CONTENTS
Title Page No
Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commission Preface by the District Collector Acknowledgement List of Boxes List of Figures List of Tables CHAPTERS I District Profile 01 11 II Status of Human Development 23 23 III Employment, Income and Poverty 24 31 IV Demography, Health and Nutrition 32 50 V Literacy and Education 51 71 VI Gender 72 79 VII Social Security 80 86 VIII Infrastructure 87 97 IX Summary and Way Forward 98 110 Annexures Technical Notes Abbreviation References
THIRUVARUR DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017
District Administration, Thiruvarur and State Planning Commission, Tamil Nadu in association with Thiru.Vi.Ka.Government Arts College, Thiruvarur
CONTENTS
Title Page No
Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commission Preface by the District Collector Acknowledgement List of Boxes List of Figures List of Tables CHAPTERS I District Profile 01 11 II Status of Human Development 23 23 III Employment, Income and Poverty 24 31 IV Demography, Health and Nutrition 32 50 V Literacy and Education 51 71 VI Gender 72 79 VII Social Security 80 86 VIII Infrastructure 87 97 IX Summary and Way Forward 98 110 Annexures Technical Notes Abbreviation References
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is the imitative of the State Planning Commission (SPC) Government of Tamil Nadu to prepare District Human Development Report (DHDR) for Thiruvarur district with the financial support received from the UNDP and Government of India. The State Planning Commission took up the task as a constructive exercise towards streaming the Government programmes to yield the deserved intended results. The endeavor of preparing this report has been assigned to Thiru. Vi. Ka. Government Arts College, Thiruvarur by the State Planning Commission in Collaboration with the district Administration. A district level core committee was constituted with the district Collector as the Chairman and Mr. M. Nagentran, Assistant Professor and Head, Post Graduate Studies and Research Department of Economics, Thiru. Vi. Ka. Government Arts College, Thiruvarur as the Coordinator. This Human Development Report has been kept contract and has been seen through to completion with the support and encouragement of innumerous people. It is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all those who contributed in many ways to the preparation of the report. First of all I would like to express my sincere thanks to Tmt. Santha Sheela Nair (Retd), IAS Former Vice Chairman, State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu for constantly reviewing the progress of this exercise and supplementing with valuable suggestions.
I convey my heartfelt gratitude to Thiru. M. Balaj, I.A.S and offering Dr. Sugato Dut, IFS., Member Secretary (i/c) State Planning Commission respectively for providing all necessary administrative support and resource to accomplish the endeavor. I owe a deep sense of gratitude to Thiru. Anil Meshram I.A.S, Member Secretary, State Planning Commission.
My thanks are also due to Thiru. P. Selvarajan, Head of Division, Rural Development and District Planning, State Planning Commission whose encouragement, and Selvi. S. Namagiri, Senior District Planning Officer, State Planning Commission, whose encouragement, and support from the preliminary to the concluding level enabled me to complete this task. I thank to Dr. G.N. Krupa, Planning Officer, State Planning Commission for providing critical inputs which helped me in enriching the report.
I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to our district Collector Thiru L.Nirmal Raj , IAS and my sincerely thanks to Thiru.T.N.Venkatesh, IAS, Dr. M. Mathivanan, IAS., Thiru. S. Natrajan, IAS, former District Collectors, Thiruvarur for their constant encouragement and periodical reviews. My special thanks goes to Project Director of, Thiruvarur district, Dr. D. Madhavan, District Planning Officer, Thiruvarur, and I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to Dr. S. Suresh and Thiru. K. Rajagopal former District Planning Officers, Thiru. K. Murugesan, Technial Assistant, Thiru. K. Muruganantham, Assistant, District Planning Office, Thiruvarur and this work would not have been possible without their continued Support.
I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to our Principal Mrs. Dr.C.Bernes Bennet for her valuable suggestions for the improvement of the report and also I extended my sincere thanks to Dr. G. Ramanathan and Dr. P. Sivaraman, former
Principal (i/c) of our college. I am grateful to Dr. R. Rajendran, Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Economics Government Arts College, Kumbakonam, and Dr. R. Rajendran, Associate Professor of Economics, Periyar E.V.R College, Thiruchirappalli, for their interest in the preparation of this report. I thank them for their valuable suggestions and constant encouragement. The preparation of the DHDR was possible owing to the untiring efforts of the study team that gathered good deal of qualitative and quantitative information. I thankful to my fellow staff members of our department of economics Mrs. K. Kamalabai, Dr. P. Baburaj, Dr. K. Jayaraman, Dr. A. Sakthivel, Dr.V.Thandapani, Dr.P.Ragu, and Mr. R. Elangovan, Assistant Professors, and also thanks to Dr.M.Rajadurai and Mr. R.Balamurugan for spending their precious time with me travelling all the areas of the district to take part in several stakeholders meet and focus group discussion and providing critical inputs.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Mohan Gnana Olivu, Faculty of Arts and former head of the Department of Economics, for meticulously reviewing the technical aspects of the support. I also take pleasure in thanking Dr.N.Geethanjali, Associate Professor in English, Periyar E.V.R College, Thiruchirappalli, for looking out for syntax and semantic errors in the report.
It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help rendered by the Block Development Officer (BDOs) the elected representatives of the district local bodies, SHG members, and Municipal Commissioners. Besides, the various department at the district level provided in valuable assistance. Specifically Superintendent Engineer, TNEB Joint Director, Health and Family Welfare, Joint Director, Agriculture, Deputy Director, Health Services, Chief Educational Officer, Chief Educational Officer (SSA), Project Officer, Mahalir Thittam, Executives Engineer. (Urban), TWAD; Executive Engineer, (RWS), TWAD, Deputy Director, Statistics, Special Deputy Collector, SSS, Thiruvarur, District Elementary Educational Officer; District Social Welfare Officer, Project Officer, ICDS, Labour Officer; Manager, Lead Bank; Manager, NABARD, Executive Officers of All Town Panchyats, all Block Medical Officers Thiruvarur district and others who have also coordinated with us in executing the work.
M.Nagentran
List of Figures
Page Fig. No Title No 1.1 Taluk Map of Thiruvarur District 03
1.2 Crude Birth Rate (CBR) 09
1.3 Infant Mortality Ratio (IMR) 36
4.1 Trends in CBR and CDR 36
4.2 Trend in Infant Mortality Rate 40
4.3 Place of Delivery 42
4.4 Trend in Nutritional Status of Children 44
4.5 Access to Drinking Water 47
5.1 Literacy Rate – Male and Female 52
5.2 Arts and Science Colleges 69
5.3 Technical Education 70
6.1 Female Work Participation R ate 76
List of Tables
Table No Title Page No 1.1 Thiruvarur District Basic Demographic Indicators 04 1.2 Sectoral Distribution of Net District Domestic Product 07 1.3 Per Capita Income 08 2.1 Top and Bottom Three Block s in Human Development Index 14 2.2 Top and Bottom Three Block s in Gender Inequality Index 17 2.3 Top and Bottom Three Block s in Child Development Index 19 2.4 Top and Bottom Three Block s in Multy Dimensional Poverty 21 Index 2.5 Consolidation of HDI, GII, CDI and MPI indices, 2013 22 3.1 Size of the Workforce and Workers Participation Rate 24 3.2 Work Participation Rate 25 3.3 Composition of Workers in Major Sector 26 3.4 Registration and Placement 26 3.5 Per C apita Income 27 3.6 Trends in Poverty Level 28 3.7 Family Card Holders 30 4.1 Demographic Profile of Thiruvarur District 33 4.2 Sex Ratio 37 4.3 Child Sex Ratio (0 6 Age Group) 38 4.4 Life Expectancy at Birth 39 4.5 Maternal Mortality Rate 41 4.6 Still Birth Rate 43 4.7 Immunization 43 4.8 Provision of IFA Tablets 45 4.9 Percentage of Population Access to Toilet Facilities 48 4.10 HIV Positive Persons 48 4.11 TB Incidence and Leprosy 49
5.1 Enrolment Primary Education 53 5.2 Completion and Dropout Rate 54 5.3 Enrolment in Upper Primary Education 56 5.4 Comple tion and Dropout Rate in Upper P rimary Education 57
5.5 Transition Rate 58 5.6 Availability of Schools 59 5.7 Pupil Teacher Ratio in Primary and Upper Primary 60 5.8 Enrolment in Secondary Education 62 5.9 Dropout Rate in Secondary Education 63 5.10 School Infrastructure 64 5.11 Hostel Facilities 66 5.12 Students Enrolled in Noon Meal Programme 67 5.13 Scholarship Availed Students Status of Thiruvarur District 70 6.1 Comparative Status of Women In Literacy and Employment 73 6. 2 Access to Resource and Credit of SHGs in Thiruvarur District 75 6.3 Membership in State Assembly and Local Bodies 78 7.1 Demographic Profile of Aged 81 7.2 Financial Security of the Aged 83 7.3 Differently abled in Thiruvarur District 84 7.4 Crime A gainst Women 85 8.1 Distribution of Road Length 88 8.2 Electrification 89 8.3 Telecommunication 90 8.4 Financial Institutions 91 8.5 Insurance 2011 92 8.6 Railway Lines and Station 95
CHAPTER 1 THIRUVARUR DISTRICT - A PROFILE
CHAPTER-1
THIRUVARUR DISTRICT –A PROFILE
Introduction
Topography
The erstwhile composite Thanjavur district was trifurcated into three districts, namely, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts. The district is situated between 10.20 0 and 11.07 0 of the Northern latitude. The mean annual maximum and minimum temperature of the district are 39.7 0 C and 22.60 0 C respectively. The district is bounded on the East and North by Nagapattinam district on the South by Palk Strait and on the west by Thanjavur district. Though Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts are collectively called the Delta districts, Thiruvarur district is in the heart of the delta districts. The Cauvery, the chief river of the district is fostering agriculture and Tamil culture for ages together. The rainfall in the coastal area is 1200 mm to 1600 mm and the mid district receives from 1000 mm to 1200 mm of rain on an average. There are three types of soil found in the district. They are alluvial soil, sandy soil and clay soil. The alluvial soil is generally found in the river bed and its adjacent areas of the river Cauvery and the sand soil is found to occur along the coastline areas. The remaining part of the district is covered with the clay soil. Out of the total geographical area of 209709 heactars, the net area under crop is 1,50,900 hectares. At present, this district comprises of seven revenue Taluks viz., Thiruvarur, Kudavasal, Mannargudi, Needamangalam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Nannilam and Valangaiman taluks and ten blocks of Thiruvarur, Nannilam, Koradachery, Kudavasal, Valangaiman, Needamangalam, Mannargudi, Kottur, Thiruthuraipoondi and Muthupettai.
History
Thiruvarur has been considered an important historical place from the ancient period. It was a part of the erstwhile the Chola Mandalam. The Chola Mandalam rendered great services for the development of the region by establishing a great Temple to Lord Thiyagarajar. Since then it has been an important religious center both for rulers and the ruled. This temple city centre was also patronized by the various ruling dynasties those had ruled after the decline the Cholas. Many land endowments were provided to the Temples by Vijayanagar, Nayak and Maratha rulers. The Maratha rulers made
1 Thiruvarur as their cultural center. As a result, this Temple city became the center of all activities. It has its impact on the socio economic life of the local people.
Thiruvarur district has its own glorious past to cherish and nurture for the years to come and this district is known for its religious significance and the historical importance. The district is associated with kings like Muchukanta Chola and Manuneethi Chola. The sanctum sanctorium of Thiyagaraja temple in Thiruvarur was built by Muchukanta Chola. Manu Neethi Chola is known for justice by killing his son Uthamachola in order to establish justice with equity. Thiruvarur is mentioned and hailed in the works of Thirugnana Sambandar and Thirunavukkarasar, the foremost Saiva Saints of the Seventh Century. The granite structure of the Thiyagaraja Swami Temple was the first one in its kind constructed by Aditya Chola I in the Ninth Century and this was renovated and extended by Rajendra Chola I. Due to the continued royal patronage the district flourished as a cultural centre during the rule of Nayaks, Vijayarajar kings and Marathas.
Religion and Language
As far as religion is concerned majority of the people are Hindus followed by Muslims, Christians. The main language spoken in this district is Tamil. A small portion of people speak Telugu, Malayalam, Urudu, Kannadam, Sowrashtra and Hindi.
Art and Architecture
Many festivals are celebrated in this district. The Brahmotsavam in Panguni and Adi Pooram are the two major festivals celebrated annually. Muthupettai Santhana Koodu Festival which being celebrated every year and it attracts devotees from all over the parts of Tamil Nadu is another notable festival celebrated in the district Thiyagaraja big car festival in Thiruvarur is very famous one.
Temples in Thiruvarur and its surrounding places were built with granite stones and for its architectural excelence. The great Saiva Saints Nalvar, Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar and Manickavasagar sang pious songs in praise of the deities enshrined in the Temples. This district is known for its best art and architecture. A number of temples were built by the kings and rulers throw light on their art and architectural skills and talents. Many historical events and happenings were inscribed on the walls of the
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temples. Carvings on Temple towers and walls reflect the talents and skills of the artician and taste of the rulers of medival period.
Formation of the District
Figure 1.1 Thiruvarur District Map
Source: www.Mapsinindia.com
The predominant reason for the advent of the district came from the prolonged aspiration of the sons of the soil of the district. Nagai Quaid E Milleth district was formed in 1991 and it became a separate district carved out from the mother district of Thanjavur. The devolution of power to Nagai Quad E Millet from Thanjavur district made the surrounding Towns like Thiruvarur, Thiruthuraipoondi, and Mayiladuthurai to avail themselves of the all administrative measures as quickly as possible. Further devolution of powers from Nagaipattinam to Thiruvarur district facilitated the whole administrative machinery to be easily accessible by the people. The new district of Thiruvarur came in to force, with the Government G.O Ms.No.681, dated 57.7.1996. Mr. Mohan I.A.S was posted as a Special Officer from 28 th August 1996 up to 31 st
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December. And also appointed as the first Collector of Thiruvarur district from 1.9.1997.
Demographic Trend
Table 1.1
Basic Demographic Indicators of Thiruvarur District
Decadal Sex Male Female Total Density Growth Ratio Rate 2001 580784 588690 1169474 492 1014 7.51 Thiruvarur 2011 626693 637584 1264277 556 1017
2001 31400909 31004770 62405679 480 987 Tamil Nadu 15.60 2011 36158871 35980087 72138958 555 995
2001 532223090 496514346 1028737436 325 914 India 17.64 2011 623724248 586469174 1210193422 382 940
Source: Census of India 2001 2011.
The total population of the district was 12,64,277 in 2011 with 6,26,693 male population and 6,37,584 female population. This district had a total of 10,06,482 (79.61 percentage) under the rural population. Of them, 4,99,954 and 5,06,525 were males and females respectively. Regarding the urban population, this district has a total of 2,57,595 (20.39 Percent) urban population of which 1,26,730 were males and 1,31,056 were females as per the 2011 Census. The density of population in this district as per the 2011 Census was 556 persons per Square k.m. As far as the literacy rate of the district was concerned, the male literacy rate was 89.65 percent and that of female was 77.02 percent. The total literacy rate is 83.3 percent. The district indicates a favourable sex ratio with the numbers of females per thousand males literature when compared to the state average. The percentage of SC population was 34.08 and only 0.24 percent constituted ST population. Only three blocks, Valangaiman (77.37 %) Kottur, 47.63%) and Thiruthuraipoondi (46.81 %) recorded considerable SC population. Among the ST population, Thiruthuraipoondi Block has registered 0.61 percentage of total population and both Thiruvarur and Needamangalam recorded 0.28 percentage of a ST Populations in total the population.
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ECONOMY
Agriculture
Agriculture plays a crucial role in the life of people. More than 80 per cent of the population is engaged in agricultural and allied activities. Agriculture is the mainstay of the rural mass. The major crops grown in this district are paddy, pulses, ground nut, cotton, gingili and sugarcane. Paddy, pulses and vegetables are grown in larger areas. Since this district is situated in the heart of the delta, and produce major share in paddy production of the state it is called the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. During the off season, farmers cultivate pulses and other crops. Out of the total cultivable area, (2,87,264 hectares) the gross sown area is 3,00,713 hectares whereas net zone area is 1,51,920 and 16,139 hectares are sown more than once. Rice, black gram and green gram are the important food crops cultivated in this region. Cotton, groundnut, coconut, gingili, palmolin and flowers are the important nonfood crops. In Thiruvarur district, paddy is cultivated in 1,74,366 hectares with the production of 8,20,538 tonnes. Green gram and Black gram are cultivated in 56,184 hectares and 61,097 hectares respectively.
Total pulse cultivation is in 1,11,335 hectares. And the total production is 1,17,283 tonnes. Sugarcane is cultivated in 503 hectares with the production of 52,098 tonnes. Cotton is cultivated in 3676 hectares and the production of which is 9189 tonnes. Groundnut cultivation is taking place in 3394 hectares and its production figure is 17,733 tonnes. Gingili is cultivated in 1187 hectares and the production is 859 tonnes.
Sources of Irrigation
The gross area irrigated in this district is 1,92,411 hectares. The main source of irrigation in this district is canal Irrigation. Cauvery runs through the district with so many branches and they facilitate irrigation in this district. The distributory of Cauvery are Odampokki, Vettar, Vennar, Mudikondan, Nandalar, Nattar, Thirumalairajan, Koraiyar, Valavaikkal, Kaattar, Pandavaiar, Arichandranathi, Mullaiyar and Pamaniyar. The river Cauvery receives water from Mettur dam during the sowing season. And also main source of irrigation for the paddy crop ot the district. Besides, this district has many ponds and they also facilitate irrigation. A few farmers have wells in the areas of the river bed for cultivation purpose.
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Fisheries Sector Muthupettai is the only block in this district’s fishery hub. It includes 14 Marine Fishing Villages which produce 12,360 tonnes of fish, with a value of Rs.1472 lakhs. The district consists of 5750 marine fishermen families with 33 country boats and 110 Catamaram (FPR). Inland fishing contributes 9730 tonnes of fish products worth of Rs.657 lakhs and 1758 families were engaged in this sector in the year 2011 2012.
Industry
Thiruvarur district is classified as an industrially backward district in Tamil Nadu. The district has 128 working factories, five medium scale industries and 330 small scale industries. The overall industrial sector produces 4,14,395 man days per annum. There are 155 cottage industries functioning in this district. The notable industries in this district are Pamani Fertilizers and Chandramohan Ceramics in Mannargudi. Besides there are some Khadi and Village industries producing cotton, woolen, silk and Polyester. There are few families engaged in silk weaving in Mannargudi, Koradachery and Valangaiman Town Panchayats. There are three large scale industries in this district like., Southern Energy Development Corporation Limited in Nallur, Kottur Block, TNEB Power Generation Plant in Kovilkalappal, Kottur Block and Southern India Edible Oil in Karppur, Thiruvarur Block.
Transport
Thiruvarur Municipality accommodates 94.06 km of roads of which 54.9 km are of BT roads, 10.91 km of metal roads, 9.48 km of cement roads and 18.75 km of Highways. There is only one National highways i.e NH 67 , which connects Thiruvarur with Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu and Gundlpet in Karnataka. The district is connected with Chennai, Coimbatore, Thiruchirappalli, Karaikkal and other major Towns of Tamil Nadu through the State Highways of SH 23, SH65 , SH 66, SH 67, SH 146, SH 147 and SH 151 . The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates 175 daily services connecting various places with the district headquarter of Thiruvarur. Thiruvarur Railway Junction is a four way junction connecting Thanjavur in the West, Mayiladuthurai in the North, Nagapattinam in the East and Thiruthuraipoondi in the South. Gauge conversion between Mayiladuthurai and Thiruvarur was completed in August 2012. There are passenger trains going to Trichy, Thanjavur, Mayiladuthurai, Karaikkal, Mannargudi and Thiruthuraipoondi. Gauge conversion between Thiruvarur
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and Karaikudi is in progress and there is only a partial connectivity in the segment connecting Pattukottai, Thiruthuraipoondi and Karaikudi. The nearest airport o f Thiruvarur is Thiruchirappalli Airport located at a distance of 110 km (68 miles) from the Town.
