis as of on these the home front. The analy different contexts highlightsiques both in thethese similarity of body techn 12 Introduction contexts and their therapeuticPatzelt function in battle and at home. argues that the performance of of prayers stresses served to cure all sorts and anxieties that were causedress by insituations war of danger and dist and at home. In addition to theayers, therapeutic these aspect of coping pr ecstatic performancesreligious also meaning, hadsing a effects as the arou generated by these techniquesa could divine be interpreted in terms of presence.

Following these investigationsl effects of the ofpsychological and cultura public rituals, Ch. Schönburg belief focuses in aon cultural and religious very different cultural context,iety of i.e. Late that of the Christian soc Antiquity. Schönburg’s contributionman on sieges in the Eastern Ro Empire examines a scenario of espectthe home at front that has, in one r least, a strong similarity to activation the modern home front, namely the of the whole civic community asts direct in the or supporting participan fighting. As Schönburg pointsking out, at in the his five case studies loo sieges of Nisibis, Edessa, Apamea,ople, Thessalonica,the and Constantin historical and religious background,severe danger as well as the context of and the unexpectede Byzantine success of Romans thes, in these cas evoked a belief in divine intervention. success to People attributed their miracles causedce ofby sacredthe presen objects home front (relics). The therefore servesr the as emergence a catalystf ofbelief fo new forms that o do not merely help to cope with traumas,moments of severe danger or war but that also help citizens to and be psychologically, emotionally, strategically prepared for prospectivece at the wars that might take pla home front.

S. Lentzsch’s paper analyses the war treatment and commemoration of dead in the Roman Republic and the early Empire. Romans usually preferred to bury and to be buriedling nearwith their homes. But in dea war dead, Lentzsch does not onlyd to find the that “home” is transferre battlefield, but also identifiesocial rules other that flexible religious and s the Romans obeyed.ting By these reconstruc norms and practices, Lentzsch is able to deduce Roman dead. attitudes towards treating war There was a specific traditionhat in soldiers Rome to take it for granted t would give their life forres publica the. Romans greater thus good of the tended to treat the commemoratingssive of the war dead not with exce attention, a mindset that offersof the a Greek surprising contrast to that world. Nevertheless, Lentzschces finds that some exceptions in the sour enable him to speak of differencesns of in the commemoration of Roma diverse social an status, investigation based ones of of how practic Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and13 Challenges commemoration changedfrom the over period time to of the the Republic early Empire.

Soldiers and Civilians at the Home Front: Cultural and Socio-Political Implications

The home front often served asal, a andcatalyst social for political, cultur change, in some cases only temporary, a long- while in other cases with lasting impact. For example, atety the that home front elements of soci were traditionally marginalisedl roles could for take on active and crucia the survival ofnd the the community defence of a the city.

From this perspective, J. Wintjesn at war, investigates in the role of wome contexts in which the boundary breaksbetween war front and home front down, namely when war enters a citye. In by means of siege or captur these contexts,ess sources to women bear fighting,that witn should a fact help us reject the tendency tor consideras limited the role of women at wa to providing support in termsinesses of food, at supplies, or running bus home.

L. Cecchet investigates anotherian marginalised component of Athen society that contributed to makinghe the home front a venue for t circulation of different sensitivitiesrans. The about war: disabled vete scanty evidence of direct referenceses, and the to war wounds in our sourc fact that the war disabled wereon in not terms granted any special attenti of state support,ctated was a by choice the goalg di any of obscurin argument that could possibly undermine war. the official rhetoric of Despite this, Athenians, as otherpresence Greeks, of had to deal with the invalid and destitute veteranst and both in thein wartime at the home fron aftermath of wars. The presenceeveral of such veterans emerges from s plays staged during the Peloponnesianticularly War and comes through par strongly in Euripides’ tragediesr from and Aristophanes’ comedies. Fa simply being the unfortunate characterstures of myth or comic carica played merely for laughs, tragico tell and us comic veterans have much t about “the dark side of war” anded thein the “voices” of the war disabl polis.

Dealing again with paper veterans, by Ch. Degelmann thes a story analyse concerned with theondage end ofin debtRome—a b he narrative of t plebeian resistance against thebook patrician of regime—in the second Livy’s history. Degelmann’sact analysis that Livy starts from the striking f makes use of the image of the mourning casualty and destitute veteran, a 14 Introduction of war, in order to explain the uses end bodily of debt bondage. Since Livy imagery exhaustively here, Degelmannthe addresses the question of “readability” of the body, i.e.and painthe body and as a symbol of trauma the body as a symbol of the state.ies Inbuilt so doing, he asks how bod and undermined “war communities”a and how historiography shapes sense of community. Having reconstructed of Livy’s the historical setting scene as a grand narrative of providesthe body of a the state, Degelmann detailed reconstruction of thee cultural of taxonomy and polyvalenc mourning and scars that enablesnificance him to highlight of the social sig Livy’s image of the wounded veteran.ivy Degelmann concludes that L provides his readership withviolation an imaginary of that illustrates the the body of the state, expresseduman by body, reference to the violated h as a cause for institutional other and/or words, constitutional upheaval. In the home front serves as an argumentocial and for the urgent need of a s political change.

While Degelmann takes a qualitativeead to approach, M. Kleu opts inst tackle his subject from a quantitative Hellenistic perspective. Focusing on Macedonia, M. Kleuhe demographic reconstructs nimpact thet of war o home front poleis of , several in particular the significant change of population size, caused by humane losses or deportations, and th modification of a population’slife. legal Kleu status or habitual way of explores the demographic impactspoleis under of war on various Macedonian control, such as Cius,, Dyme, Myrleia, Thasus, Abydus Larissa, Patras.trapolating By tentatively theiries and ex war by casualt highlighting the various attemptsl and made by these cities to refil reorganise their citizen bodies,stating Kleu shows that war had a deva impact on these communities.trategies As he points to out, cities enacted s compensate for war example, casualties, throughitizenship for grants of c to foreigners and by favouringeas. migration But from more populated ar in some cases, severedecline demographic and changesand rural in urban lives could lead to the irreversible decline of the polis.

E. Pulvirenti explores the home y, front as a remembering communit drawing on the creationsmission and of the trane so-called tradition of th “netting of thee punishment islands”, i.e. inflictedPersians th on by the the Ionian islands ofafter their the revolt failurerough in 499 a B.C. Th detailed examination of the imageryount contained in Herodotus’ acc (6.31), Pulvirentiultifaceted uncovers and underlyinga mlayered process the construction of a collectiveg this memory and narrative concernin episode of Ionian history. However,hat the remembering community t Herodotus’ account provides informationme front on is not the Ionian ho Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and15 Challenges but the Athenian. Arguing thatweak the and tradition of the Ionians as doomed to fail was consolidatedolitical by the Athenians during their p and economic domination onth the century, Aegean and islands in the 5 that it reached ayears peak of during Samos’ the B.C., revolt in 441 Pulvirenti argues that Herodotus’ islands account of the netting of the belongs in the “itinerary of memory” front and of the Athenians as a home a remembering community.

The papers contained in this volumentire scope cannot begin to cover the e of possible topics related tore the research, home front it in antiquity. Futu is to be hoped, will focus on more fronts specific issues, evoking new within the home front. concern, These for may instance,der the gen conflicts that have been exhaustinglydern home studied in research on mo fronts. In fact, the occupationved by roles women of formerly male-reser during wartime (such as factory clearly work, fundraising and so forth) involved a re-negotiation ofe-definition female gender roles as well as a r of the related codes moral in38 society.

Future research may also considerically, other the topics, such as, specif role of non-citizens, foreigners), (slavest. at Asand the soon home as fron a society unites under the bannervery of war as a combative unit, e individual—be they citizen-warrior,has his woman, slave, or foreigner— or her place and role. This newng perspective about a might then help bri redefinition of the politicalnents and social of position of some compo society. The best example of socialtical outsiders reaching for poli recognition in the context ofc national and social wars happened with ethni minorities duringth and th 20 centuries the 19 in Europe and North America.39 We do not have any phenomenon that is strictly comparable to this in antiquity but it willuture certainly research be worth exploring in f the impact of war on the positionn ancient and role of minority groups i societies. But this is only onsone inof whichthe several possible directi research on theont ancient might homebe expanded. frhat this We hope t volume will encourage scholars interested to pursuenge further. this challe

38 Winkler 2012, 57–65;2002; Hagemann Kramer 2011, rg 2009,16–18; Giesbe 119–42. 39 Smith 2010, 143–59; Blobaum 2014;g 2009, Winkler 92– 2012, 65–84; Giesber 118. 16 Introduction