INCOME AND POVERTY Sectoral Distribution of Gross Domestic Product Table 1.2 Sectoral Distribution of Gross district Domestic Product (in Lakhs of ) Primary Secondary Tertiary Total 11 10 2009 10 2010 11 2011 12 2009 10 2010 2011 12 2009 10 2010 11 2011 12 2009 2010 11 2011 12 District and State
70076 50498 98700 35618 40920 50329 215408 236843 267334 321102 328261 416363 (21.82) (15.38) (23.70) (11.09) (12.47) (12.08) (67.08) (72.15) (64.20) District
295680 1025504 3170454 3872767 8739518 13039248 19979665 22570547 2641178 4332380 3 9 31675986 35996050
State (8.81) (8.93) (27.59) (30.09) (63.08) (62.70) 8 (60.96) 3 (9.33) (28.49)
Source: DOES, TN, DD Statistics, Thiruvarur .
Though the agric ultural and its allied activities are predominant in this district, there are significant developments in the manufactuthere are significant developments in the manufacturring and service sector too. Table 1.2 ing and service sector too. Table 1.2 provides the detailed picture of the sectoral contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in this district in the year 2009 10 to 2011 12. As far as the primary s ector is concerned, the share of the sector in the district GDP was 21.82 percent in 2009 10 and it went down to 15.38 percent in the year 2010 11, but it rose to 23.70 per cent in 2011 12. The share of secondary sector in the district GDP has gone up marginally during between 11.09 percent in 2009 10 to12.47 percent in 2010 2011 but it slightly decreased 12.08 percent in the next year of 2011 12 when compared with the State share it contunisely increased to 27.59, 28.49 and 30.09 percent in t he respective years. In the case of tertia ory sectors of the district is 67.08, 72.15 Percent in 2009 10 to 2010 11 but it was 64.20 percent in 2011 12 against the State share of 63.08, 62.70 and 60.96 percent in the corresponding period. period. In In the sector the sector wi se share, the district is placed is placed in ain a better position in both primary and tertiary sectors.
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Growth Rate of Per capita Income Table1.3 Per Capita Income (In - At Constant Prices) District , State and Year Sl.No. National
2008 -09 2009 -10 2010 -11 2011 -12
1 District 24888 26845 27408 34727
2 State 43193 47394 53507 63996
Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Tamil Nadu, 2014.
From Table 1.3, it is clear that the per capita income of the district was Rs. 24,888 in 2008 09, which rose to Rs.26,845 in 2009 10 and further it increased to 27,408 in 2010 11. The income from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme could also be attributed to this trend. But the per capita income of this district is less than half of half of the national figure of figure of Rs.54,835. A majority majority of of the the people people depend on agriculture which is highly unstable when the monsoon condition is taken into account. This district is placed in the 29th rank in per capita income among 32 districts in the State . If we look at the other side among the 32 district s the Kanyakumari district has the highest per capita income of Rs.81,094 and the Ariyalur district comes under the lowest Per capita income earner of Rs.16559 . The main reason for the low per capita income of Thiruvarur district is that it depends only on agriculture for their livelihood and they have no alternative employment opportunity (during the agricultural off season).
SOCIAL SECTOR
Health Indicators
Life Expectancy, Crude Birth Rate, Crude Death Rate, IMR and MMR S tatus
Health plays a positive role in determining the life expectancy and it is reflected in the human development index. Higher life expectancy pthe human development index. Higher life expectancy places Human Development laces Human Development Index at a higher level. The life expectancy in India had increased from 63.5 years in 2001 to 65.85 years in 2011. The State life expectancy has also risen from 66.2 years in 2001 to 68.9 years in 2011. The life expectancy of the Thiruvarur district was 64.7 years in 2011.
Fig. No.1.2 Crude Birth Rate 2014
Source : DD Health Service, Thiruvarur.
Figure 1.2 shows the status of crude birth rate of Thiruvarur district and Tamil Nadu State as per 2014 data respectively. There is significantas per 2014 data respectively. There is significant variation variation in between the district and the State figure. The Infant mortality rate was 18.90 in 20 09 and it declined to 11.20 in 2014. During the same period, IMR was less than the State infant mortality ratio of 12.00. As far as the MMR average is concerned, it has been observed to be 110 in the District whereas the State MMR of 66.7 in 2014.
Fig. No.1.3 12.2 Infant Mortality Rate -2014 22 12
11.8
11.6
11.4 11.2 11.2 Infant Mortality Rate 11
10.8 Thiruvarur Tamilnadu
Source : DD Health Service, Thiruvarur , 2014. This is clearly indicates that the health indicators – crude death rate and IMR are better than the state average.
Literacy and education
Literacy and education are very significant factors along with life expectancy, in constructing the Human Development Index. One Central University, four Government Arts and Science Colleges and Six self financing private colleges cater the educational needs of this district with the overall students’ strength of 13,060. This district has two professional engineering colleges in which 3687 students are studying. There are 6 polytechnic colleges with the students strength of 4663 and 13 B.Ed.. In School education 80 Higher Secondary Schools, 81 High Schools, 251 Middle Schools, 645 Primary Schools and 128 Pre Primary Schools are there in the district with the student strength of 27090 students. Among the students 13275 are boys and 13815 are girls. Thiruvarur district has 5,03,085 male literates and they constitute 89.65 percent of male population whereas it is 77.02 percent in the case of female population number being 4,43,386.
It is important to note that the enrolment of boys and girls, in both primary and upper primary education is highly appreciable. Almost all the blocks have 99 percent of enrolment of children in primary and upper primary education. Of the ten blocks, the girls enrolment in primary education in Needamangalam is found to be 100 percent and boys enrolment is 92.2 percent. On the whole there has been a good number of children enrolled both in primary and upper primary educational institutions in all the blocks.
District Tourism
Thiruvarur district is famous for its evergreen paddy fields and temples with sky high towers. This town is situated in the southeast of Tamil Nadu. The Arulmighu Shri Thiyagarajar temple located in Thiruvarur town has many distinctions. It has the largest chariot or temple car among the temples in Tamil Nadu. The enormous Kamalalayam and the golden calm water in the temple tank attest to the glory of the town. The Arulmighu Shri Rajagopalaswamy temple in Mannargudi, Shri Subramanyaswamy shrine in Enkan, Arulmighu Shri Saraswathy temple at Koothanur and the Guru temple, one of the important Navagrahas at Alangudi are some of the prominent places of worship in this district.
The mangrove forests in Muthuppettai, one of the tourist spots displays the natural beauty of this district, with the sprawling paddy fields on both sides of rivers, canals and roads. The Birds Sanctuary in Udhayamarthandapuram and Vaduvoor are
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wonderful places that attract tourists. Other famous historical Temples are located in Thiruveezhimalai, Thirupamparam, Thirumeichur, Shrivanchiyam, Thillaivilagam and Thirukkannamangai. At Jambavanodai near Muthuppetai, there is an ancient and glorified Dargah. The triumvirate of Carnatic music, Shri Thiyagaraja Brahmam, Shri Muthuswamy Dheekshathar and Shyma Shastri were born here and this adds to glory of the district.
CONCLUSION
This chapter gives the overall profile district of Thiruvarur. The chapter outlines the socio economic and Demographic details of the district. A brief of the social sector and the economic status are also dealt with in this chapter. This profile helps in the analysis of various Development issues in general and human Developmental issues in particular.
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CHAPTER 2 STATUS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER - 2
STATUS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN TIRUVARUR DISTRICT
Introduction
In ancient days, the concept of Development was equated with income and its growth as a means of Development. But real development is much more. The aim of development is to create an atmosphere to develop people’s capabilities and opportunities of the present and future generations.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) describes human Development as the process of widening people’s basic choice. The choices, which are needed by the people to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources for a decent standard of living. Other choices are political, economic and social freedom with opportunities for being creative and productive by enjoying self respect and fundamental human rights. The planning authority in India has drawn various plans for the well being of people and also aims at widening peoples choice. In this context, human Development is concerned with the way people could lead a long and healthy life, aquire knowledge, have vertical mobility in life and achieve a decent standard of living.
In order to measure human development, there is an Index called Human Development Index (HDI). It values ranges from 0 to 1. Human Development Index shows the average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development. They are healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth, knowledge as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) and the decent standard of living as measured by gross domestic product per capita.
Human Development Index of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has been ranked under the category of medium human Development Index State. Indian Human Development report indicates Tamil Nadu Human Development Index of at Tamil Nadu 0.570 in 2011. The per capita income of the people of Tamil Nadu is medium when compared to that of other States in India. On the basis of income, poverty, health, sanitation, nutrition, employment and industrial Development, the Human Development Index is calculated. In Tamil Nadu top three
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districts under HDI are Chennai (0.757), Kancheepuram (0.712) and Kanyakumari (0.711) and the bottom three districts are Dharmapuri (0.584), Villupuram (0.587) and Perambalur (0.596). Under Gender Development Index Value. Chennai in top of the list (0.776) and The Gender Inequality was more in Dharmapuri (0.582) and Villupuram (0.582) (Source: Human Development Report, 2003).
Human Development Index in Thiruvarur – Inter Block Variations
Human Development is a multidimensional feature. HDI is a composite Index measuring average achievement three in basic dimensions and 11 indicators of human
Development. The dimensions are standard of living, health and education. These three dimensions are crucial to the human Development of the Block and district. Details of the indicators are furnished below :
Dimensions Indicators Standard of living Access to cooking fuel Access to toilet facilities Access to drinking water Access to electricity Access to Pucca houses Health Infant Mortality Rate Maternal Mortality Rate Under 5 Mortality Rate Education Literacy rate Gross enrollment in Primary Gross enrollment in secondary Human Development Index of Thiruvarur district is 0.637 and it is ranked 19 th among the 29 districts in the State and it is below the State human Development Index value of 0.657. This district has the medium HDI, with respect to life expectancy at birth
Index of 0.683 and in education Index it has high human Development Index at 0.793.
But the Income Index of the district is very low of 0.435. Per capita income is the major cause for the backward position in human Development in Thiruvarur district (State
Human Development Report, 2003)
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Table 2.1. Top and Bottom three Blocks in Human Development Index, 2013 Top 3 Bottom 3
Thiruvarur (0.836) Thiruthuraipoondi (0.488) Muthupettai (0.455) Mannargudi (0.703) Needamangalam (0.429) Kottur (0.607)
Source: Thiruvarur District Indices Computation. Note: Appendix Table No. 1
As for as the standard of living indicator, in the unorganized, and organised sector and allso access to well developed infrastructure are high in Thiruvarur district. The lower range of accessibility to cooking fuel, toilet facilities and electricity indicate backwardness in Needamangalam Block in terms of quality of life. Accessibility to the cooking fuel is lower in Kottur and Needamangalam Blocks. Thiruthuraipoondi and Valangaiman Blocks have higher range of disparity in accessibility to toilet. Drinking water is a major concern in Valangaiman, Thiruthuraipoondi and Needamangalam Blocks. Lower access to electricity and pucca houses pull down the human development of Muthupettai and Needamangalam Blocks.
Health indicators like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) and under 5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) are the crucial factors in analyzing the human development of a particular area. However, the inter block disparity is high. Urbanized blocks have higher health issue is than the rural blocks. Needamangalam, Kudavasal and Nannilam blocks recorded as higher range of IMR than the other blocks. MMR is higher in Thiruthuraipoondi, Muthupettai and Koradachery. Muthupettai, Koradachery and Needamangalam blocks recorded higher U5MR than other blocks. Reason behind these issues were due to scarce accessibility to the health care services, underweight children, infrastructure facilities of PHC and anemic mothers etc.,
Literacy is a basic human right and the base of lifelong knowledge. It is fully necessary to enable the human development.. Thiruvarur, Nannilam and Kudavasal Blocks report a higher literacy rate than that of other blocks, as per Census 2011. Gross Enrolment Ratio in primary education is higher in Muthupettai, Mannargudi and Nannilam against Valangaiman, Thiruthuraipoondi and Needamangalam blocks. In the case of GER secondary education was higher in Valangaiman, Needamangalam and Mannargudi blocks compared to Koradachery, Kottur and Nannilam blocks.
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Accessibility and affordability of education and health services for the people is crucial for these Blocks to improve their level of human development.
A closer examination of the level of achievement in these indicators of human development helps to get some insights into their relationship. The importance of income for achieving higher standard of living is well known. Income gives people the ability to buy goods and services i.e. as income increases, the range of consumption options widens. Nonetheless, higher literacy and health can be achieved even with low per capita income.
In Thiruvarur district, Thiruvarur (0.836), Mannargudi (0.703), and Kottur (0.607) blocks occupy the first three ranks. Thiruthuraipoondi (0.488), Muthupettai (0.455), and Needamangalam (0.429) come under the last three ranks. The range between the higher value and lower value is 0.407(Thiruvarur (0.836) and Needamangalam (0.429)). It shows that within the district, the inter block disparity among the Blocks is high in terms of human development.
Under the Human Development Index, Thiruvarur block is the topper in the district. The indices of standard of living, health and education in Thiruvarur blocks are 0.961, 0.772 and 0.916 respectively. The overall Index value of Mannargudi Block is 0.703. It has secured the second position in the district, this block has higher than Thiruvarur block in health Index.
Thiruvarur block stands first in the standard of living indicators among all other blocks. A higher education index was also observed in Thiruvarur. But it is lower than that of Thiruthuraipoondi in educational indicators. In health indicator, it is the second block in this district. Kottur (0.607) Block is ranked third in overall human Development Index. It is ranked second, third and fifth in standard of living (0.62), Educational Index (0.86) and Health Index (0.59).
In Human Development Index, bottom three blocks’ status is displayed in Table 2.1. Needamangalam Block has recorded lowest rank among the Blocks in Thiruvarur district with the overall Index value of 0.429. Its standard of living Index is 0.429 (8 th Rank). Health Index is 0.251 (10 th Rank) and, Educational Index is 0.727 (9 th Rank). The poor health combined with poor standard of living has placed the block in rank in the district. Muthupettai (0.455) Block has secured 9 th rank in the district and it is poor in
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standard of living (0.464). With the educational Index value of 0.790 (8 th Rank), it secures 9th position in health indicator (0.257).
Thiruthuraipoondi Block with 46.67 percent of the procedure to SC community stands at the eighth position with a HDI score of 0.488. This is due to its rural and agricultural base of the region. Employment opportunities are not available during agricultural off season and this resulted in the backwardness of this block. Its health Index is 0.255 and education Index is 0.790. Determined intervention to improve the standard of living and required to reverse this condition of low HDI in this Block. The overall low HDI of the district could be attributed to the poor health index and standard of living.
Gender inequality Index
The Gender disparity is another indicator of human Development. Along with HDI, UNDP constructed the Gender –related Development Index (GDI) to analyze the Gender disparities across the member countries. Tamil Nadu Human Development Report also made attempts to construct GDIs at the district level. GDI, captures mainly the achievements in basic human Development adjusted for Gender inequality under three basic parameters. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a new Index for evaluation of Gender disparity and it was introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report of the UNDP.
Three dimensions are used to measure Gender inequality viz.Health, Empowerment and Labour Market. These three dimensions used fourteen indicators to compute the Gender Inequality Index of the Thiruvarur district. UnderGII a value of zero represents no gender inequality and a value of one represents the highest level of inequality in the society. The indicators are given below.
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Gender inequality in Thiruvarur – Inter – Block Variations
Dimensions Indicators Health MMR Share of institutional delivery Share of antenatal coverage Empowerment Female literacy rate Male literacy rate Share of female children 0 – 6 years Share of male children 0 – 6 years Share of male elected representatives in RLBs and ULBs Share of female elected representatives in RLBs and ULBs Labour market Female work participation rate Male work participation rate Female work participation rate in Non Agri. Sector Male work participation rate in non Agri. sector Female agri. wage rate Male agri. wage rate
Table 2.2.
Top and Bottom three Blocks in Gender inequality Index, 2013
Top Three Blocks with Lower Bottom Three Blocks with Higher GII GII value value
Mannargudi (0.067) Koradachery (0.167)
Kottur (0.039) Nannilam (0.094)
Kodavasal (0.029) Thiruthuraipoondi (0.092)
Source: Thiruvarur District Indices Computation Note: Appendix table No. 2
Table 2.2 presents the top and bottom three Blocks in Gender Development Index in Thiruvarur disttrict. In Thiruvarur district, Kodavasal (0.029), Kottur (0.039) and Thiruvarur (0.067) occupy the first three places in Gender Inequality Index. Thiruthuraipoondi (0.092), Nannilam (0.094), and Koradachery (0.167) blocks occupy the last three places in GII. The mean of disparity noticed in Thiruvarur district under
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the Gender Inequality Index is 0.138. Here the average is very high when compared to Human Development Index of Thiruvarur Block at 0.769. The overall range of Gender Inequality Index of the district ranges from the maximum of 0.151 and the minimum of 0.027. Top three Blocks, namely Kodavasal, Kottur and Thiruvarur, represent low Gender inequality. Thiruthuraipoondi Block occupy bottom at the 8th rank (0.092) Nannilam at the 9th rank (0.094) and Koradachery (0.167) Block at the 10 th rank.
ANALYSIS OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT INDEX (CDI)
The Child Development Index (CDI) is an Index merging performance measures, particularly regarding children’s education, health and nutrition. Index value falls between 0 to 1. The higher the Index value, i.e. closer to 1 would be the best in Child Development. The lower the Index value, i.e. closer to the zero, the performance of would be the children faring. The Child Development Index for Thiruvarur district computed the basis of on ten indicators prescribed by MIDS through SPC. Indicators and values used for CDI computation is enclosed in Annexure 3. Indicators used for CDI computation are furnished in the Annexure. The Child Development Index (CDI) was developed by the campaign in UK, called “Save the Children” in 2008 through the contributions of Terry McKinley, Director of the Centre for Development Policy and Research at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, with support from Katerina Kyrili.
Dimensions Indicators Health U5MR Child sex ratio Percentage of malnourished children Education Gross enrollment ratio in primary Gross enrollment ratio in secondary Children never enrolled in schools Transition rate from primary to upper primary Transition rate from upper primary to secondary
Child health is important for making future generation. In Thiruvarur district, the CDI value is low when compared to HDI. It denotes that the child Development lagged behind the human Development. Thiruvarur block which stands first in the HDI in the District, is pushed down to fourth positions in CDI.
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Table 2.3
Top and Bottom three Blocks in Child Development Index, 2013 Top Three Block s with higher Bottom Three Block s with lower CDI CDI value value Thiruthuraipoondi (0.601) Nannilam (0.366) Mannargudi (0.578) Koradachery (0.352) Kottur (0.540) Valangaiman (0.334) Source: Thiruvarur District Indices Computation Note: Appendix table No.4. A 1.4
Table 2.3 portrays the Child Development Index of Thiruvarur district. Under the health dimension, U5MR, child sex ratio and percentage of malnourished children were taken into account. Muthupettai, Needamangalam, Nannilam and Koradachery record a of U5MR when compared to other Blocks in Thiruvarur district. These Blocks recorded a high malnourishment rates children’s of Valangaiman (27.20 %), Mannargudi (21.80%) and Thiruvarur (20.30 %) Blocks also experienced malnourishment. The district should focus on how to reduce child mortality by way of treating malnourished children, by giving vaccination, by providing sanitation and safe drinking water. Child sex ratio is poor Valangaiman (910), Needamangalam (935), Kottur (937) and Nannilam (946) Blocks which recorded lower than the district average of 958. It illustrates the situation of the girl child. The district administration should implemnt the determination and scan to avoid sex selective abortion.
While assessing the child development in terms of education, it was seen that children never enrolled in school was zero in the entire district. Because of less accessibility, Nannilam block faced the issue of low secondary enrollment than other blocks. Transition Rate from primary to upper primary was low in Nannilam and Koradachery, in in the case of upper primary to secondary was low in Valangaiman and Koradachery. These Blocks need to be observed in focus on upper primary and secondary education. Valangaiman block (27.20 percent) recorded the highest rate and Kottur at (12.30 percent) recorded that is lowest in malnourishment children it indicate this block has better position in Thiruvarur district.