Bibliography

Armstrong, Jeremy.War and Society 2016a. in Early Rome: From Warlords to Generals. Cambridge: CUP. —, ed. 2016b.Circum Mare: Themes in Ancient Warfare. Leiden— Boston: Brill. Auffarth, Christoph. 2007. “Religion migrans: Die ‚orientalische Religionen‘ im Kontext antikerll.” Religion: Ein theoretisches Mode Mediterranea 4: 333–63. Bakogianni, Anastasia,alerie M. Hope, andWar asV eds.Spectacle: 2015. Ancient and Modern Perspectives on the Display of Armed Conflict. London: Bloomsbury. Blobaum, Robert, and Donata Blobaum. Home 2014. “A Different Kind of Front: War, Gender and PropagandaWorld in Warsaw, 1914–1918.” In War I and Propaganda, edited by Troy R.E. Paddock, 247–70. Leiden—Boston: Brill. Burckhardt, Leonhard.Militärgeschichte der 2008. Antike. München: Beck. Caston, Victor, and Silke-MariaOur Ancient Wars: Weineck, eds. 2016. Rethinking War through the Classics. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. Cosmopoulos, MichaelExperiencing B., War: ed. Trauma 2007. and Society from Ancient Greece to the Iraq War. Chicago: Ares Publishers. Crawley, Jason. 2014. “Beyond umathe inUniversal Soldier: Combat Tra Classical Antiquity.”Combat Trauma and the In Ancient Greeks, edited by Peter Meineck and David Konstan, 105–30. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. De Quesada, Alejandro.The US Home Front 2008. 1941 – 45 . Oxford: Osprey. De Souza, Philip,The Ancient ed. World 2008.at War: A Global History. London: Thames & Hudson. Eckert, Alexandra.bering 2014. Cultural “Remem Trauma – Sulla’s Proscriptions, Roman Responses and Christian Perspectives.” In Trauma and Traumatization in Individual and Collective Dimensions. Insights from Biblical Studies and Beyond Eve-Marie Becker, edited by Jan Dochhorn and –Else274. K. Göttingen: Holt, 262 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Fagan, Garrett G., and MatthewNew Perspectives Trundle, on eds. 2010. Ancient Warfare. Leiden—Boston: Brill. Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and17 Challenges

Faust, Stephan.Schlachtenbilder 2012. der römischen Kaiserzeit: Erzählerische Darstellungskonzepte in der Reliefkunst von Traian bis Septimius Severus. Rahden: Marie Leidorf. Franchi, Elena, and GiorgiaGuerra e memoria Proietti, nel eds. 2014. mondo antico. Trento: Università degli Studi di Trento. Ganschow, Thomas.Krieg in der Antike 2007.. Darmstadt: WBG. Giangiulio, Maurizio, Elena Franchi and Giorgia Proietti. 2019. Commemorating War and War Dead, Ancient and Modern. Stuttgart: Steiner. Giesberg, JudithArmy at Home: Ann. Women 2009. and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front. Chapel Hill:rth Univ. Carolina of No Press. Hagemann, Karen. 2002. “Home/Front: The Military, Violence and Gender Relationse of the in theWorld AgHome/Front: Wars.” The In Military, War and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, edited by Karen Hagemann and Stefanie Schüler-Springorum, 1–41. Oxford: Berg. Hanson, VictorThe Western D. 2000.Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. 2nd. ed. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. First Edition: 1989. Hausen, Karin. 1987. “The Germanroes’ Nation’s Obligations to the He Widows of WorldBehind War the Lines:I.” Gender In and the Two World Wars, edited by Margaret R. Higonnet, Jane Jenson, Sonya Michel and Margaret Collins Weitz, 126–40. New Haven: Yale University Press. Horden, Peregrine, andThe Nicholas Corrupting Sea: A Purcell. 2000. Study of Mediterranean History. Oxford: Blackwell. Howe, Timothy, Sabine Müller andAncient Richard Stoneman, eds. 2017. Historiography on War and Empire. Oxford—Philadelphia: Oxbow Books. Itgenshorst,Tota Tanja.illa pompa. Der 2005. Triumph in der römischen Republik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Kinder, JohnPaying M., with ed. Their 2015. Bodies: American War and the Problem of the Disabled Veteran. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Konstan, David. 2014. “Introduction: Combat Trauma: The Missing Diagnosis in AncientCombat Trauma Greece?” and the Ancient In Greeks, edited by Peteravid Meineck Konstan, and 1–13.D New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kramer, Nicole.Volksgenossinnen 2011. an der Heimatfront: Mobilisierung, Verhalten, Erinnerung. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 18 Introduction