The enrolment in primary and secondary school level was found in all the blocks to be better was in this district, The highest level of enrolment both primary and secondary education was found in Valangaiman Block. It was noticed that a few blocks
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namely Needamangalam (99.73 %), Thiruthuraipoondi (99.86 %), and Valangaiman (99.88 %) blocks registered lower level of enrolment in primary education in this district.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX
In the computation of health dimension, Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Ratio Percentage of Malnourished Children, are included whereas in the dimension of education it is included that the dropout rate in Primary and Secondary school level is very high. In Living Standards Dimension Percentage of household having access to cooking fuel, toilet facilities, safe drinking water, Electricity and to pucca house. The indicators have been broadly categorised under the three parameters such as Health, Education and Standard of Living. The data collected for the above indicators are used for calculating the Index values. This would help in making the values free of units and would allow the summation of the Index values of all the indicators. The Index values have to be calculated for each of the indicators after identifying whether the indicators are positive or negative. This is done to make the Index values unidirectional.
Dimensions Indicators
Health IMR Higher order birth rate Malnourished meat among children Education Drop out of the primary Drop out in secondary Standard of living Access to cooking fuel Access to toilet facilities Access to drinking water Access to Pucca houses Access to electricity
The Index values for each of the indicators would range between 0 and 1 where 0 indicate the lowest ranking for a block and 1 indicate the highest ranking of a block and the consolidated Index for each of the parameters/sectors/dimensions will be the average index value of all the indicates. The composite Index is the average of the indicators of all the three parameters of Health, Education and Standard of Living. This will be used to assign the ranks for the blocks within the district. MPI in Thiruvarur district exhibits the of disparity among the blocks. While comparing the other indices like HDI, that. The range starts from top of Thiruvarur (0.142) to bottom of Valangaiman (0.805).
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Table 2.4
Top and Bottom three Blocks in Multidimensional Poverty Index, 2013 Top Three Block s with Lower MPI Bottom Three Block s with Higher value MPI value
Thiruvarur (0.142) Thiruthuraipoondi (0.580) Nannilam (0.408) Muthipettai (0.603) Mannargudi (0.426) Valangaiman (0.805) Source: Thiruvarur District Indices Computation Note: Appendix table No.4
Table 2.4 explains Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in Thiruvarur district. Health dimension has correlation with poverty. Due to poverty the health condition is disturbing in terms of malnourishment, anaemic condition and aggravation of diseases because of improper treatment. On the other hand, the mounting trend of health expenditure, environmental condition and the outbreak of new diseases cause poverty. High incidence of infant mortality in Needamanagalam Block has positive correlation with child malnourishment. Inadequate breastfeeding and lack of knowledge in child health was noted as the causal factor in this issue. Valangaiman, Thiruthuraipoondi, Mannargudi and Nannilam blocks with higher order of birth rate and recorded links with malnourishment.
Family under poverty could not provide education to their children. Government started universal education scheme, i.e. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan to improve access to children Through this scheme most on the blocks reached hundred percent enrollment at the primary and upper primary levels. however, the enrolled children could not continue their education due to poverty, low accessibility, etc., Needamangalam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Koradachery and kodavasal blocks recorded with higher range of dropout rate in the secondary education.
Standard of living gives dignity to the community. Valangaiman lock recordedvery low level of standard of living compared to other Blocks. Industrialization, expansion of urban areas, scattered villages, undulated hilly areas and government scheme of penetration to the are of concern and importnce in terms of standard of living in Thiruvarur district.
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It is found that among top three Blocks attained the Thiruvarur tops (0.142), followed by Nannilam Block 2nd (0.408) and Mannargudi 3 rd rank (0.426) in MP Index. On the other hand of bottom three Blocks of educational Index are the Mannargudi Block 8th rank (0.416), Kodavasal had 9 th rank (0.221) and Valangaiman the 10 th rank (0.057) in Thiruvarur district.
It is significant to note that the standard living Index consists of access to cooking fuel, access to toilet facility, access to drinking water, access to electricity and access to Pucca house this was registered highest in Thiruvarur Block (0.954) and the lowest level in Mannargudi Block (0.189). Among the top three Blocks, Nannilam Block secured the 2nd rank (0.623). Among the bottom three blocks Thiruthuraipoondi secured the 8th rank (0.580), Muthupettai the 9th rank ( 0.603) and Valangaiman the10 th rank ( 0.805).
Improvement in Health, Education and Standard of Living can bring down the MDPI. There is a negative relationship between HDI and MDPI. Thiruvarur Block recorded more positive health indicators. The position of Mannargudi was also showing higher indices in Health. Still this Block has to go a long way under in these indices for Development. This indicates that there is a still widespread poverty. This need to be checked by t policy intervention by the Government by creating awareness, generating employment opportunities and training the youth to start small scale units industries.
Table 2.5 Consolidation of HDI, GII, CDI and MPI Indices, 2013 HDI GII CDI MDPI Sl..No Block Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank Value Rank 1 Thiruvarur 0.836 1 0.205 10 0.532 4 0.142 1 2 Nannilam 0.566 5 0.094 7 0.366 8 0.408 2 3 Koradachery 0.511 7 0.167 8 0.352 9 0.480 5 4 Kodavasal 0.587 4 0.202 9 0.511 5 0.520 6 5 Valangaiman 0.549 6 0.070 3 0.334 10 0.805 10 6 Needamangalam 0.429 10 0.082 4 0.375 7 0.554 7 7 Mannargudi 0.703 2 0.067 2 0.578 2 0.426 3 8 Kottur 0.607 3 0.039 1 0.540 3 0.434 4 9 Thiruthuraipoon 0.488 8 0.092 6 0.601 1 0.580 8 10 Muthupettaidi 0.455 9 0.086 5 0.505 6 0.603 9 Source: Thiruvarur District Indices Computation
The Table 2.5.clearly illustrates the disparity among the Blocks. Intra Block disparity is high in Thiruvarur district. Thiruvarur and Mannargudi Blocks are performing well in terms of human Development because these two Blocks have a considerable
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urban population. Except under Gender inequality Index, Thiruvarur Block is also performing well. Connectivity, industrialization and access to basic services contribute to better performance of human Development in these Blocks.
Except women empowerment, i.e. Gender equity, human and child Development as well as the prevalence of poverty is very high in Needamangalam Block. The reason behind this backwardness is low access to cooking fuel, toilet facilities and electricity, the high occurrence of infant and under five child mortality and lower literacy rate. Valangaiman block in the district is the most backward block with almost all the indices being low.
CONCLUSION
The status of Human Development in Thiruvarur district is presented in the second chapter. After briefly stating the HDI Tamil Nadu, the HDI of Thiruvarur district has been analysed in depth. The inter Block variations in HDI, GII, CDI and MDPI, are analysed and facts have been presented. In HDI the top three performing Blocks are Thiruvarur and Thiruthuraipoondi. Were as it is the lowest in Valangaiman and Needamangalam. It shows higher economic Development of these two Blocks. In the case of Gender Inequality Index the top two Blocks with higher GII are Koradachery followed by Kodavasal and Thiruvarur. This Index with lower values is found in Kottur Block followed by Mannargudi and Valangaiman. In Child Development Index the Block with higher CDI value of Thiruthuraipoondi followed by Mannargudi and Kottur. The bottom three Block with lowest CDI value are Nannilam followed Koradachery and Valangaiman. In Multidimensional Poverty Index Thiruvarur Block is at the top with the lower MDPI (0.142) were as Valangaiman is at the Bottom with MPI value of 0.805. Special attention need to be given to the poorly performing Blocks with regard to HDI, CDI, GII and MDPI.
23 CHAPTER 3 EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND POVERTY
CHAPTER – 3 EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND POVERTY Introduction
This chapter proposes to discuss the status of employment, income and poverty in Thiruvarur district. Employment is often described as the most important link between economic growth and poverty eradication. Providing income earning opportunities through wage employment or self employment for poor women and men are crucial for raising income and overcoming poverty. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) have reported that India is the biggest casualty of economic crisis induced by poverty. According to UNDESA, the increase in poverty is a blend of reduced family income, poor public services and increasing unemployment. Considering the size of Indian Union it is quite natural that the impact of global economic crisis has contributed to the States and district level variations. Thiruvarur district in Tamil Nadu also reflects the above National phenomenon.
Table No.3.1 Size of the Workforce and Work Participation Rate ( In Numbers) Block wise/ Marginal Total workers Main Workers Non-Workers Total Population Workers District
2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Thiruvarur 53536 57948 46132 48815 7404 9133 83666 93748 137202 151696
Nannilam 44402 49499 33905 36763 10497 12736 63658 70267 108060 119766
Koradachery 41504 46839 33058 35312 8446 11527 60147 61410 101651 108249
Kodavasal 42538 48737 31304 37849 11234 10888 62106 64369 104644 113106
Valangaiman 41332 45371 29301 38633 12032 6738 53142 55274 94474 100645
Needamangalam 47523 55196 37638 45542 9885 9654 69557 69513 117080 124709
Mannargudi 87762 88652 67015 73599 20747 15053 119788 134934 203340 223586
Kottur 46991 52107 36836 34672 10155 17435 56696 55418 103687 107525
Thiruthuraipoondi 46970 52161 36604 32919 10366 19242 59082 63521 106052 115682
Muthupettai 40202 43658 31836 28317 8366 15341 52902 55655 93104 99313
District 492760 540226 377566 412462 107925 127763 683803 724051 1169294 1264277
Source : Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011.
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Table 3.1 briefly portrays the total work participation rate in Thiruvarur district. The total workers could be classified in to main workers, marginal workers and non workers. The total workers participation has slightly changed in 2011 when compared to 2001. Thiruthuraipoondi block recorded higher total workers participation rate. The workers participation has not witnessed significant changes in 2011 except in Kottur and Mannargudi .But the percentage of main workers increased from 76.36% in 2001 to 83.02% in 2011. Being the head quarter of this district, Thiruvarur block tops in workers participation rate. It has more employment opportunities in the service oriented sectors. Thiruthuraipoondi has more marginal workers due to non existence of industries and employment opportunities. Intervening measures taken to address this issue concentrating on development service sector.
Work Participation Rate
Table .3.2 Work Participation Rate
2001 (in %) 2011 (in %)
Male 55.29 59.87
Rural Female 32.15 29.96
Persons 43.72 44.82
Male 54.22 55.65
Urban Female 13.82 14.15
Persons 34.02 34.55
Male 54.75 59.02
Total Female 24.98 26.71
Persons 41.52 42.73
Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011.
Work participation rate clearly presented in the above table. Gender differentiation is witnessed between the rural and urban population under various sub categories of work. The cause the migration of male to other industries, and areas in search of job. This leads to more number of women working in agriculture related field and other work.
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Sectoral Composition of Workers Table No. 3.3 Composition of Work in Major Sector Sl. Block Cultivator Agri. Labourers Househ old Other Workers N wise/District Industries o 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 1 Thiruvarur 3748 3960 22003 21498 1049 928 26736 31555 2 Nannilam 5781 5369 27991 27762 604 891 10026 15479 3 Koradachery 5234 4654 26118 25786 863 1606 9289 14791 4 Kodavasal 5079 6577 26591 29057 1080 929 9788 12179 5 Valangaiman 6344 6478 26717 27984 1029 699 7241 10213 6 Needamangalam 5826 10139 29764 32145 775 1288 11158 11628 7 Mannargudi 17272 12709 47418 38307 1773 1641 21300 35990 8 Kottur 6668 5943 32814 37548 912 916 6598 7700 9 Thiruthuraipoon 6618 6081 28088 30995 742 837 11522 14246 10 Muthupettaidi 5073 7973 23570 24106 868 705 10690 10876 District 67643 69883 29107 295188 9696 10440 12434 164657 Source: Census of India, 2001 and 2011. 4 7 Table 3.3 displays the increase in rural work participation rate in a phased manner under various employment opportunities in unorganized sector. This is represented in the variations in the percentages of workers out of the total workers. That is why the percentage of cultivators and agricultural labourers has come down in Thiruvarur block (6.83 in 2011)due to the availability of more employment opportunities in non agriculture sctor . Kottur block shows more agricultural labourers (72.06 percent)and lowest rate of other workers(14.78 percent) indicating its leaning towards agricultural activities. More scheduled caste population live in this block but they do not own any land. As Needamangalam is the place of an Agricultural Research Centre(KVK), the cultivators have more opportunities for interaction with agricultural scientists, field visit and adopt new methods of cultivation. In fact the percentage of cultivators has increased from 12.26 percent in 2001 to 18.37 in 2011. Table.3.4 Registration and Placement Sl. No Year Registration Placement 1 2007 1,11,186 679 2 2008 124,572 548 3 2009 137,930 396 4 2010 147,355 511 5 2011 162,667 432 6 2012 187691 576 7 2013 204182 433 8 2014 152828 472 Total 1228411 4050 Source: District Employment Officer. Tiruvarur 2014.
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Table 3.4 presents the year wise analysis of growth rate of employment. The highest number of persons registered was 187691 in 2013. But the highest level of placement was in 2007 and it was 679 (0.61 percent). In the next year the placement slightly fell by 0.17 per cent. Since 2008, the placement there is ups and downs in placement ratio. The overall district placement rate is only 0.38 percent out of total number of 1228411 registered candidates.
INCOME Per-capita Income TABLE .3.5 Per capita Income (In Rs.) Sl.No Year District Tamil Nadu
1 2008 09 24888 43193
2 2009 10 26845 47394
3 2010 11 27408 53507
4 2011 12 34727 63996
Source : States Planning Commission, 2011 112 Table 3.5 illustrates the per capita income in the district of Thiruvarur according to the Table, it increased from Rs.24888 to 34727 in the period 2008 09 to 2011 12. The State’s per capita income which was Rs.43193 in 2008 09 rose to Rs.63996 in 2011 12. The comparative analysis shows the district is almost half way behind the state in this important economic phenomenon.
Human Development Index is not only determined by literacy rate alone but also by per capita income, physical and mental health. In this district most of the people are depending upon agriculture and Cauvery water for irrigation. People are not at all getting employment opportunities during off season because there is no cottage and small scale industries in this district. These leads to low per capita income, which directly affect their standard of living and health conditions. So this district is far behind in Human development index. By the way of creating more employment opportunities in non agricultural sector and health facility we can able to increase the personal and per capita Income.
Poverty and Inequality
Poverty prevents the individuals from the attainment of certain basic needs. The term poverty is not an economic abstraction, but a human condition of despair, grief and
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pain. Instead of consumption based expenditure which revealed a lower poverty ratio in Thiruvarur district, the household survey conducted by the Rural Development Department when lists out 13 parameters for arriving identifying the number of families living in poverty. These parameters range from possession of land, household consumer goods, educational level, and access to drinking water, sanitation, job and credit needs. The findings of the analysis are presented below.
The National Sample Survey Organization conducts a quinquennial sample survey of consumption expenditure from which monthly per capita consumption expenditure is calculated. The data are analyzed and the poverty line derived from the minimum calorie intake needed for subsistence is determined by the Union Planning Commission. Based on the poverty line, the proportion of people living in poverty is estimated.
In Thiruvarur district 67.89 percent of people are engaged in agriculture sector as compared with Tamil Nadu it is 42.13 percent. Due to inadequate infrastructure for industrial development, lack of Cottage, small scale and other industries. People are not getting alternative employment opportunities during lean season. This cause for low level of per capita income and low standard of living.
TABLE 3.6 TRENDS OF POVERTY LEVEL
Sl. Total No. of Total No. of % of BPL Block wise No HHs BPL HHs HHs 1 Thiruvarur 23453 8320 35.48 2 Nannilam 32869 9419 28.66 3 Koradachery 14564 5630 38.66 4 Kodavasal 30173 9144 30.31 5 Valangaiman 26624 8193 30.77 6 Needamangalam 32961 9944 30.17 7 Mannargudi 59617 17718 29.72 8 Kottur 10695 3003 28.08 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 14911 5772 38.71 10 Muthupettai 26826 8096 30.18 Thiruvarur District 272693 85239 31.26 Source: TNSRLM and PVP, Thiruvarur.
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The BPL survey conducted by the Department of Rural Development has put the absolute figure of 85239 BPL household which is 31.26 percent of the total number of households in the district. Among the Blocks, Thiruthuraipoondi has the highest number of BPL families with 38.71 percent followed by Koradachery with 38.66 percent. Nannilam Block has 28.66 percent and Thiruvarur Block has 35.48 Percent of the BPL families. In Kodavasal, Valangaiman, and Muthupettai less than 30 percent live below poverty line. The lowest proportion of BPL families was found in Kottur (28.08 %) Block. Other than various general factors causing wider spread poverty in the country, industrial backwardness attributed to the phenomenon of more poverty in this district.
In Thiruvarur District agriculture is fully depending upon Cauvery water’s cannel irrigation Tamil Nadu State Government and district administration efforts should be upscaled through the systematic maintenance of cannels and rivers. More over the steps should be taken to ensure the financial assistance extended to the small and marginal framers through the commercial banks and co operative banks in time.
In Thiruvarur district percentage of people depending on agriculture is high as compared to other districts because lack of employment opportunities in non agriculture sector. Though the transisition rate in thiruvarur district is higher than the state average the employment opportunity for the educated youth are lesser owing to the industrial backwardness of the district
Public Distribution System
The Public distribution system is an Indian food security system established by the Government of India under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution. Major commodities distributed included stable food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene through a number of public distribution outlets which are also known as Ration Shops.
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TABLE –3.7 Family Card Holders HH provided % of HH Sl. Total No. of Block wise/District with Family provided with No HH cards family cards 1 Thiruvarur 42516 39269 92.36 2 Nannilam 33524 31549 94.11 3 Koradachery 27586 29568 107.18 4 Kodavasal 28691 28899 100.72 5 Valangaiman 22939 26053 113.58 6 Needamangalam 24158 30813 127.55 7 Mannargudi 63848 62334 97.63 8 Kottur 25159 29957 119.07 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 30555 34162 111.80 10 Muthupettai 28243 22479 79.59 District 327219 335083 102.40 Source: District Supply Officer, Thiruvarur (2013) Table 3.7 explains the public distribution system in Thiruvarur. There are 3,27,219 shops and 3, 35,083 family cards have been provided by the Government of Tamil Nadu. Large number of ration cards have which been provided in Mannargudi Block and lower level of family card have been issued in Valangaiman Block.
Conclusion
Core Economic issues such as Employment, income level and poverty Status of the people of Thiruvarur have been discussed in this chapter. The inter Block variations have also been analysed, which will help the policy makers to frame suitable policies. Total number of workers are highest in Kottur Block. The Growth Rate Employment has come down in this district from 0.70 per cent in 2007 to 0.03 percent in 2014 as per the records of the district Employment Office. Another important finding is that the percentage of BPL families is almost 31.26 percent in this district. And this percentage is maximum for Koradachery Blocks and minimum in Kottur Blocks. Per capita income of the district was Rs.24888 in 2008 09 and this has improved 34727 in 2011 12. There is need for very specific poverty addressing programme to be implemented in various Blocks of the district. The MGNREGP is providing work in almost all the Blocks in the District. During agricultural off season the labourers are benefited and get employment through this scheme. In Thiruvarur district literacy rate is higher but the employment opportunities are less so the Government has to take efforts to create alternative job opportunities and conduct awareness programme to promote self employment
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programme for skill development, entrepreneurial development programme and find out the source to start cottage and small scale industries. The district administration should take efforts to provide coaching classes for competitive examination and various programme on human development. So this is the way in which the district can perform well and provide better result in future.
31 CHAPTER 4 DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND NUTRITION
CHAPTER - 4 DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND NUTRITION
Introduction
Demography can be generally defined as a statistical study of human population, especially with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics. Contemporary demographic concerns include the global birth rates, the interplay between population and economic development, and the effects of birth control, urban congestion, illegal immigration statistics of the and statistics of the labour force. The basis for most demographic research lies in population Census and the registration of vital statistics.
It is a critical time for the Rural India to prioritize nutrition in its health and Development agenda. While dismal nutrition indicators persist, and the country‘s level of hunger are considerable, India is expected to miss the Millennium Development Goals targeting hunger and under nutrition. Without a targeted, multi sectoral approach to nutrition, India is still struggling to deliver evidence based interventions during the most important windows of opportunity.
At the same time, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and its Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) are gaining ground in delivering critical, community based health services for women, children, and families. The current period of service delivery innovation and quality improvement present an important opportunity to better integrate nutrition into health, and to push nutrition programming reform in the country. This chapter will examine the following research question: How can a nutrition strategy are better integrated into health programming? In pursuing this question, the study intends to explore mechanisms for better integration in health planning of State, and district levels, and strengthened operational integration between frontline health workers and their supervisory structures. This chapter also analyses the demographic changes, vital events such as Life expectancy at Birth, Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), under Mortality Rate and nutritional status of 0 5 years children. It probes into the effective source of Government programmes and it also assesses the impact of such programmes.
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Demographic Trends
Demography is the study of human population dynamics. It encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of population, and how population changes over time due to birth, death, migration, and ageing. Demographic analysis can be related to whole society or to smaller groups defined by criteria such as education, religion, or ethnicity. Population and Demographic Transition Table 4.1 presents the demographic profile of the district. The district has 12,64,277 persons as per the 2011 Census, which comprises of 6,26,693 males and 637584 females. It is 1.75 percent of the State’s population. Between 2001 2011, the population growth rate was 7.51 percent against 15.60 percent for the entire state. Mannargudi block has the highest population in the district, followed by Thiruvarur Block and Muthupettai block (93,104) has the lowest population. The density of population for the district as a whole is 556. The distribution of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the population, in terms of proportion, is quite different from that of the State as a whole. The proportion of the Scheduled Castes is higher at 34.08 percent and that of the Scheduled Tribes is strikingly lower at 0.24 percent compared to the Tamil Nadu State figure of 1.10 percent. Table. 4.1 Demographic Profile of Thiruvarur District Sl. Block Population Sex ratio Density SC pop % ST pop % No wise/District 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
1 Thiruvarur 137202 151696 994 1028 531 588 29.87 32.23 0.06 0.28 2 Nannilam 108060 119766 997 990 509 530 34.31 34.46 0.03 0.07 3 Koradachery 101651 108249 991 1015 523 563 42.99 42.86 0.02 0.07 4 Kodavasal 104644 113106 1006 984 502 526 31.68 25.30 0.07 0.08 5 Valangaiman 94474 100645 1012 1005 316 464 40.25 42.27 0.03 0.06 6 Needamangalam 117080 124709 1028 1025 433 478 38.6 26.30 0.04 0.28 7 Mannargudi 203340 223586 1014 1021 391 439 24.87 25.72 0.03 0.41 8 Kottur 103687 107525 1023 1020 438 454 39.37 46.61 0.21 0.12 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 106052 115682 1036 1024 507 554 36.19 47.04 0.11 0.61 10 Muthupettai 93104 99313 1132 1061 523 451 21.38 28.58 0.11 0.13 District 1169474 1264277 1014 1017 492 556 32.35 34.08 0.23 0.24 Source: Census of India 2001 2011.
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The sex ratio in Thiruvarur is at 1017and is a way ahead of the Tamil Nadu ratio of 995. The improvement in the 2011 Census to 1017 compared to 1014 in 2001 is also a more significant one than at the State level from 987 to 995. Sex ratio in the district is also higher in many of the Blocks. The comparative improvement of the sex ratio for the district has reflected the improvement in the ratio in many of the Blocks and only two Blocks Nannilam and Kodavasal have sex ratio which is lower than that of the State ratio.
The population of Thiruvarur district has increased from 11, 69,474 in 2001 to 12, 64,277 in 2011. Poverty and lack of awareness of family planning measures due to illiteracy are the major causes for significant increases in population during the decade of 2001 2011. The growth rate of population is 0.81 percentage in this district which is lower than the Tamil Nadu State annual average growth rate of 1.5 percentage. In the Block wise classification of population growth rate Nannilam Block has an annual average growth rate is the highest at 1.08 percentage which is the highest during the 2001 2011 Census period. Thiruvarur and Mannargudi Blocks stand second and then to Nannilam annual growth rate are 1.06 and 1.00 percentage respectively. Kottur Block has the population growth rate of 0.37 percent per annum which is the lowest population growth Block in this district. The Thiruthuraipoondi, Kodavasal and Koradachery bocks register the population annual average growth rate of 0.91, 0.81 and 0.65 percentage. Kottur Block population growth rate is 0.37 percentages, but the Nannilam Block has the fastest population growth in the same decade.
Density of population in Thiruvarur district increased from 492 to 556 during the 2001 to 2011 Census period. The State density was 480 in 2001 and it rose to 555 persons per Sq.km in 2011 against the 325 to 382 of Indian density in the same decade. In Block wise density analysis, Thiruvarur Block (588 persons) and Koradachery Blocks (563) have recorded more than the district figure of 556.
India Rural population was 68.84 per cent against the urban population of 31.16 percentage. In Tamil Nadu, rural population constitutes 51.55 percent, and urban population constitute 48.45 percent. Tamil Nadu has more urban population as compared with all Indian figure. In the study district 79.61 percentage of population live in rural area and the rest of the 20.39 percentage live in urban area. This district is also one of the most rural populated districts in Tamil Nadu. Among the blocks, Mannargudi is the most urban populated block, and its share was 41.34 to its total population.
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Thiruvarur block comes next to Mannargudi and its urban population (38.43 percent). Muthupettai (21.87 percent) Block gets third rank in this figure which is almost equal to the district urban population (20.39). Kottur block has zero urban population followed by Koradachery block (5.96 percent). Needamangalam also has the third lowest urban population in this district. As far as the rural population is concerned, the highest rural populated blocks are Kottur (100 percent), Koradachery (94.04) and Needamangalam (92.51). Thiruvarur district is one of the most SC populated districts in Tamil Nadu. The SC population in Tamil Nadu constitutes 9.98 percentage. But Thiruvarur district recorded an average of 34.08 percentages of SC population and 0.24 percentage ST population as compared to the State ST population of 1.10 percent. It is lower than the State ST population.
The overall SC population of the district varies from 25.30 percentages to 47.04 percentage in various Blocks. Thiruthuraipoondi Block has 47.04 percentage SC population it is the most SC populated Block in this district. Kottur comes next to Thiruthuraipoondi and its contribution was 46.61. The SC population percentages of Koradachery Valangaiman, Nannilam and Thiruvarur were 42.86, 42.27, 34.46 and 32.23 respectively. All other Blocks also have considerable share of SC population. Thiruvarur, Muthupettai, Needamangalam, Mannargudi and Kodavasal Blocks recorded less than the district average of 34.08 percent while rest of the Blocks registered more than the district average. The total number of ST population in this district was 2673 in 2001 and it rose to 3034 in 2011 Census. Its share in the district total population was 0.24 percentage against the State average of 1.10 percentage. The share of ST in the total population of Thiruthuraipoondi Block was the highest at 0.61 percentage In short Thiruvarur district is one of the most ST populated districts in this State but its ST population was low compared to the State average.
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Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate
Figure 4.1 20 15 10 5 2013 0 2014
Source: DD Health Service, Thiruvarur District. The district Crude Birth Rate (CBR) increased from 15.6 to 15.9 by the year 2013 2014. Kottur recorded the lowest CBR of 12.3 while Valangaiman Block registered the highest CBR of 15.6 in this same period Muthupettai, Thiruvarur and Thiruthuraipoondi Blocks also had a higher CBR. The above data also indicate low Crude Birth Rate in Nannilam (12.9), Needamangalam (13.1) and Mannargudi (13.7). The Crude Death Rate (CDR) for the district was of 5.3 to 5.5 over the year 2013 14. Among the Blocks, Thiruvarur recorded the lowest CDR of 4.7 in 2014 while Muthupettai Blocks registered the highest at 6.6 in 2014. This was due to the fact that Muthupettai Block suffered high incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) and other health problems.
8 7 Crude Death Rate 6 5 4 3 2 2013 1 2014 0
Source: DD Health Service, Thiruvarur District.
Sex Ratio
Table.4.2 Sex-Ratio Sl. Block wise/District General SC Population No /State Increase Increase 2001 2011 or 2001 2011 or Decrease Decrease 1 Thiruvarur 994 1028 34 1002 1001 1 2 Nannilam 997 990 7 983 985 2 3 Koradachery 991 1015 24 946 1005 59 4 Kodavasal 1006 984 22 1000 979 21 5 Valangaiman 1012 1005 7 1007 995 12 6 Needamangalam 1024 1025 1 1003 1007 4 7 Mannargudi 1014 1021 7 1017 1014 3 8 Kottur 1023 1020 3 1017 1012 5 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 1036 1024 12 1012 1022 10 10 Muthupettai 1132 1061 71 1159 1034 125 District 1014 1017 3 1014 1006 8 Source: Census Provisional data, Tamil Nadu 2011 The Sex Ratio is a widely used indicator of gender discrimination as it captures various facts of discrimination against women like their bargaining power, education and health investment and asset ownership. Many studies have provided evidence that it is excessive female foetal mortality before birth, which accounts for the imbalance in the sex ratio.
The decadal growth of sex ratio was noticed as positive as it rose from 1014 in 2001 rose to 1017 in 2011 Census in Thiruvarur district. It is very positive compared to the State sex ratio of 995 during the same Census period. In Tamil Nadu, the Nilgiris district has the highest sex ratio of 1041 females per 1000 males and the lowest sex ratio district was Dharmapuri (946).
Sex ratio of the district had improved from 1014 to 1017 between 2001 and 2011 indicating that there was further narrowing down the difference between male and female. Regarding the Sex Ratio of SC and ST population among the 10 Blocks of the district, Muthupettai Block witnessed higher level of SC sex ratio at 1034 and it was the lowest in Kodavasal Block at 979 against the district average sex ratio of 1006 in 2011 Census.
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Child Sex Ratio
The size of population in the age group 0 6 in this district was 1,21,973 out of the total population of 12,64,277 and its share in total population is 9.66% However child sex ratio of the district is similar to the overall sex ratio of the state, because of full utilization of health facilities and nutritional programmes of the Government.
Table 4.3 Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age Group) (Figures in Numbers) Block Population in the age group of (0-6) Sl. No Sex Ratio wise/District Male Female 1 Thiruvarur 7715 7583 983 2 Nannilam 6079 5751 946 3 Koradachery 5373 5203 968 4 Kodavasal 5472 5284 966 5 Valangaiman 5365 4884 910 6 Needamangalam 5966 5578 935 7 Mannargudi 10771 10331 959 8 Kottur 5046 4730 937 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 5592 5620 1005 10 Muthupettai 4901 4729 965 Thiruvarur Dist. 62280 59693 958 Source: Census Tamil Nadu 2011 TABLE 4.3 exhibits the block wise population in the age group of 0 6 in Thiruvarur district. The higher proportion in the age group of 0 6 is observed in Valangaiman and Thiruvarur blocks with 10.18 and 10.08 respectively against the district average of 9.65 percent. Kottur, Mannargudi, Needamangalam and Kodavasal Blocks recorded less than proportion of chidrenthe district average of 9.65 percentage. Rest of the Blocks witnessed slightly higher percentage than the district figure. Child Sex ratio in Thiruvarur district is 1000 male for 946 female against the Tamil Nadu State child sex ratio of 943. The district child sex ratio (958) was higher than the State sex ratio. The Block wise classification of the age group of 0 6 population are Thiruvarur, Nannilam, Koradachery, Needamangalam, Mannargudi, Kottur, Kodavasal, Valangaiman and Muthupettai. Child sex ratio was dominant and the remaining was only in Thiruthuraipoondi Block the female child domination was at 1005 females for 1000 males. Adverse sex ratio and male child preference is noticeable in Valangaiman block.
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Table 4.4 Life Expectancy at Birth Sl. No District 2011 2014 Male Female Combined Male Female Combined
1 District 62 64 63 68.60 71.00 69.80
2 State 70.1 70.9 68.9 71.80 75.20 73.40
Source : DD Health, Thiruvarur . 2014. Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) is a long term measure of Social Development. It is a sum total of impact of socio economic intervention. The LEB of Tamil Nadu for 2014 was 71.80 years for male and 75.20 for female. In this regard, the district LEB in 2011 and 2014 were 63 and 69.80 years respectively. The male LEB in 2014 was 68.60 years and female LEB was 71.00. LEB of the district indicates that there is provisions for improvement in the overall economic and health conditions.
HEALTH
The concept of health is a broader one. For a person to be considered healthy his physiological conditions have to be normal. Apart from fitness, many other factors determine human health. This includes environmental, social and psychological factors. Emotional, spiritual and intellectual well being is also included in the concept of health. The right to live is the most basic human right. Within the limitations of existing technology and resources, efforts must be made to ensure that every one can lead a healthy life. Good health means freedom from illness and disease. To acquire skills, human beings need sound health. Therefore health care becomes a prime criteria for attendants in a district. Skilled attention is needed during their delivery. Recognizing women’s health rights means ensuring better health and educational rights of their children, but deeply rooted gender inequality makes it difficult for women to access health facilities.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) The Infant Mortality Ratio (IMR) measures the number of infant (< 1 year) deaths per 1000 live births. The World Summit for Children in 1990, constructed that there is a strong correlation between the health of the mother and that of the child. The summit also resolved to reduce the infant mortality deaths by half by the year 2000. The Millennium Development declaration has also included the goal of reducing maternal
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mortality to half. But in India, it is still a long way to achieve this target. The access to immunization and the skilled birth attendants during deliveries substantially lowered the maternal mortality rate.
Fig.No.4.2 Trend in Infant Mortality Rate (2014)
Infant Mortality Rate 20 18.04 14.01 14.05 13.05 13.08 15 11.07 12.01 11.2 9.02 10.03 10 6.03 5 0 2014
Source: DD Health, Thiruvarur. 2014. Figure 4.2 shows the infant mortality rate of the district, It is also an important indicator of health status of the population. Among the ten blocks Needamangalam registered the highest (18.04) against the district average of 11.20. Except Valangaiman, Mannargudi and Kottur blocks. All other blocks were poor against the district average. Still there is scope to improve the health status of the district. It is also the main reason for these blocks has low in child development Index. Maternal Mortality Ratio
The MMR measures the number of women who die due to maternal causes per 1, 00,000 live births. Table 4.5 shows that Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) of Thiruvarur district. Overall MMR in Tamil Nadu was 85.0 in 2014 and for Thiruvarur it was 110.00 during the same period.
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Table 4.5 Maternal Mortality Rate
Sl.No Block wise/ District /State 2014 1 Thiruvarur 0.00 2 Nannilam 128.40 3 Koradachery 181.40 4 Kodavasal 0.00 5 Valangaiman 126.80 6 Needamangalam 118.40 7 Mannargudi 161.60 8 Kottur 68.60 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 224.90 10 Muthupettai 188.70 District 110.00 Source: DD Health Department, Thiruvarur. (2014)
The Maternal Mortality Ratio was high in Thiruthuraipoondi (224.90) Muthupettai (188.90) and Koradachery (181.40). The lowest Maternal Mortality rate is registered in Thiruvarur (0.00), Kodavasal (0.00) and Kottur (68.60). It is interesting to note that there was no maternal mortality rate in Thiruvarur and Kodavasal block as far as 2014 data was concerned. The study suggests that Government should concentrate on maternal health care in the above mentioned seven blocks. High MMR in Thirthuraipoondi is 224.90 and hence is need for the detailed study regarding the seven block.
Number of Institutional Delivery
Institutional delivery includes all deliveries that place deliveries attended by trained personnel. In this district all deliveries are institutional, except Kodavasal and Valangaiman Blocks which witnessed one delivery at home. In Thiruvarur (1), Nannilam (1), Valangaiman (1) and Needamangalam (4) delivery took place in health sub centers (Refer Table 4.3 in annexure) There are substantial number of primary health centers which are equipped to conduct normal deliveries in this district. In Thiruvarur district there were 16347 total institutional deliveries in 2014 and there were only 9 deliveries (0.01 percent) in non –institutional settings. In the case of institutional delivery there were seven deliveries at health sub centers and 2325 (11.65 percent) deliveries in Primary Health Centres. Government hospitals took care 8747 deliveries (56.34 percent) in this district. Private hospitals also recorded a considerable share in the institutional delivery that is 5268 (31.80 percent). In the case of PHC deliveries, Kodavasal (16.37 %),
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Koradachery (16.48 %), Valangaiman (15.73 %), Needamangalam (11.98 %) and Thiruvarur (11.67%) recor ded more number against the district average of 11.65 percentage. In the case of Government hospitals except Muthupettai (30.56%), Kodavasal (49.15 %) and Needamangalam (55.08 %) , other blocks availed more institutional delivery facilities than the district average of 56.54 percent. Regarding in a hospital under treained medical care p rivate hospital deliveries, Except Thiruvarur, Koradachery, Valangaiman and Kottur blocks, other blocks have a share greater than the district average of 31.80 perce nt.
Fig.4.3 Place of Delivery ( PHC, Govt. Hospital and Private Hospital) 120.00 Number of Institutional Delivery 100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Private Hospitals Govt. Hospitals Primary Health Centre
Source: DD Health Service, Thiruvarur District 2014 .
The general objectives of the Tamil Nadu Rural Health Mission(TNRHM) include empowering the community to have better health services and improving the performance of the health care delivery system. The project supplies delivery kits to village health nurses, medicines and hospital equipments ents to PHCs and also undertakes to PHCs and also undertakes mi nor civil works in PHCs/HSCs/ district Hospitals.
Table 4.6 Still Birth Rate Sl.No Blocks 2011 2014 1 Thiruvarur 12.8 8.70 2 Nannilam 9 12.00 3 Koradachery 7.6 11.40 4 Kodavasal 13.5 11.00 5 Valangaiman 13.9 10.00 6 Needamangalam 12.1 11.10 7 Mannargudi 7.2 8.50 8 Kottur 8.5 14.90 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 9.3 9.70 10 Muthupettai 10.3 7.50 Source: DD Health Service Thiruvarur District. 2014.
Still Birth Rate is also one of the important indicators of human development. This occurs principally due to malnutrition of the expectant mothers and their poor health status. The SBR of the Thiruvarur block was 8.70 in 2014 and this was the lowest rate of the district but in Kottur Block it was 14.90. Due to the periodically observation made by the health department the SBR is considerably reduced.
Immunization Table.4.7 Immunization
Total Number of Total number of % of children below 5 children immunized Sl. No Block wise Children year 2001 2011 Immunised ( Including Puls Polio) 1 Thiruvarur 13922 14914 107.13 2 Nannilam 7288 8025 110.11 3 Koradachery 27081 28819 106.42 4 Kodavasal 16323 17508 107.26 5 Valangaiman 38017 40539 106.16 6 Needamangalam 8247 9800 107.92 7 Mannargudi 16370 16400 100.18 8 Kottur 27945 28154 100.75 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 10746 9976 92.83 10 Muthupettai 17990 18949 105.33 District 183929 192239 104.62 Source: DD Health Department, Thiruvarur. Table 4.7 shows the immunization below 5 years of age children in all the Blocks of the district. Pulse Polio Immunization was done for 102096 children as against the total of 96,928 children residing in Thiruvarur district. Except Mannargudi Block
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(80.4%), all other Block s showed exceptional performance with regard to thethe administration of pulse polio. It clearly reveals that the people have understood the real meaning, and the need for pulse polio programme.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
Nutritious Level and Trend
Figure 4.4 clearly portrays the actual and percentagepercentage figures of underweight children in this district during the year 2014. Valangaiman block recorded 29.59% of underweight children to its normal children. This pathetic condition due to non intake of qual ity foods, diseases affecting the young children andity foods, diseases affecting the young children and the vitamin deficiencies. This the vitamin deficiencies. This needs to be addressed. People have to make use of the services provided through public distribution system of Tamil Nadu Government and the services offered by Primary Health Centers effectively.