Laes, Christian, Chris GoodeyDisabilities and M. Lynn Rose, eds. 2013. in Roman Antiquity: Disparate Bodies a Capite ad Calcem. Leiden: Brill. Lentzsch, Simon.Roma victa. Von 2019. Roms Umgang mit Niederlagen. Stuttgart: Springer. Low, Polly, Graham J. Oliver andCultures Peter John Rhodes, eds. 2012. of Commemoration: War Memorials, Ancient and Modern. Oxford: OUP. Mandl, Gerfried, and IljaKrieg Steffelbauer,in der Antiken eds. 2007. Welt. Essen: Magnus-Verl. Mann, Christian.Militär und Kriegführung 2013. in der Antike. München: Oldenbourg. Stoll, Oliver. 2016. “‘Vae Victis’? sein Das kaiserzeitliche Rom und Umgang mit Niederlagen.”Niederlagen und Kriegsfolgen In – Vae Victis oder Vae Victoribus? Vom Alten Orient bis ins Europäische Mittelalter, edited by Lena Meier and Oliver Stoll, 91–120. Berlin: Frank & Timme. Meineck, Peter. 2013.rauma “Combat and the T Tragic Stage: ‘Restoration’ by IntertextsCultural 16.1: Catharsisc.” 7–24. Meineck, Peter, and DavidCombat TraumaKonstan, and the eds. 2014. Ancient Greeks. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Melchior, Aislinn. 2011. “Caesar Suffer in Vietnam: Did Roman Soldiers from Post-TraumaticG&R 58.2: Stress 209–23. Disorder?” Montagu, JohnGreek D.and Roman2006. Warfare: Battles, Tactics, and Trickery. London: Greenhill Books. Östenberg, Ida.d 2014. Spectacle: “Triumph Victoryons an in the Celebrati Late RepublicanThe Civil Roman Republican Wars.” Triumph: In Beyond the Spectacle, edited by Lange Carsten and H. Frederik J. Vervaet, 181–93. Rome: Edizioni Quasar. Patterson, John. 1993. “Military in the Organisation and Social Change Later Roman Republic.”War and Society in the In Roman World, edited by John Rich and Graham Shipley,ge. 92–112. London: Routled Pitts, Martin, and MiguelGlobalisation J. Versluys, and the eds. 2016. Roman World: World History, Connectivity and Material Culture. Cambridge: CUP. Pritchett, William–1991.The Kendrick. Greek State at War, 19795. Vols. Berkeley et of al.: California Univ. Press. Raaflaub, Kurt A.ata 2016. and War’s “Lysistr Impacte on the Hom Front.”Our Ancient In Wars: Rethinking War through the Classics, edited by Victore-Maria Caston Weineck, and Silkor: 38–74. Ann Arb Univ. of Michigan Press. Studying the Homequity: Front Questions in Anti and19 Challenges

Retief, Francois P., and Louiseexander Cilliers. 2005. “The Army of Al the Great and Combat StressActa Theologica Syndrome 7: (326 BC).” 29–43. Rich, John, and GrahamWar andShipley, Society in the Roman eds. 1993. World. London: Routledge. Rosenberger, Veit. 2003. “Metus zur und Menschenopfer: Überlegungen Gallierfurcht und zur zweitenDie emotionale Gründung Roms.” In Dimension antiker Religiosität, edited by Alfred Kneppe and Dieter Metzler, 47–64. Münster: Ugarit. Roth, JonathanRoman Warfare P. 2009.. Cambridge: CUP. Rubinstein, Lene. 2018. “Immigrationth- and Refugee Crises in Four Century Greece: An AthenianThe Greeks Perspective.”in a In Changing World: Ancient Answers to Modern Questions. The European Legacy: Toward New Paradigms (Special Issue), edited by Jakub Filonik, Brenda Griffith-Williams24. and Janek Kucharski, 5– London: Taylor & Francis. Sabin, Philip, Hans van Wees andThe Michael Whitby, eds. 2007. Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Vol. II: Rome. From the Late Republic to the Late Empire. Cambridge: CUP. Sarantis, Alexander, andWar Neiland Warfare Christie, in eds. 2013. Late Antiquity, 2 Vols. Boston—Leiden: Brill. Shay, Jonathan.Achilles in Vietnam: 1994. Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character. New York: Atheneum. —. 2002.Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming. New York: Scribner. Sidebottom,Der Harry. Krieg in der Antike2008.. Stuttgart: Reclam. Smith, TimothyMississippi B. in 2010. the Civil War: The Home Front. Chapel Hill: Univ. Press of Mississippi. Smith, ChristopherThe Roman Clan: J. The 2006. Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge: CUP. Steel, Catherine.The End of the 2013.Roman Republic, 146–44 B.C. Conquest and Crisis. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press. Steinbock, Bernd.Social Memory 2013.in Athenian Public Discourse: Uses and Meanings of the Past. Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press. Thorne, Mark A. 2016. “Speaking thein Unspeakable: Engaging Nefas Lucan and RwandaThersites 1994.”4: 77–119. Tritle, Lawrence.From Melos to 2000. My Lai: War and Survival. London: Routledge. —. 2009. “Gorgias, the Economiumr.” of Helen, and the Trauma of Wa Clio's Psyche 16.2: 195–99. 20 Introduction

Twyman, Briggs L. 1997. “Metus Gallicus:man The Celts and Roman Hu Sacrifice.”Ancient History Bulletin 11: 1–11. van Wees, Hans.Greek Warfare. 2004. Myths and Realities. London: Duckworth. Versluys, Miguel J. 2014. “Understanding Objects in Motion: An Archaeological DialogueArchaeological on Dialogues Romanization.” 21: 1–20. Winkler, AllanHome Front M. U.S.A.:2012. America during World War II. Wheeling: Davidson. PREPARING WAR AT THE HOME FRONT