Trend in Nutritional Status of Children Child Malnutrition is a widespread public health problem having distinct consequences because good nutrition is an essential determinant of their well being. The most neglected form of human deprivation is malnutrimost neglected form of human deprivation is malnutrition particularly among pretion particularly among pre school children. Fig.4.4 Trend in Nutritional Status of Children below 0-6 Years
30 Nutritional Status of27.2 Children Below 0 -6 Years
25 21.8 20.3 19.2 20 17.3 18.2 16 16 17.1 15 13 12.3 10
5
0
Source: PO.ICDS
The figure explains the Nutritional Status of Children in the age group of 0 6. The district recorded 18.2 percent malnourished children. Among the block Valangaiman recorded the highest (27.2 percent) while it was lower in Kottur block (12.3 Percent). It is observed from the table that in Valangaiman, Mannargudi, and Thiruvarur blocks is more than district average of 18.2 percent. Hence the Government may concentrate on improving the Nutritional Status of Children in the above blocks.
Provision of IFA Tablets
The intake of iron and folic acid tablets assumes great significance in thwarting the anaemia and the spreading of communicable diseases. Table 4.8 portrays that the adolescent girls need to consume more IFA tablets as it is the period of rapid growth for them. Physical changes require proportion of malnourished children of more IFA. Children and women are the vulnerable groups who require more IFA tablets.
Table 4.8 Provision of IFA Tablets
% of Women % of Adosolent % of Children Who Sl.No Block wise/District who Took Girls Who Took Took IFA Tablets IFA Tablets IFA Tablets 1 Thiruvarur 25.23 14.08 60.70 2 Nannilam 21.20 12.20 66.61 3 Koradachery 20.33 21.90 57.77 4 Kodavasal 19.34 17.75 62.91 5 Valangaiman 23.81 15.37 60.83 6 Needamangalam 20.89 31.41 47.70 7 Mannargudi 25.29 27.14 47.57 8 Kottur 31.38 9.45 59.17 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 21.95 20.51 57.53 10 Muthupettai 22.00 19.30 58.70 District 22.84 20.04 57.12 Source: DD Health Service Thiruvarur District 2014.
According to NFHS 3, the proportion of women (15 49 years) who are anemic was 53.3 percent in Tamil Nadu and 56.2 percent in India in 2005 06. Another important indicator of maternal care is the number of deliveries conducted by skilled personnel. In 2005 06, skilled attendants conducted only 48 percent of deliveries in India. This not only increases the mortality rates of infants and children but also contributes to high maternal mortality in India. The corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu was 93 percent. The projection shows that 100 percent of women in the State will give birth under the
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care of a skilled birth attendants by 2010. Children in the age of 6 24 months are most vulnerable to anemic and it can result in impaired cognitive performance, behavioral and mental development co ordination, language development and scholastic achievement besides increasing morbidity from infectious diseases. DDHS Thiruvarur in 2011 found that, out of the total number of pregnant women 1614 were suffering from anemia i.e., 7.21 percent of women reported with anemia. In Nannilam, the total numbers of pregnant women was 2249 in 77 (4.00%) suffered with anemia Koradachery, with a total number of 2121 pregnant women 182 anemia reported i.e. 8.58 percentage. Kodavasal recorded 13.87 percent, Thiruthuraipoondi, 11.30 percent, Valangaiman, 4.97 percent, Needamangalam, 7.95 percent, Mannargudi, 4.88 percent, Muthupettai, 8.90 percent during the same period. Out of the ten blocks, Kodavasal recorded the highest share and Kottur registered the lowest share of percentage of women with anemia, at 11.30 and 1.48 percent respectively. It is found that Thiruvarur Koradachery, Kodavasal, Needamangalam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Muthupettai recorded higher average than the district average rate of pregnant women with anemia. Among the pregnant women of 22385, 1618 suffered from anemia in the year 2011. In Kottur, some preventive measures were taken by the district Welfare Department in Thiruvarur. .
NON-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON NUTRITION Habitations provided with safe Drinking water. Water and sanitation have direct impact on nutrition and the health of people. Provision of these basic facilities is also crucial for achieving the like water supply and sanitation goal of “Health for All”. The goal is set at supplying 40 Liters Per Capita (LPC) in the rural areas. It is noticed that water is a major source of infection for most of the communicable disease. In this context provision of safe drinking water and maintenance, drainage facilities and latrine facilities assumes much significance. The World Bank has assessed that 30 million life years are lost per annum due to water borne diseases. Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) is a major cause for adult mortality in India.
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Fig.No.4.5 Access to Drinking Water (2014)
100 95 90 85 80 75 97.11 96.97 92.41 70 89.07 87.21 90.32 87.11 81.92 84.62 65 79.04 60 55 50
Source: MDWS, Site for Block s, EO (TP) and Municipal Commissionar,2014.
Under the total sanitation campaign in the Thiruvarur district 88.76 percentage of habitations have been provided with safe drinking water, which are 2630 habitations out of 2963 habitations in this district . Water and sanitation have sufficient impact on nutrition and provision of these basic ancillaries is also crucial for achieving t he goal of health for all. In Thiruvarur Block 97.11 percentage of habitations are provided with safe drinking water and this is the highest rate in this district . In Thiruthuraipoondi block was 79.04 percent.
Nannilam block (96.97 %) followed by Thiruv arur block Provided second highest safe drinking water provided block in this district . It is found that except Mannargudi, Nannilam and Thiruvarur all other blocks have less than the district average of provision of safe drinking water in this district. In urban area, all urban habitations availed 100 percentage of drinking water facility in this district.
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Percentage of Population Access to Toilet Facilities Table No. 4.9 Percentage of Population Access to Toilet Facilities Number of Total % of HHs are Sl. No Block wise/District Number of Household with Toilet HHs with Toilet facilities 1 Thiruvarur 39243 26301 67.02 2 Nannilam 30394 19961 65.67 3 Koradachery 28014 18651 66.58 4 Kodavasal 29064 18676 64.26 5 Valangaiman 25114 11469 45.67 6 Needamangalam 31914 21986 68.89 7 Mannargudi 57150 33003 57.75 8 Kottur 28932 19836 68.56 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 30764 22164 72.04 10 Muthupettai 26630 18702 70.23 District 327219 210747 64.41 Source: MDWS site for Blocks and EO (TP) and Municipal commissioner Thiruvarur,2014. Under the total sanitation campaign, household toilets have been constructed keeping a target every year. In 2011 Census, 64.41 percent of households in the district have been provided with toilet facilities Thiruthuraipoondi block has recorded 72.04 percent of households to get toilet facility in this district. In Muthupettai block it was 70.23 percentage and in Valangaiman block it was 45.67 percentage, followed by Mannargudi block at 57.75 percent. The highest percentage of toilet facilities was available in Thiruthuraipoondi block with a share of 22164 households (72.04 %) The hygienic aspect of possessing more toilets should be accorded importance. Valangaiman block has to concentrate in this matter as it had only 45.67 percent of households with toilet facilities. SPECIAL PROGRAMMES Table.4.10 HIV Positive Persons Sl.No Age-Group wise Positive Persons in 2007 Positive Persons in 2011 Male Female Male Female 1 0-14 11 9 5 4 2 15-19 0 3 1 0 3 20-24 1 10 4 6 4 25-29 19 29 9 8 6 30-39 50 22 31 16 7 40-49 23 8 20 10 8 50 above 7 0 6 6 9 Total 111 81 76 50
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In Thiruvarur district, 111 male and 81 female tested HIV positive, as per 2007 data. The persons affected by HIV/AIDS came down to 76 males and 50 females and this fall was due to increased awareness. The VCTC ( Voluntary Counseling and Training Centre) should take some preventive measure under the HIV programme in Thiruvarur district. Age wise classification of HIV positive cases in Thiruvarur district, is significant According to Table 4.10. 11 male and 9 female under the 0 14 age group were noted as positive cases of HIV in 2007 and it declined 5 male and 4 female in 2011. In the age group of 15 3, 3 female and 1 male are noted as positive cases. At the district level in 2011, 76 male and 50 female were tested HIV positive. It can be been that in the district, there has been a decline in HIV cases. Large declines in the age group 0 14 suggest that the district could have been successful in the prevention of mother to child transmission.
Table.4.11 TB and Leprosy Incidence Sl.No Block wise/District /State Positive TB persons Leprosy persons 2007 2011 2007 2011 1 Thiruvarur 263 251 4 4 2 Nannilam 22 37 6 7 3 Koradachery 12 25 4 5 4 Kodavasal 16 2 3 2 5 Valangaiman 22 16 3 4 6 Needamangalam 36 37 11 13 7 Mannargudi 133 154 6 8 8 Kottur 8 12 10 11 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 109 155 4 5 10 Muthupettai 21 6 3 2 District 642 695 54 65 Source : DD Health Service, Thiruvarur , 2011. Leprosy The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) was launched in 1955 in Tamil Nadu. At the time of introduction, the Dap zone medicine was used for treatment, but from September 1990 onwards Multi Drug Treatment (MDT) was introduced. There has been remarkable improvement in the treatment and recovery of leprosy patients. Leprosy showed increasing trend in 2007 and 2011 with 54 and 65 cases respectively. The higher positive leprosy cases were reported in Needamangalam and
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Kottur blocks viz., 13, and 11 respectively while lesser number was reported in Kodavasal and Muthupettai. Tuberculosis There has been an increase in the overall positive TB patientss for the district. Thiruvarur Block had more number of TB persons (251) in 2011. There was more than 50% increase in TB patients in Koradachery, Kodavasal, Valangaiman and Muthupettai Blocks and the witnessed the declining trend in 2007 and 2011 i.e., 16 to 2 and 22 to 16 and 21 to 6 respectively. Similarly Needamangalam, Mannargudi and Thiruthuraipoondi showed increasing number of positive TB causes in 2007 and 2011. CONCLUSION The district is one of the few district in the State which has a favorable sex Ratio. It is noted that the CBRs (13.07 in 2011) and CDRs (5.99 in 2011) have come down in the year 2011. IMR has come down from 18.51 in 2009 to 13.07 in 2011. But the maternal mortality rate has increased to 1.12 against 22 of Tamil Nadu State. An overwhelming response is found in immunization in Thiruvarur district. The demographic profile of the district highlights population, sex ratio, density, SC and ST population, juvenile sex ratio between 2001 and 2011. The population growth rate of Thiruvarur district was 8.43 percent in the decade 2001to 2011. There was 8.11 percent increase in the population from 1991 to 2001. This has been reflected in the density of population. There is a little change in sex ratio, SC and ST population. In fact, the sex ratio of SC population is high compared to other classes. This segment of population does not make much gender discrimination and they treat every child as their income bearing assets. The child sex ratio of the district is low compared to overall sex ratio. The life expectancy of the female in the district is low compared to State average. The district’s health administration have provided all types of health care services and tracking each and every case through VHNs/CHNs and controlled IMR, MMR, and SBR in the district. The district has achieved 100 per cent institutional deliveries, which is a remarkable achievement. The child Development index highlights that the performance differs only on health rather than on education in the district. The poor health performance is noticed in certain Blocks and these Blocks have to be provided adequate attention in enhancing overall child health in the district. The Government has scaled up their activities in providing potable drinking water, good sanitation and controlling communicable and non communicable diseases in the district. These factors are related to the levels of literacy of the population, which will be analysed in the next chapter.
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CHAPTER 5 LITERACY AND EDUCATION
CHAPTER – 5
LITERACY AND EDUCATION
Introduction
Education is one of the most powerful instruments for reducing poverty and inequality and lays the foundation for sustained economic growth. The World Bank compiles data on education inputs, participation, efficiency, and outcomes. Data on education are compiled by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics from official responses to surveys and from reports provided by education authorities in each country.
Education is a core sector for achieving the objective of employment, human resource development and bringing about the much needed change in social environment, leading to overall progress through efficient use of resources. An appropriate education system cultivates knowledge, skill, positive attitude, awareness and sense of responsibility towards rights and duties and imparts inner strength to face oppression, humiliation and inequality (Ninth Five Year Plan, 1997 2002).
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest State by area and the seventh in Population State in India. It is the second largest State economy in India as of 2012. The State was ranked sixth among States in India according to the India Human Development. The State has the highest number (10.56 percent) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97 per cent) in India, compared to the population share of about 6 per cent. In the 2013 Raghuram Rajan Panel Report indicated Tamil Nadu as the third most developed State in India based on a "Multidimensional Development Index".
Education
Tamil Nadu fares relatively well in terms of key education indicators. It ranks first in terms of gross enrolment ratio at middle schools, third in terms of education development index for primary and overall and female literacy, fifth in terms of composite index for elementary education, and sixth in terms of gross enrolment at primary level.
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In earlier census up to 1981, it was customary to work out the Literacy Rate taking into account the total population. Since Literacy Rate was more meaningful if the sub population in the age group 0 6 was excluded from the total population, it was decided in 1991 to calculate Literacy Rate for the population of seven years and a bove. The same concept has been retained in all Censuses since 1991. The Literacy Rate, taking into account the total population into account the total population as the denominator has denominator has now been termed termed as ‘Crude as ‘Crude Literacy Rate’, while the Literacy Rate calculated by taking into account the 7 and above population in the denominator is called the E ffective Literacy Rate.
Literacy Performance of Thiruvarur
Thiruvarur district has been divided into ten Blocks namely, 1. Thiruvarur 2. Nannilam 3. Koradachery 4. Kodavasal 5. Valangaiman Valangaiman 6. N eedamangalam 7. Mannargudi 8. Kottur 9. Thiruthuraipoondi and 10. 10. Muthupettai for administrative purposes.
Fig.5.1, Literacy Rate
90 87.21 Literacy Rate 84.92 84.07 84.5 85 82.14 79.07 82.15 82.99 82.86 81.04 79.04 80.03 79.24 79.97 80 76.95 76.67 75.53 75.1 74.39 75 74.28 75 73.86 2001 70 2011 65
Source: Census in India, 2011
LITERACY LEVEL
The percentage of population aged seven years and over who can both read and write with understanding of a short simple Statement in his/her everyday life, is deemed literate Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make simple arithmetic calculations. Adult illiteracy is defined as the percentage of the population ,
aged 15 years and over who cannot both read and write with understanding a short simple Statement in his/her everyday life. In 2001, the total percentage of literates in Thiruvarur was 76.67 percentage in which 67.90 percent were females and 85.43 percent are males. In 2011, Literacy Rate of Thiruvarur was 82.86 per cent against the state average of 80.09, in which 76.72 percent were females and 89.13 percent were males as compared to the state average of 86.77 percent males and 73.44 percent females in overall Literacy Rate. Among the blocks, Thiruvarur have 87.21 percentage of Literacy Rate, included 92.26 percentage of males and 82.33 percentage of females. In Valangaiman witnessed rise to 79.04 percent from 75.00 percent in the respective census of 2001 to 2011.
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION Primary Education
Primary Education is the first stage of compulsory education. It is preceded by pre school or nursery school followed by the secondary education. In most countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education. The major goals of primary education are to achieve basic literacy and numeracy amongst all pupils, the foundations of science, mathematics, geography, history and other social sciences in the minds of young children. This would create a knowledgeable society, with an analytical bent of mind.
Table No.5.1 Enrolment Primary Education Sl. Block Enrolment in Primary N wise/District o Boys Girls Total 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14
1 Thiruvarur 99.4 100.26 99.5 100.30 99.45 100.28 2 Nannilam 99.1 100.31 99 100.35 99.05 100.33 3 Koradachery 99.5 99.96 99.4 100.00 99.45 99.88 4 Kodavasal 99.6 100.21 99.3 100.25 97.35 100.23 5 Valangaiman 99.6 99.86 99.55 99.90 97.55 99.88 6 Needamangalam 92.2 99.71 100 99.75 96.1 99.73 7 Mannargudi 99.9 100.31 99.5 100.35 99.7 100.33 8 Kottur 99.5 100.26 99.3 100.30 99.4 100.28 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 99.3 99.84 99.4 99.88 99.35 99.86 10 Muthupettai 99.4 100.41 99.3 100.45 99.35 100.43 District 98.75 100.11 99.42 100.15 98.67 100.13 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur.
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Table 5.1 represents the growth in school enrolment, in different stages of school education, from 2012 13 to 2013 14. The total enrollment at the primary stage has increased in Thiruvarur district, from the total enrolment of 98.67% in 2011 12 to 100.13 in 2013 14.
The total enrolment at primary level was100.13 of which 100.11 are boys enrolled and 100.15 % are girls enrolled in primary education during the period of 2013 2014. Total numbers of primary level schools in terms of girls enrolment increased by 98.67 per cent to 100.15 per cent. The education to girls should be improved and this would in turn create a far more vibrant society in future.
In total enrolment six blocks had achieved 100 per cent of girls at primary level. The other blocks had more or less the same level of enrolment ratio in the year of 2013 14.
The study found that there were more enrolment especially enrolment of boys which increased in 2013 14 as compared to 2012 13 where RTE (Right to education) has been notified.
Completion Rate and Dropout Rate in Primary Education Table.5.2 Completion and Dropout Rate Sl. Block wise Completion Drop out No Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14
1 Thiruvarur 97.51 97.61 98.22 98.39 97.95 98.10 0.46 0.45 0.34 0.33 0.40 0.38 2 Nannilam 97.56 97.86 98.12 98.44 97.51 98.15 0.46 0.45 0.34 0.33 0.40 0.39 3 Koradachery 97.44 97.51 98.24 98.09 97.92 97.80 0.56 0.55 0.44 0.43 0.50 0.46 4 Kodavasal 97.52 97.76 98.22 98.34 97.94 98.05 0.66 0.65 0.54 0.53 0.60 0.59 5 Valangaiman 97.63 97.41 98.19 97.99 97.41 97.70 0.76 0.75 0.64 0.63 0.70 0.68 6 Needamangalam 97.41 97.26 98.12 97.84 97.42 97.55 0.43 0.42 0.31 0.30 0.37 0.36 7 Mannargudi 9.22 97.86 98.25 98.44 97.95 98.15 0.56 0.55 0.44 0.43 0.50 0.49 8 Kottur 97.55 97.81 98.20 98.39 97.55 98.10 0.56 0.55 0.44 0.43 0.5 0.48 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 97.42 97.39 98.23 97.97 97.95 97.68 0.66 0.65 0.54 0.53 0.60 0.56 10 Muthupettai 97.21 97.96 98.18 98.54 97.91 98.25 0.56 0.55 0.44 0.43 0.50 0.49 District 97.9 97.66 97.66 98.24 98.24 97.95 0.56 0.56 0.44 0.44 0.5 0.50 5 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur.
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Table 5.2 shows the Dropout rate in Primary Education. The Completion rate of primary education remained high. Sarva Shiksha Abiyan (Education for all) was responsible for the completion rate. In the year 2013 14, the completion rate was 97.95 and it was the same percentage of completion rate in the previous year also. The total number of completion rate of boys was 97.66 and of girls were 98.24 in that given period 2013 14. The dropout rate is a indicator of poverty and inequality. Drop out ratio of boys was greater than the girls which could indicate that their children could income engaged in same.
UPPER PRIMARY / MIDDLE SCHOOL EDUCATION
Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE) is a constitutional provision and a national commitment in India. Universalization implies educating all children up to the age of 14 which is equal to completion of upper primary level of education. Over the years, efforts by the Government towards achieving the goal of UEE were focused more on the primary stage than on the upper primary level of education. With the expansion of enrollment at the primary level of education, the pressure for expansion of the upper primary level of education also increased. The creation of easy geographical access conditions to enroll all the eligible children in upper primary schools, provision of reasonable levels of physical and infrastructural facilities in upper primary schools and teaching learning materials in the classrooms to facilitate meaningful curriculum transaction. This would help all eligible children to join school and receive the quality education. Universalization of upper primary education in India is normally discussed in terms of enrolling and retaining all children in the age group of 11 to 14. The was seems more to be a desirable goal to be achieved in the long run. Enrollment is function of the relevant age group at the primary level of education. However, enrolment in upper primary schools is more a function of primary education completion rates than a function of the relevant age group. It is logical to argue that all children in the relevant age group (11 to 14) cannot be enrolled in upper primary classes unless they complete primary level of education. Once universalization of primary education is attained, then there cannot be any difference between providing upper primary level of education to all age group children and those who complete primary stage of education. At present committed efforts are needed to improve the inter stage transition ratios from primary to upper primary levels of education.
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Table No.5.3 Enrollment in Upper Primary Education
Sl.No Block wise/District Boys Girls Total
2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14 2012 13 2013 14
1 Thiruvarur 98.5 101.90 99 101.34 98.75 101.62 2 Nannilam 99.6 101.95 99.5 101.39 99.55 101.67 3 Koradachery 99.2 101.60 98.8 101.04 99 101.32 4 Kodavasal 97.35 101.58 99.7 101.29 98.53 101.57 5 Valangaiman 97.5 101.50 98.8 100.94 98.15 101.22 6 Needamangalam 98.6 101.35 97.9 100.79 98.25 101.07 7 Mannargudi 99.75 101.95 98.7 101.39 99.23 101.67 8 Kottur 99 101.90 98.87 101.34 98.94 101.62 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 99.45 101.48 99.8 100.92 99.63 101.20 10 Muthupettai 98.65 102.05 99.1 101.49 98.88 101.77 District 98.76 101.75 99.01 101.19 98.89 101.47 Source : CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur. The present study shows the Gender wise enrolment, in upper primary education and the growth of gender wise school enrolment, in different stages of school education from 2012 13 to 2013 14. The total enrollment at the upper primary stage had increased among 10 Blocks of Thiruvarur district, The total enrolment of upper primary of the district was 98.91 percent in 2012 13 and it was increased to 101.47 percent in 2013 14.
The total enrolment at Upper primary level was 101.47 of which 101.75 were boy’s enrolment whereas 101.19 girls enrolled. The district total number of students enrolled at Upper primary level was101.47. The enrollment of girls was on the rise (i.e.) from 99.01 to 101.19 (2013 2014) per cent Parents showed greater interest to enrolled the girls children in school. This is many herald the real gender equality and the empowerment of women.
The total enrolment among the all blocks have achieved close to same per cent of enrolment for Girls and Boys at Upper primary level. In short, the enrollment had increased in 2013 14 when compared to 2012 13 with more enrollments of girls.
The total number of Gender wise enrolment ratio have recorded at more than 100 in all the ten Blocks of the district in the same period of 2013 14. More number of boys is enrolled in upper primary level in Muthupettai block in 2013 2014 (102.05). Girls are enrolled at Needamangalam block was 100.79 in the year of 2013 14.
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Completion Rate and Dropout Rate Upper Primary and Middle School Education
Table No.5.4 Completion and Dropout Rate in Upper Primary Education Sl. Block wise Completion Dropout Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total No 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14
1 Thiruvarur 93.52 93.78 93.79 94.50 93.10 93.92 1.72 1.72 1.58 1.58 1.65 1.65 2 Nannilam 93.51 94.53 93.52 94.80 93.12 94.67 1.82 1.82 1.68 1.68 1.75 1.75 3 Koradachery 93.45 93.03 97.23 93.30 93.12 93.17 1.57 1.57 1.43 1.43 1.5 1.50 4 Kodavasal 93.23 93.53 97.25 93.80 93.14 93.67 1.72 1.72 1.58 1.58 1.65 1.65 5 Valangaiman 93.23 94.03 97.36 94.30 93.20 94.17 1.96 1.96 1.82 1.82 1.89 1.89 6 Needamangalam 93.51 93.49 97.42 93.76 93.10 93.63 1.92 1.92 1.78 1.78 1.85 1.85 7 Mannargudi 93.10 94.28 97.52 94.55 93.50 94.42 1.57 1.57 1.43 1.43 1.5 1.50 8 Kottur 93.52 93.13 97.45 93.40 93.01 93.27 1.67 1.66 1.53 1.53 1.6 1.60 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 93.40 93.03 97.12 93.30 93.02 93.17 1.47 1.48 1.3 1.33 1.4 1.40 10 Muthupettai 93.25 92.37 97.25 92.64 98.01 92.51 1.72 1.71 1.58 1.58 1.65 1.65 District 93.52 93.52 93.79 93.79 93.70 93.66 1.71 1.71 1.57 1.57 1.64 1.64 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur. Primary Completion Rate is the total number of new enrollment in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, expressed as percentage of the total population of the theoretical entrance age to the last grade of primary. This indicator was also known as "gross intake rate to the last grade of primary." The ratio can exceed 100% due to over aged and under aged children who enter primary school late/early and/or repeat grades.
Table 5.4 provides information concerning the completion and Dropout rate of Upper primary level of education. The boy’s completion rate was poor as against the rate of girls. Due to family circumstance few boys were not able to complete school. In the year of 2013 14, the completion rate of boys was 93.52 and Girls was 93.79. The total completion rate of 2013 14 was 93.66. Compared with 2012 13 it was decreasing one (93.79). Another important parameter of Dropout rate in upper primary level there was no change the both year of 2012 13 to 2014. The total drop rate of Boys in 2013 14 was1.71 and the Girls drop rate was1.57. The total number of dropout rate in 2013 14 was1.64.
Primary Completion Rate was the percentage of students completing the last year of primary school. It was calculated by taking the total number of students in the last
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grade of primary school, minus the number of in that grade, divided by the total number of children of official graduation age. Primary completion rate, (% of relevant age group) in Thiruvarur was total completion was 93.70 in 2012 13, and 91.49 in 2011 12. The Block wise analyse was of the completion rate in Thiruvarur, shows the highest performance in Muthupettai Block (98.01), followed by Thiruvarur, Nannilam, and Koradachery.
Transition Rate from Primary to Upper Primary and Upper Primary to Secondary
Table. No 5.5 Transition Rate from Primary to Upper Primary and Upper Primary to Secondary Sl.No Block / District Primary To Upper Upper Primary To Primary Secondary 2011 12 2012 13 2013 14 2011 12 2012 13 2013 14 1 Thiruvarur 99.00 98.75 98.43 99.00 97.56 99.38 2 Nannilam 98.00 97.33 97.43 98.00 97.49 100.00 3 Koradachery 98.50 97.77 97.93 98.50 97.8 97.24 4 Kodavasal 98.75 98.20 98.18 98.75 97.68 99.49 5 Valangaiman 98.78 98.25 98.21 98.78 98.55 95.86 6 Needamangalam 99.00 99.13 98.43 99.00 96.30 98.99 7 Mannargudi 99.70 99.30 99.13 99.70 95.44 97.99 8 Kottur 99.55 99.25 98.98 99.55 97.76 97.81 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 99.85 98.54 99.28 99.85 96.95 99.74 10 Muthupettai 98.68 98.25 98.11 99.68 98.13 99.59 District 98.68 98.98 98.41 89.18 97.37 98.60
Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur
Transition is the intra school or inter school movement of the students from one class to another. This indicates movement of students between primary and upper primary level in Thiruvarur district. After completion of study in primary level i.e. up to class four levels the students are admitted in upper primary level secondary schools.
The transition mentioned above is important to understand the education system, which can answer a variety of typical questions, such as, at which grade in the cycle was the dropout ratio the highest, who tends to drop out and repeat more frequently, boys or girls? And what is the total accumulated loss of students through drop out etc.
The study has been divided into two important periods, that is, 2012 13 to 2013 14, 98.41 per cent of students had successfully completed transition from primary to upper primary level. Especially Mannargudi Block (99.13) and Thiruthuraipoondi
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performed well among the 10 blocks in This district. Out of these students, 98.77 were boys and 99.18 girls. It was found that more number of Transition rates of primary to upper primary was recorded against girl. All the students who were enrolled and appeared in Class IV final examination got promoted to Class V and continued study at the upper primary level. This is a laudable achievement by the district of Thiruvarur.
Gender Wise Transition Rate from Upper Primary to Secondary
Table 5.5 shows that the Gender wise transition rate from upper primary to secondary. Two important study periods taken for study were 2012 – 2013 and 2013 2014. The transition rate for females was very low as compared to males. The Boys and Girls enrollment were 98.53 and 88.33 in 2012 13. By the year of 2011 12 transition rate was 98.29 percent and 98.43 for Boys and girls. 89.18 students successfully completed upper primary and moved into secondary education level. The transition rate for Girls had increased by 0.25 per cent in 2012 13 (98.68%).
Availability of Schools Table No.5.6 Availability of School in Thiruvarur District Upper Secondary Higher Sl. Block wise Number of Primary primary school Secondary No /District habitations School school school 2011 2014 2011 2014 2011 2014 2011 2014 2011 2014
1 Thiruvarur 184 184 56 86 42 25 8 5 6 19 2 Nannilam 227 227 74 89 38 24 8 2 6 17 3 Koradachery 184 184 50 70 39 28 3 1 5 11 4 Kodavasal 199 199 74 85 30 16 5 1 5 15 5 Valangaiman 205 205 58 66 31 21 2 4 5 10 6 Needamangalam 177 177 65 79 43 26 5 6 6 18 7 Mannargudi 265 265 89 119 54 31 3 15 12 25 8 Kottur 187 187 72 86 47 28 10 0 7 20 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 166 166 41 54 38 23 4 2 7 15 10 Muthupettai 133 133 54 59 42 27 8 6 5 15 District 1927 1927 633 793 404 249 56 42 64 165 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur. The Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) or Gross Enrollment Index (GEI) was a statistical measure used in the education sector. The United Nations (UN) uses a UN Education Index to determine the number of students enrolled in school at different grade levels (like elementary, middle school and high school), and examine it to analyze
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the ratio of the number of students who live in that country to those who qualify for the particular grade level. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), describes 'Gross Enrollment Ratio' as the total enrollment within a country "in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education.
Pupil – Teacher Ratio in Primary and Upper Primary
Table No.5.7 Pupil Teacher Ratio during 2013-2014 in Thiruvarur District
Sl. Block Primary School Upper Primary School No wise/District Pupil Teacher Pupil School Pupil Teacher Pupil School Raito Ratio Raito Ratio 1 Thiruvarur 27.40 230 27.79 307 2 Nannilam 26.80 131 23.61 165 3 Koradachery 25.66 158 22.69 160 4 Kodavasal 23.78 114 26.08 154 5 Valangaiman 22.52 136 27.06 111 6 Needamangalam 23.13 151 17.23 137 7 Mannargudi 24.54 206 24.53 252 8 Kottur 23.55 119 27.85 119 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 28.31 255 22.65 210 10 Muthupettai 28.31 165 22.77 127 District 24.75 163 24.20 172 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur. Student Teacher Ratio is used to measure the level of human resources input in terms of the number of teachers in relation to the size of the student enrolled. This Indicator does not take into account the factors which could affect the quality of teaching, such as differences in teachers qualifications, educational training, experiences and status, teaching methods, teaching materials and variations in classroom conditions. The calculation was done by dividing the total number of students enrolled at the specified level of education by the number of teachers at the same level.
A high student teacher ratio suggests that each teacher has to be responsible for a large number of students. In other words, the higher the student/teacher ratio, the lower the relative access of student to teachers. It is generally assumed that a low
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student–teacher ratio signifies a smaller class which enables the teacher to pay more attention to individual students, motivating them in an effective manner for the greater cause of nation building.
Student teacher ratio is the number of students who attend a school or university divided by the number of teachers in the institution. Smaller classes benefit all pupils because of individual attention from teachers, but low attaining pupils benefits more at the secondary school level. students in large classes drift off task because of too much instruction from the teacher to the whole class instead of Individual attention, and low attaining students are most affected.
The student school ratio is also used to measure the level of capital resources input in terms of the number of classrooms in relation to the size of the student enrollment. The calculation to ascertain student class ratio was done by dividing the total number of students enrolled at the specified level of education by the number of classrooms at the same level.
The pupil teacher ratio range was24.75 and also public school ratio was163 in primary school. On the other hand, if we look at upper primary school pupil teacher ratio it comes to 24.20 and also 172 Pupil school ratio. This ratio indicated poor ratio in pupil teacher ratios all those Blocks in Thiruvarur district. It may also result from delays in matching the teaching force to demographic changes, or from differences in teaching hours for teachers at different levels, which tends to decrease with the level of education, as teacher specialization increases.
The above table shows the student class ratio in primary and upper primary level. The student and class ratio was very low that 24.75 i.e. 163 pupil teacher ratio.
Secondary Education
High School is an institution which provides all or part of secondary education. Other terms such as "secondary school" or "secondary college" are used in different nations or regions. The phrase "high school" often forms part of the name of the secondary institution. The school enrollment in secondary education in India was last reported at 63.21 in 2010, according to a World Bank Report published in 2012. Gross enrollment ratio was the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown.
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Table No. 5.8 ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY EDUCATION
Sl. Block wise/ BOYS GIRLS TOTAL No District 2012-13 2013 14 2012-13 2013 14 2012-13 2013 14
1 Thiruvarur 102.24 104.28 96.63 98.72 99.43 101.50 2 Nannilam 95.64 97.55 97.22 99.17 96.43 98.36 3 Koradachery 96.32 98.25 101.23 103.19 98.78 100.72 4 Kodavasal 101.46 103.49 95.65 97.72 98.56 100.60 5 Valangaiman 103.01 105.07 102.80 104.90 102.91 104.99 6 Needamangalam 101.37 103.40 99.08 101.15 100.22 102.27 7 Mannargudi 103.60 105.67 96.24 98.55 99.92 102.01 8 Kottur 99.81 101.81 95.45 97.49 97.63 99.65 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 103.31 105.28 99.27 101.18 101.29 103.38 10 Muthupettai 103.69 105.76 95.65 97.27 99.67 101.76 District 104.28 103.02 97.80 99.98 101.04 101.52 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur. Gender difference in enrolment is noted in High School and Higher secondary School as presented in the table 5.8. It is inferred from the table that the proportions of boys and Girls in total enrollment in secondary of the district at 103.02 and 99.98 respectively. On the contrary, higher proportion of boys was recorded at 105.67 in Mannargudi Block and the lowest in Nannilam Block at 97.55 in the same period. In the case of Girls 104.90 in Valangaiman Block was enrolled in High School of Education and it was lowest in Muthupettai Block (97.27 ). It is the observed that both boys and girls enrollment in secondary school gradually increased in the period 2012 13 to 2013 14. The district enrollment was 101.14 in 2012 13 and it slightly increased to 101.52 in 2013 14 enrolled in high school education. Nannilam Block recorded the lowest among the district Blocks at 96.32 to 98.36 in the same period. The enrollment ratio highest registered the highest at 104.99 in Valangaiman Block. The enrolment ratio at high school was more Thiruthuraipoondi Block with a total of 103.38 and it come second in the district. More boys were enrolled in high school then the girls’ enrollment.
The demand for secondary education will expand significantly as SSA reaches its goal of universal and complete elementary education. The needed expansion of secondary education will require not only public but also private participation.
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Table No.5.9 DROPOUT RATE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION Sl. Block wise BOYS GIRLS TOTAL No /District 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 2012-13 2013-14 1 Thiruvarur 12.84 3.29 16.69 3.84 7.38 3.45 2 Nannilam 8.47 5.97 11.01 2.00 5.34 3.82 3 Koradachery 8.71 11.82 11.32 2.62 3.81 7.42 4 Kodavasal 9.34 8.08 12.15 6.07 7.65 7.08 5 Valangaiman 12.74 15.36 16.56 5.37 4.09 9.14 6 Needamangalam 5.98 11.51 7.78 3.41 2.09 8.40 7 Mannargudi 9.98 4.20 12.97 2.28 4.68 3.06 8 Kottur 0.56 6.87 0.72 2.39 0.42 4.63 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 1.08 5.19 1.40 2.62 1.07 3.86 10 Muthupettai 9.89 8.06 12.86 5.44 2.06 6.65 District 8.99 7.11 11.68 3.41 4.03 5.23 Source: CEO, RMSA, Thiruvarur. Table 5.9 highlights the dropout in secondary education in Thiruvarur district. The boys dropout in the district had decreased from 8.99 to 7.11 from 2012 13 to 2013 14. It was the highest at Valangaiman (15.36%) Block. The dropout in secondary education was the lowest in Thiruvarur block and it came down to 3.29 percent in 2013 14 from 12.84 in the period 2012 13. Girl’s dropout in secondary education of the district was 11.86 percent in 2012 13 and it declined to 3.41 percent in 2013 14. Among the blocks, Kodavasal Block recorded 6.07 percent in 2013 14 against 12.15 percent in 2012 13. The lowest dropout block was Nannilam at 2.00 percent in 2013 14 compared to 2012 13 at 11.01 percent. The overall secondary dropout of the district slightly increased from 4.03 to 5.23 in the 2012 13 to 2013 14. Except Thiruthuraipoondi (3.86), Kottur (4.63), Mannargudi (3.06), Nannilam (3.82) and Thiruvarur (3.45) all other blocks were in perform better thanthe district level in 2013 14. It is observed that all the blocks experienced slight increase in secondary education dropout in the district except Thiruvarur, Mannargudi and Nannilam blocks. Access to Higher Secondary Schools
Access to Higher Secondary Schools is one of the major challenges before the Nation. There is no change in ratio of habitations v/s Higher Secondary Schools by the year 2011 and 2014. The low level of access to higher secondary education was in Muthupettai Block i.e., (133). Thiruvarur and Koradachery Blocks were in the same level of access to higher secondary education (184) The more number of higher education school was upgraded to the Higher Secondary Schools during the period from
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2001 to 2014. In Thiruvarur Block 13 high schools were upgraded as higher secondary schools in 2014. In Nannilam it was from 6 to 17, Kodavasal, 5 to 15, Needamangalam 6 to 18, Mannargudi 12 to 25, and Kottur Block, 7 to 20.
School Infrastructure
Educational infrastructure at gross root level was responsible for growth in Education. A total of 1037 schools were surveyed across the district. Thus linking of infrastructure availability with the educational system provides a simple way to understand achievement of the SSA mission for the development process across the district of Thiruvarur. Going to a school which lacking proper basic facilities, like toilets, could be one of the most frustrating situations for girls children in the rural as well as urban.
Table No .5.10 School Infrastructure (2013-14) Sl. Block wise/ No District Toilet Toilet Rooms Schools Without Without Without Electricity and Chairsand With With 3 Class Total No. Of More More Than 3 Class Rooms Without Without Girls Without Boys Without Without Desks Drinking Drinking Water Compound Wall Compound 1 Thiruvarur 99 41 42 6 13 4 20 0 14 2 Nannilam 113 47 48 7 3 4 18 0 8 3 Koradachery 90 24 57 0 0 0 10 0 11 4 Kodavasal 106 50 36 0 0 3 8 0 15 5 Valangaiman 93 44 37 1 9 1 26 0 7 6 Needamangalam 109 58 43 12 8 2 14 0 3 7 Mannargudi 145 73 47 2 11 2 22 0 8 8 Kottur 123 72 43 7 33 2 16 0 5 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 81 21 41 9 14 2 7 0 4 10 Muthupettai 97 36 55 7 8 0 9 0 3 District 1056 466 499 51 99 20 150 0 78 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur 2014. Table 5.10 clearly reveals that the availability of school infrastructure in 2010 2011. 965 schools have 3 and more class rooms. 150 schools did not have toilet facilities. 150 schools do not have compound walls. Intervention is needed to provide more rooms in schools. Separate toilet facilities must be created for the girl students. This would
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further enhance the hygiene of the nation. The Number of schools, without separate toilets for girls, was found in the Kottur Block at 33.
Drinking water (DW) is an important amenity for the school infrastructure. At the primary level and the upper primary level, percent of schools provided with portable water remains almost the same across the district. The overall percentage of the schools without Drinking water was 13.59 respectively. Percentage of schools having electricity considered an indicator of vital role of infrastructure. At primary levels, secondary and upper secondary levels, majority of the schools in Thiruvarur district do not have electricity. The overall percentage of non available electricity without availability across the district was 8.19 per cent. Highest per cent of non availability of electricity was recorded in Mannargudi Block (22.35 per cent), while lowest percent have been documented in Kottur Block. The percentage of electricity availability at the primary level varied enormously in the district. The overall non availability of electricity in the district was 8.19.
Availability of compound wall is yet another important issue for school education. The lowest percentage of schools without compound wall was 6.61 per cent. 43.68 per cent of school (453) was endowed with more than three class rooms and Koradachery Block tops the list with, 57 schools. School infrastructure was the basic infrastructure to attract students to study with focus on a conducive environment.
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HOSTEL FACILITIES
Table No.5.11
Hostel Facilities
Sl. No Block wise/ District No. Total No of No. of schools Number of Hostels Students in Students Hostels
1 Thiruvarur 98 20906 8 456 2 Nannilam 112 14543 9 358 3 Koradachery 88 11934 3 84 4 Kodavasal 105 12618 3 147 5 Valangaiman 89 11918 4 180 6 Needamangalam 108 14194 5 190 7 Mannargudi 143 29305 12 651 8 Kottur 119 12101 5 271 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 79 16269 6 247 10 Muthupettai 96 13193 2 184 District 1037 156981 57 2768 Source: DAWA, DPCW and, CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur (2014)
The above table 5.11 illustrated the hostels facility availableto the schools students. A hostel is a shelter for the students who come from far off places. Students live there with each other and interacting learning the value of discipline and co operation. Hostel accommodation is available for students enrolled for full time course. All attempts are made to provide hostel accommodation to as many students as possible. It is observed that from the table out of 57 Hostels in Thiruvarur district, a majority of 12 are in Mannargudi Block, followed by 9 hostels (2.462) in Nannilam, 8 hostels (2.246) in Thiruvarur, 6 hostels in Thiruthuraipoondi Block.
STUDENTS ENROLLED IN NOON MEAL PROGRAMME
The Mid Day Meal Scheme is a multi faceted programme by The Government of India which seeks to address the issues of food security, lack of nutrition and access to education on a pan nation scale. It involves provision for free lunch on working days for children in Primary and Upper Primary Classes in Government, Government Aided, Local Body, Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS) and Alternate Innovative Education (AIE) Centers, Schools supported under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Schools run by the Ministry of Labour. The primary objective of
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the scheme is to provide cooked meal to children of primary and upper primary classes. The Scheme is designed to improve the nutritional status of children, encourage poor children, belonging to disadvantaged sections, to attend schools more regularly and help them to concentrate on classroom activities, thereby increasing the enrollment, retention and attendance rates
Table No.5.12 Students Enrolled in Noon Meal Programme in blocks Sl. Block No. Total No. of students % of students No wise/District/State schools Number of enrolled in NM enrolled in NM students Programme Programme 1 Thiruvarur 98 20906 10585 50.63 2 Nannilam 112 14543 12030 82.72 3 Koradachery 88 11934 9556 80.07 4 Kodavasal 105 12618 9973 79.04 5 Valangaiman 89 11918 7859 65.94 6 Needamangalam 108 14194 8980 63.27 7 Mannargudi 143 29305 15338 52.34 8 Kottur 119 12101 10425 86.15 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 79 16269 10746 66.05 10 Muthupettai 96 13193 9464 71.74 District 1037 156981 104956 66.86 Source: CEO, SSA, Thiruvarur (2014) The table 5.12 displays the students enrolled in Noon Meal Programme in Thiruvarur district. Total number of schools in Thiruvarur district among the 10 Blocks was1037. The total number of beneficiaries in this district was 61.36 percent by the year 2011. The Mannargudi Block recorded the highest percentage of beneficiaries (63.99 percent) followed by 62.03 percent in Needamangalam. The lowest number of beneficiaries from Noon Meal programme 59.99 percent were in Koradachery and 60.01 percent both Kodavasal and Muthupettai Blocks. The table also revealed that all the primary and middle schools were covered under the Mid Day Meal Scheme.
HIGHER EDUCATION (2013-14)
Higher Education (18 23 years) is crucial for developing a modern economy. It equips young people with skills relevant for the labour market and can help to reap the benefits of demographic dividend. With greater reliance on technology intensive inputs in manufacturing and production, the need for highly specialized skill and knowledge is indispensable for spurring economic growth. A sound liberal and professional education is on Endeavour in this direction. In this context, higher education play an important role
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to respond continuously to the new demand which is taking place during the rapid transformation of societies with regard to economic, cultural, social and other aspects.
India's higher education system is the third largest in the world, next to the United States and China. The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission, which enforces its standards, advises the Government, and helps coordinate between the centre and the State. Accreditation for higher learning is over seen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. The higher education sector in India has witnessed a tremendous growth in its institutional capacity since Independence.
The predominantly agriculture based Thiruvarur district could realise overall socio economic development provided the required higher education is geared to the standard level. The district has one Medial College and one Central University of Tamil Nadu catering to the educational needs of the students of Thiruvarur and the nearby districts.
Arts and Science Colleges
In the case of higher education of the district Arts and Science colleges have a crucial role in providing a quality human resource for the economy of the district as a whole. Higher Educational Institutions not only act as centers of innovation and excellence but also provide the basis for a high quality of life. The Government had taken many steps to increase student enrollment and quality improvement in higher education. The vision of the Government of Tamil Nadu with regard to Higher Education is to make institutions of higher education emerge as centers of innovation, excellence, and development.
According to the Annual Status of Higher Education in States, and Union Territories, the total number of colleges / institutions in the State as of 2012, was 3445, of which colleges alone accounted for 58 percent and the remaining being stand alone institutions (42%). Tamil Nadu has an average of 27 colleges per lakh population as compared to all India access indicating an average of 23 colleges. Of the total colleges in the State, 93 percent are affiliated to Universities and the remaining are constituent / university colleges, PG/off campus or recognized centers by the universities. In terms of management, Tamil Nadu colleges are dominated by the private self finance colleges,
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forming 88.5 percent of all colleges in the State, followed by 5.8 percent owned by Government and 5.6 percent that are private but aided by the state Government.
Fig.5.2 Arts and Science Colleges 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Government Aided Un Aided Total The Figure 5.2 illustrates arts and science college status of the district. In Thiruvarur district are 10 Arts and Science Colleges of which four are government Colleges and six are unaided self financing colleges and No aided arts and science colleges located in this district. The total number of students in arts and science colleges are 16150. Thiruvarur Block has 4 Arts and Science Colleges, Mannargudi Block has 3 arts and science colleges and Nannilam, Kodavasal and Thiruthuraipoondi Block one each arts and science colleges and rest of the blocks do not have any Arts and Science Colleges which indicate a Thiruvarur district has also two engineering colleges. There are 13 B.Ed, D.TEd. and ITI institutions which indicate that students of joining mostly teaching related course.
Technical Education
The economic growth of a country largely depends on technological improvements and on its scientific and technical manpower. Technical education, therefore, has a crucial role in speeding up the country's economic development. It provides one of the most potent means for development of skilled manpower as required by various sectors in the country's economy. India possesses Asia's oldest, largest and most diverse infrastructure for scientific and technical training that has made important contributions to the country's scientific and industrial development. A better educated labour force is essential if we are to meet the labour supply requirements of faster growth. Education is not only an instrument of enhancing efficiency but is also an
effective tool for widening and augmenting democratic participation and upgrading the overall quality of individual and societal life.
Figure No.5.3
7 6 6 Technical Education 5 4 3 2 2 1 0 Engineering Colleges Polytechnics Colleges
Figure 5.3 portrays the number of engineering colleges and polytechnic colleges functioning in Thiruvarur district. As on 2014, totally two engineering Colleges and 6 Polytechnic colleges are functioning in the district. These institutions are producing significant number of skilled man power in the society. Still there is scope in strengthening the physical infrastructure as well as the number of highly qualified teachers for delivering educational services on par with advanced institutions functioning in the country.
SCHOLAR SHIP Table No.5.13 Scholarship Availed by Students of Thiruvarur District No. Total Number No. of Students Sl. No Block wise/ District Schools of Students Availed Scholarship 1 Thiruvarur 98 20906 2339 2 Nannilam 112 14543 559 3 Koradachery 88 11934 1857 4 Kodavasal 105 12618 554 5 Valangaiman 89 11918 312 6 Needamangalam 108 14194 774 7 Mannargudi 143 29305 4966 8 Kottur 119 12101 1016 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 79 16269 2174 10 Muthupettai 96 13193 226 District 1037 156981 10238 Source : DPCW and , CEO,SSA, Thiruvarur (2014)
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Financial support is given to students belonging to the weaker sections of the society, namely SC, ST, MBC. Government s, schools and educational institutions need to offer scholarships to the poor to help ease this disparity. Often children born in wealthy families win coveted educational positions simply because of their ability to pay their fees in full. If our education institutions cater only to wealthy students, we would see a decrease in the intelligence of society as it encourages students not to work hard. By offering scholarships schools, universities and institutions can encourage students to work much harder and produce better graduates. This in turn creates a better society. The district administration provided scholarships to students from Backward, Most Backward and Denotified communities in the district for the year 2011 12 to pursue their higher studies. In a total of 156981 students in 1037 schools in these 10238 students have availed the scholarship facility in Thiruvarur district.
CONCLUSION
High literacy level of a National will reduce poverty and inequality . Positive Education indicators and GNP of a country are positively correlated. The present chapter deals with the literacy and education status of Thiruvarur district. According 2011 census the Literacy Rate of the district was 82.86 percent. It is the highest in Thiruvarur Block (82.86) and the lowest in Nannilam Block. The performance is good in the district as for as primary school enrolment as concerned. The SSA programme also helps to improve enrollment of students in Schools at primary level. Some gaps continue to exist in higher and research level education. Technology initiative in Education has also been undertaken in Thiruvarur district. All our efforts should be taken by the education authority to make the district a 100 per cent literate district.
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CHAPTER 6 GENDER
CHAPTER – 6 GENDER
Introduction
Majority of the countries in the world recognize that equal rights should be provided for both men and women. Many countries have enacted regulations to fight discrimination and introduced programs granting women access to health, education, and economic rights such as land ownership. However, the fact remains that women have fewer opportunities than men to benefit from economic development, with lower participation in the labor force. Even in the most advanced countries, their average wage is 73 percent of those of men. International programs such as the Millennium Development Goals point out the benefits of addressing gender inequality and the positive impact this can have on poverty reduction.
Gender Studies provide critical thinking skills and an understanding of women’s diverse contributions to society, which are valuable for a wide variety of careers. Gender Studies Programs are committed to realizing the equality of women and men in all areas of life so that our relationships, both personal and social, are characterized by the freedom and mutuality which can only occur among equals. Increasingly, specialists in Gender Studies are being used as consultants in industry, higher education, insurance companies and personnel Even State and Central Government agencies require people who have special training in understanding gender relations.
The importance of gender consideration is endorsed by government organizations at the highest level in the policy documentation but there is limited evidence of application of the same at the planning and implementation level. In recent years, there has been a major conceptual shift in how people seek to cope with disasters from natural hazards. While humanitarian response capacities are vital and need to be continued, human intervention designed to reduce the vulnerability of communities and assets can reduce the impact of disasters. Gradually, environmental and developmental stakeholders are becoming more involved in the management of risk and vulnerability reductions due to their close interaction with natural resources management.
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Table No.6.1 Comparative Status of Women In Literacy, Employment Sl.No Status District 1 Female Population 637584 2 Percentage in Total P opulation 50.43 3 Sex Ratio 1017 4 Female Literacy Rate 76.72 5 MMR 110 6 Percentage of W omen Worker in Agriculture 20.9 Sector 7 Percentage of W omen in Non agri. Sector 6.27 Source: Census of Tamil Nadu, 2011. Table 6.1 explains the comparative status of women population. It is found that size of female population was the highest in Mannargudi block with125836 females (19.73%). Thiruvarur comes next for its share of 13.18 parentage of district population of females and it was the lowest in Valangaiman bock with 7.23 percent in the total female population of this district. The highest level of share of women population in the total population strength found in Muthupettai Block (51.34) , and it was closely followed by Thiruvarur (50.77%), Nannilam (49.78%) Koradachery (50.42%), Kodavasal (49.50%), Valangaiman (50.14%), Needamangalam (50.29%), Mannargudi (50.63%), Kottur (50.46%) and Thiruthuraipoondi (50.56%).
With regard to the sex ratio Nannilam recorded 991 females for 1000 males) and Kodavasal at 984 recorded the least level of sex ratio. This was followed by Thiruvarur (1031), Koradachery (1017), Valangaiman (1005), Needamangalam (1011), Mannargudi (1025), Kottur (1013), Thiruthuraipoondi (1022) and Muthupettai (1055) respectively. It is found that the regarding the sex ratio among the Blocks Thiruvarur, Mannargudi, Kottur, Thiruthuraipoondi and Muthupettai recorded more than the district sex ratio of 1017 in the 2011 Census.
The female literacy rate was the highest in Thiruvarur Block at 82.33 followed by Nannilam (78.87 percent), Koradachery (76.08 Percent), Kodavasal (78.26 Percent), Valangaiman (72.39 Percent), Needamangalam (71.92 Percent), Mannargudi (78.96 Percent), Kottur (72.93 Percent), Thiruthuraipoondi (76.93 Percent) and Muthupettai (73.96 Percent). It could be noticed that the Valangaiman Block, Needamangalam Block, Kottur Block and Muthupettai Block were registered lowest female literacy rate. It is significant to note that the Thiruvarur Block recorded the highest and Needamangalam, the lowest rate of female literacy rate in this district.
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100% school enrolment was found in Needamangalam Block and it was closely followed by Koradachery (99.4%), Nannilam (99.0%), Kodavasal (99.3%), Valangaiman (99.5%), Mannargudi (99.5%), Kottur (99.3%), Thiruthuraipoondi (99.4%), and Muthupettai (99.3%). It is significant to note that the school enrolment more or less was at a considerable level in all the Blocks of this district. Regarding MMR is highest level found Valangaiman (231.0) while Nannilam (0.00) Needamangalam (0.00) recorded the lowest maternal mortality rate these Blocks, Thiruthuraipoondi (0.6), Muthupettai (177.80) and Mannargudi (147.20) were found in MMR respectively. It could be noticed that the Valangaiman (231.30) and Muthupettai (177.8) were found highest level in MMR out of 10 Blocks.
Regarding the working women strength in agricultural sector 33.63 percentage of agricultural women workers were found in Kottur Block, followed by Thiruthuraipoondi Block at 25.94 percentage, Muthupettai recorded 25.40 percentage and Needamangalam recorded 25.56 percentage which were moderate. It could be noticed that the least level of agricultural women workers was found in Thiruvarur (12.23%) followed by Mannargudi (18.73%) Blocks which were urban segment Blocks. In respect of non agricultural sector workers it was high Thiruvarur Block (9.2%) closely followed by Mannargudi (8.1%), Koradachery (7.05%) Blocks in this district. On the contrary Valangaiman Block (4.68%), Kodavasal (4.88%), Kottur (4.15%), Muthupettai (4.33%) and Thiruthuraipoondi (5.77%) were recorded poor number in non agricultural sector. It is observed that Thiruvarur and Mannargudi Blocks enjoyed a considerable share of urban population.
Employment Trend in Female Employment in Different Sector The analysis of female work participation rate in the district Blocks reveals that the women cultivators, in all the blocks less than 10 percent of females except Muthupettai block where it was 12.22 per cent. A vast majority of female population were engaged in agriculture activities as agricultural labourers. Except Thiruthuraipoondi block, all other blocks engaged more than 70 percent of female agricultural labourers. But the percentage of household industrial workers in all the blocks was very poor and they were below three percent except Thiruvarur, Koradachery, and Mannargudi Blocks. Out of total female population, Thiruvarur Block contained 16.16 percent of total female workers. Since this district is the heart of delta, agriculture is predominant and therefore,
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most of the female population are engaged in agriculture. At the same time this is an industrially backward district and therefore the percentage of non agricultural women was low. Access and Control Over Resources Self Help Groups are emerging as one of the important local institutions in villages in every State. A group of 12 20 persons of similar economic class, generally poor, mostly women, get together to organize themselves into cohesive groups to improve their social and economic position through collective action. The formation of this group was started on an experimental basis in 1984 under the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) assisted by the Women’s development Project. These Self Help Groups are developing into strong local institutions providing a legitimate avenue for members to participate in public life outside their homes giving tremendous physical mobility among women, increasing their bargaining capacities, self confidence, awareness about health, nutrition, immunization, education empowering women to cope with important social problems like alcoholism, domestic violence, abandonment, dowries, female infanticide and in life skills areas such as accounts keeping, money management, savings and credit among the rural poor, especially among women.
Table No.6.2 Access to Resource and Credit of SHGs in Thiruvarur District S.NO Block s Number of Self Number of Credit availed Help members (Rs .000) 1 Thiruvarur 1372 16464 578.89 2 Nannilam 846 15372 1258.48 3 Koradachery 1319 15828 1394.60 4 Kodavasal 1306 20960 1008.62 5 Valangaiman 1598 19326 1066.94 6 Needamangalam 934 26326 1598.62 7 Mannargudi 944 23420 1700.28 8 Kottur 1175 14100 439.03 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 1234 14808 587.50 10 Muthupettai 1450 13530 923.60 District 12178 180134 10556.56 Source: TNSRLM and Puthu Vazhvu Project, Thiruvarur.
Table 6.5 portrays the self help groups activities and availability of credit details. A total number of 12178 self help groups are in this district as on 2011, of them more than 1000 self help groups were found in Koradachery, Kodavasal, Valangaiman, Kottur, Thiruthuraipoondi and Muthupettai Blocks. These groups have a total of 180134 members. The SHGs play an important role in earning livelihood of the female
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population of this district . All the block s availed credit from the SHGs and it is high in Kodavasal, Valangaiman, Needamangalam and MannargudiKodavasal, Valangaiman, Needamangalam and Mannargudi block s. The overall availed credit of the district was 10556.56 thousand rupees. Mannargudi block availed Rs. 1700.28 thousand it is the maximum amount o f availed credit in this district , followed by the Needamangalam block availiling 1598.62 thousand rupees in the period of availiling 1598.62 thousand rupees in the period of 20112011 12. During the same period Koradachery block availed 1394.60 thousand rupees, followed by Nannilam Block which availed Rs. 1258. 48 thousand. In Valangaiman block availed a credit amount was 1066.94 thousand rupees, and Kodavasal block availed Rs. 1008.62 Rs. 1008.62 thousand. Muthupettai, Thiruthuraipoondi, Thiruvarur and Kottur block s availed below the 1000 thousand rupees of the SHGs credi t a in this district.
Female Literacy
Female Literacy Rate of the district was 67.90 in 2001 and it had gone up to 76.72 percent in 2011 against the State female literacy rate of 64.55 percent to 73.40 percent in the same period. Block wise female literacy rate was the lowest in Needamangalam (71.92 percent) block and highest recorded in Thiruvarur (82.33 percent) Block in 2011. Both male and female literacy rate is low in Needamangalam block and hence this was one of the most backward block s in this district. This block also has considerable SC population. Adequate attention provided specifically to the SC women folk in providing education to the adults. The efforts taken by the Government is witnessed in all the blocks of the district and can be seen in the form of literacy rate of excluded 0 6 year population. population. However there is a gender gap in the lit However there is a gender gap in the literacy rate of 0 6 year population. Equity to be achieved by way of encouraging girl children and ebe achieved by way of encouraging girl children and effectively implementing ffectively implementing ongoing educatio nal development programmes.
Employment Figure 6.1 Female Work Participation
Female Work Participation Rate 43 37.35 38 30.12 29.59 31.67 30.63 33 26.87 24.4 26.71 28 22.94 21.8 23 19.93 18
Source: Census of India 2011.
Work Participation Rate as per the Census 2011, for females it was 25.51% gainst 53.26% for males. Rural sector recorded a better female workforce participation rate of 30.02% compared with 53.03% for males whereas for urban sector, the participation rate of females trailed at 15.44% against 53.76% for males. 41.1% of female main and marginal workers were agricultural labourers, 24.0% were cultivators, and 5.7% were household sector. In Thiruvarur district female work participation rate was 26.71 percent in 2011. Blocks Kottur (37.35 percent) recorded the highest female work participation rate and it is lowest in Thiruvarur (19.93 percent) Block due to considerable urban population. Kottur block registered highest because it was the only zero percentage of urban population. Except Koradachery, Kodavasal, Nannilam, Mannargudi and Thiruvarur Blocks have recorded below the district average of 26.71 percent in female work participation rate. In Thiruvarur district female work force participation was lower in urban than in rural areas. Both the extent of urbanization and the educational attainments of the population affected the urban work force participation.
Female Workers in Non-Agricultural Sector In the case of female worker participation in non agricultural sector in Thiruvarur district, the 2011 Census indicates the proportion of total number of workers in this sector is reported as 5.32 percent. The participation of women in non agricultural sector would give additional income to the household and enhance the status of the women both in society as well as at home. Across the Blocks, the minimum and maximum values varied by more than four times. It reveals that the participation rate has to be improved by means of Block specific interventions. Among the Blocks the female work participation in non agriculture sector was higher in Thiruvarur Block at 7.15 percent because this Block is the head quarters of the district and also because of considerable population of working women in non agriculture sector. The rural Block of Muthupettai recorded the lowest female work participation in non agriculture sector TREND IN POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
Decision-Making or Representation at Block Level Panchayat Union
The basic objective of human development is expanding choices for all sections of the people to take part in administrative and economic decision making. Experience from most of the countries in the world shows a broad based participation in decision making influences in a positive way. Gender differences continue to exist across the
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world, but India has taken the lead as far as the Constitution and statutory initiatives are concerned. The recent increase in the participation of woman in grassroots democracy has paved the way for women’s increased mobility outside their home, creating space to voice their concerns. But still there is a long way to go before full participation. The 73 th Constitutional Amendments in 1992, which went a long way in re activating decentralized democracy in India, made it mandatory to reserve one third of seats in local bodies for women. This has facilitated women’s participation in the political process not as passive voters or party workers alone, but as candidates. Table No.6.3 Membership in Local Bodies
Total Member ship of Number of % of female Sl.No Name of Block local Body Female participation
1 Thiruvarur 565 188 33.27 2 Nannilam 441 177 40.14 3 Koradachery 409 136 33.25 4 Kodavasal 436 166 38.07 5 Valangaiman 424 173 40.80 6 Needamangalam 422 178 42.18 7 Mannargudi 436 198 45.41 8 Kottur 382 129 33.77 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 326 111 34.05 10 Muthupettai 286 107 37.41 District 4127 1457 35.30 Source: All BDO and EO Town Panchayat, Thiruvarur District. Table 6.2 depicts the participation of male and female, in the State assembly and local bodies. In block wise analysis, all the blocks witnessed more than 50 per cent of male participation in the assembly and local bodies. In Thiruvarur Block it was 85.49 percent. The female participation in this block registered 14.51 percent. Mannargudi, Needamangalam, Valangaiman showed more than 40 percent of female participation in these bodies. But Thiruvarur block registered only 14.51 percent of female participation which is the least participation by women among all the Blocks.
There are four Municipalities in this district. The male participation in these municipalities showed that it was more than 60 percent and Thiruvarur municipality registered 72.20 percent. It was found that female participation was less than 35 percent Mannargudi municipality registered 36.36 percent and Thiruthuraipoondi Municipality registered 33.33 percent Koothanallur Municipality female participation at 32.00 percent, but Thiruvarur municipality registered only 27.80percent of female participation in
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assembly and local bodies. It is found that Thiruvarur municipality recorded lowest representation and Mannargudi municipality recorded the highest representation of female participation in urban bodies administration.
Among the town panchayats in this district, except Peralam all other town panchayats recorded more than 60 percentage of male participation and less than 40 percentage of female participation except Nannilam and Peralam. Regarding the district the total male participation was found to be 58.14 percent and the female participation was 41.86 percent. Among the town panchayat Peralam (41.67%) registered the most female participation in this district and Muthupet and Koradachery was registered 33.33 percent of female participation in town panchayat. This was the lowest female participation in this district. In all blocks of this district was registered female representative were lesser than the district average of 41.86 percent.
CONCLUSION
Women workers were engaged in agricultural activities in large numbers. They have become the members of Self Help Groups to develop themselves socially and economically. Needamangalam Block registered lower Gender Inequality Index (0.027) and the highest was in Koradachery block with 0.151. SHG model to be extended all Blocks to empower women. The MGNREG has reduced the wage differences in the other unorganized sectors also. The political participation of women in the district was 35.30 percent. It is observed that the women political participation was achieved by the legislative reservation of 33 percent.
79 CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL SECURITY
CHAPTER - 7
SOCIAL SECURITY
Introduction
This chapter proposes to assess the Social Security Status of Thiruvarur district. This is an important dimension of human development. There are various dimensions of social security. The major forms are security against gender and caste discrimination. The other forms of social security are demographic profile of aged, financial security of aged and social and financial security to differently abled and destitute widows. Some of the emerging social security areas are HIV/AIDS patients and women headed households. Social security is largely a result of social norms and taboos like patriarchal attitude and casteism. It is also a result of poor economic development characterized by feudalism and migration. Economic development by itself will not solve this issue and in fact, old age problems increase with economic development as it is accompanied by demographic transition. Preventive measures are those that seek more directly to avert deprivation in specific ways. Examples are measures towards asset redistribution, employment creation and food security. Protective measures include all those specific measures that provide relief from or protection against deprivation to the extent that they are not met by promotional or protective measures.
Proactive public action is needed to create a congenial environment to address these issues. This Chapter deals with the demographic profile of aged, financial security of aged and social and financial security to differently abled and, destitute widows in the district. Data from census and relevant departments were mostly relied upon. Persons of 60 years of age and above are considered as aged for the purpose of providing social welfare measures. In rural Thiruvarur district with vast sections of population surviving at subsistence levels, social security and social safety nets are very crucial and the issues pertaining to social security assume overwhelming importance.
Demographic Profile of Aged
Elderly or old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings. The boundary of old age cannot be defined exactly because it does not have the same meaning in all societies. People can be considered old because of certain changes in their activities or social roles. Also old people have limited regenerative abilities and are more prone to disease, syndromes, and sickness as compared to other adults. The medical study of the aging process is called gerontology and the study of diseases that afflict the elderly is called Geriatrics.
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Table 7.1
Demographic Profile of Aged
Total Population aged Total aged % Block Population above 60 above 60 SI.No wise/District/State Male Female
1 Thiruvarur District 1264277 5058 5375 14433 11.14
Source: Census of Tamil Nadu, 2011
The Table 7.1 shows the demographic profile of aged in Thiruvarur district. The total population of the district is 12,64,277. The proportion of persons aged 60 years in the total population increased from 11.14 percent during the period. The proportion of aged population is expected to increase in the coming years due to demographic transition which is a consequence of social development. Hence the investment and attention to address the needs of aged population should also increase.
Of the total population of the district, female population aged above 60 years outnumbered the male population which shows that the life expectancy of the female population aged above 60 years is higher than the male population. Both male and female population, aged above 60 years, contribute 11.14 per cent to the total population of the district.
Financial Security
The Government of Tamil Nadu is implementing the following Pension Schemes for the Elderly;
i) Old Age Pension Scheme: Under this scheme, pension is granted to all old aged persons who neither have any means of subsistence nor any relative to support them and are 60 to 79 years and above To become eligible for the grant of Old Age Pension under this Scheme sum of Rs.1000/ per month is paid to the Old Age Pensioners covered under this scheme, which is part of the National Social Assistance Programme.
ii) Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme: The National Old Age Pension granted to persons who are 60 to 79 years of age or above belonging to households Below Poverty Line. Rs.1000/ per month per beneficiary is granted under the National Old Age Pension Scheme.
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iii) Destitute Physically Handicapped Pension Scheme :Physically handicapped destitute persons aged 18 to 79 years and above whose permanent disability is 50 percent or more are eligible for this pension. district Level Committees, constituted by the Government in all the districts functioning under the Chairmanship of the district Collectors in which the District Medical Officers and district Social Welfare Officers are members, examine applications received from physically handicapped persons and sanction pension to them considering the individual hardship without reference to age limits prescribed by the scheme. An amount of Rs.1000/ is paid as pension under this scheme.
iv) Destitute Widows Pension Scheme : Destitute widows of any age who have not remarried are benefitted under this scheme even if they have legal heirs aged 18 years and above. Other conditions applicable to Old Age Pension (Normal) scheme are applicable to this scheme also. An amount of Rs.1000/ is paid as pension under this scheme. Entire expenditure under this scheme is borne by the State Government.
v) Destitute Agricultural Labourers Pension Scheme : This scheme covers Destitute Agricultural Labourers aged 60 years and above. Conditions applicable to Old Age Pension (Normal) scheme are applicable to this scheme also. An amount of Rs.1000/ per month is paid as pension under this scheme. Entire expenditure under this scheme is borne by the State Government. vi) Destitute / Deserted Wives Pension Scheme (since 25.4.1986) has been extended to benefit deserted wives / destitute women who are not less than 30 years of age and who are deserted by their husbands for a period of not less than five years / obtained legal separation certificate from competent court of law. Deserted wives having legal heirs who have completed 18 years of age are also eligible for pension under this scheme. An amount of Rs.1000/ is paid as pension under this scheme. Entire expenditure under this scheme is borne by the State Government.
Disability is both a health and social problem. Many studies indicate that there is evidence of the impact of disability on multiple dimensions of poverty. Disability affects the indicators of material well being (such as income, employment and consumption), access to and effective use of services (such as education and health) and social and
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psychological status (such as marriage prospects and decision making power). These different aspects are closely interlinked and characteristics such as gender and urban or rural location have an important effect on the disability poverty relationship. The major problem the Persons with Disability (PWD) face throughout their life is being looked down upon by others. Hence any rehabilitation effort should also try to change the attitude of the rest of the society on PWDs.
Table 7.2 Financial Security of Aged Target Population Category Coverage Percentage 60 +
2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
Old Age Pension 8551 23283 8062 23283 94.28 100.00
Destitute Widows 487 13692 487 13692 100.00 100.00
Disabled Persons 37371 23472 36033 23472 96.41 100.00
Total 46409 60447 46409 40714 100.00 100.00
Source: District Supply Office, Thiruvarur
The Table 7.2 reveals the financial security of the aged population. There are three categories of population which are social vulnerable group’s namely old aged persons, destitute widows and disabled persons. Regarding the financial security of the old aged persons, it was 94.28 percent in the year 2001 and it was 100.00 percent in 2011. The destitute widow under the financial security coverage remains 100.00 percent during the study period. In the case of disabled persons, it increased from .96.41 percent in 2001 to 100.00 percent in 2011. More coverage was found for destitute widow and disabled persons. Financial security in the old age periods is very important and steps should be taken for reaching all the categories of socially valnuranle sections of people in the district.
Differently Abled
Poverty is both a cause and consequence of disability. Majority of people with disabilities find their situation affects their chances of going to school, working for a living, enjoying family life, and participating as equals in social life. This in turn leads to
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increased economic and social vulnerability and exclusion. This exclusion affects not only the individual, but also the entire family as well. A large proportion of disability is preventable and it is linked to poverty and lack of access to basic health and nutrition. Thus, a strong focus on poverty alleviation and human development could lead to a general improvement in living conditions of the poor, which in turn, could itself prevent prevalence of disability. However, specific steps are still required, not only for prevention, but also to ensure that people with disabilities are able to participate fully in the development process, obtain a fair share of the benefits, and claim their rights as full and equal members of society. An integrated approach is required, linking prevention and rehabilitation with empowerment strategies and changes in attitudes.
Table No 7.3 Differently Abled in Thiruvarur District Categories Male Female Total
Locomotors Disabled 1012 479 1491
Visually Challenged 155 108 263
Hearing Impaired 253 124 377
MR 1637 2213 3850
Total 3057 2924 5981
Source: District Rehabitations Centre Thiruvarur
Table 7.3 exhibits the assistance provided for differently abled beneficiaries of Thiruvarur district. In the case of locomotors disabled there are 1491 in this district of which 1012 are males and 479 females. The differently abled males are more in this district as compared female. In visually challenged people there are total of 263 percent which include 153 males and 108 females. In the case of hearing impaired 253 males and 124 females consist the total of 377 in the district. MR population of the district is 3850, 1637 males and 2213 females Disability is both health and social problem. Many studies indicated that there is evidence of the impact of Differently Abled on multiple dimension of poverty. Differently Abled affect indicators of material wellbeing such as income, employment and consumption.
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CRIME AGAINST WOMEN
Violence
Incidence of violence against can be seen in different forms throughout the world like female infanticide, rape, wife battering, eve teasing, molestation, pornography, trafficking, child marriage, forced marriage, child labour, dowry related harassment and witch hunting which are taking place in various institutions, such as family, work place, schools, colleges, hospitals and roads. Some of these incidents of violence are not reported due to the tendency of society to victimize the victim as well as the feeling that violence within the family is a private issue. Therefore, aggregated data are not available on various incidents from the people.
Table 7.4 Crime Against Women
Sl.No Category Number of Cases 2014
1 Rape 4
2 Molestation & Attempt Rape 8
3 Kidnapping & Abduction 20
4 Dowry Death 2
5 Dowry Harassment 6
6 Women Harassment 100
7 Dowry Prohibition Act 2
Source: District Supernatant of Police, Thiruvarur.
Crime against women has been an area of high priority for Tamil Nadu Police. Several measures have been undertaken to tackle social menace affecting women at large. Special attention is being paid towards prevention of crimes against women by increased police vigil and also by harnessing the resources of the community including women’s Organizations, exclusive All Women Police Stations (AWPSs) and Women Help lines functioning in these AWPSs. On the other hand the strength of the women police has also been increased considerably to meet the need and there has been a 2.14% increase in strength in the current year (16,203) over the last year strength of 15,864.
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The crime against women needs to be eliminated. The statistics indicated that position of women in Thiruvarur is better when a comparison is made with the State level average. Awareness on gender equality imparting the moral values and respect to women would further bring down the atrocities against women. The Table 7.4 depicts crime against women during 2014. The number of rape cases registered was 4 and 8 cases were framed under molestation and attempt to rape. There were 20 cases kidnapping and abduction and only two cases were found to be cases of dowry death. Besides, six cases were under dowry harassment and 100 cases were under women harassment.
CONCLUSION
This Chapter examined the case for the implementation of social security policies in Thiruvarur district. Despite the fact that high levels of poverty in a backward district like Thiruvarur provide a strong justification for the establishment of programmes of social security, there are strong doubts in the literature over the viability of implementing social security in the district. The expenditure on social services can have important endogenous effects on economic growth in Thiruvarur district. Thus, even if social security is not regarded as the primary means by which developing economies raise their levels of well being and create the conditions for sustainable development and economic growth, their contribution towards that objective must not be underestimated. Aged people are assets to any society. Even though the earning capacity of them becomes less or zero sometimes, they contribute a lot of Economic development 11.14 percent of total population is aged. All of them are covered by the financial security schemes of Tamil Nadu Government. 1.86 percent of differently abled people live in Thiruvarur district. Crime against women has been noticed in 2011 with 20 kidnapping abduction and two dowry death which was lower than the State average. Imparting moral responsibility would favourably reduce crime against women.
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CHAPTER 8 INFRASTRUCTURE
CHAPTER - 8 INFRASTRUCTURE
Introduction
Infrastructural facilities play a crucial role in facilitating attainment of various facets of human development. The impact of investment on different kinds of infrastructure varies widely. It is important for the policy makers to make an informed choice as the resources are limited. The impact of investment on roads on poverty reduction was much higher than conventionally known investment priorities like health, education and irrigation in India. As the infrastructure has such impact on human development it is important to understand the current level of infrastructure in the district. The infrastructure can be either private like house or public in nature. Major public infrastructural facilities are road and telecommunication, electrification, public distribution system and banking services. Social infrastructure like Self Help Groups (SHG) also play a crucial role in achieving human development through building social capital and taking up economic activities. This Chapter focuses on the status of these types of infrastructures and their implication for the human development.
Roads
As indicated above, roads play many roles in actualizing the general development and thus human development. The analysis of Block wise road infrastructure indicates that there was a wide level of disparity among the Blocks of Thiruvarur district in the presence of road infrastructure for 2011.Road network should be efficient in order to maximize economic and social benefits Roads are often the popular means of transportation for people to travel from place to place, to go to work, to schools and to factories by public. Efficient road will considerably improve velocity of the vehicles. The more modern the motorway, the more easily people can travel.
The comparative study of road length in the year 2001 of 2011 in the Thiruvarur district, that the Thiruvarur Block enjoyed extension of road length by 689.12 km in the year 2001 and it increased to 759.12 km in 2011, under various categories like Mud road, WBM
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road BT road and Cement Road. The Mud Road was 340 km in 2001 but in 2011, it reduced to 204 km.
Table 8.1 Distribution of Total Road Length (in km) Sl. No Block s/ District Un - Surfaced Water Bound Bituminous Cement Total Road Roads Macadam Concrete Length 1 Thiruvarur 204 206.51 212.367 136.24 759.12 2 Nannilam 210.84 69.547 222.059 17.382 519.83 3 Koradachery 31.585 48.3 45.825 3.52 119.28 4 Kodavasal 5.428 16.09 138.181 9.466 169.54 5 Valangaiman 49.853 104.577 172.341 19.219 345.99 6 Needamangalam 114.79 91.029 301.19 17.597 524.631 7 Mannargudi 144.19 261.786 389.839 35.774 831.6 8 Kottur 311.59 86.81 367.3 92.7 774.97 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 126.53 135.29 502.311 30.308 739.59 10 Muthupettai 81.55 89.9 398.556 19.05 589.06 District 1280.356 1109.839 2749.969 381.256 5373.611 Source: All BDOs in Thiruvarur District (2014)
Table 8.1 reveals the distribution of road length between 2001 to 2011 among all the Blocks in Thiruvarur district. It was found that the total length for all the Blocks increased substantially from 2001 to 2011. It was very high for Mannargudi and Thiruthuraipoondi Blocks. Regarding the mud road length, all the Blocks reduced the mud road length except Valangaiman Block and Mannargudi Block. Thiruthuraipoondi Block remained the same in this regard. In the case of WBM, Nannilam Block and Kodavasal Block reduced in WBM from 2001 to 2011 and all other Blocks increased it from 2001 to 2011. As far as BT is concerned, it was increased in length from 2001to 2011 by all the Blocks. But in the case of CC, all Blocks showed increasing length except Thiruthuraipoondi Block. As a whole there had been better performance in the distribution of roads in all the Blocks. It could be found that the Block of Koradachery had the lowest road (119.28) infrastructure among all the Blocks, closely followed by the Block of Kodavasal (169.538). On the contrary, the highest surface road length was found in Mannargudi Block (831.596), followed by the Block of Thiruvarur (759.12).
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Electricity
Thiruvarur is industrially backward district. Being an agricultural district, rice mills are predominant, (i.e.,) 50 modern rice mills. In power sector, there are two large scale units generating, 146 MW by using natural gas in one unit, put up by the Southern Energy Development Corporation at Koothanallur, Mannargudi Block and the other by TNEP at Kovil Kalappal, Kottur Block.
Table 8.2 Electrification % of Hamlets Populatio No. of SL.N Block wise/ Revenue Hamlets have Towns n Street o District Village Electricity Covered Lights Facility 1 Thiruvarur 46 144 100 80861 7135 2 Nannilam 58 246 100 2 168060 6414 3 Koradachery 58 114 100 1 100211 6011 4 Kodavasal 59 181 100 1 106084 5038 5 Valangaiman 70 144 100 1 94474 5318 6 Needamangalam 58 177 100 1 108583 7557 7 Mannargudi 83 207 100 2 19888 7910 8 Kottur 56 178 100 103867 7781 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 41 161 100 1 106152 6429 10 Muthupettai 35 99 100 1 99800 5645 Total 564 1651 100 10 927980 65239 Source: Joint Director of Statistics, Thiruvarur. Electrification details are given in Table 8.2. The Block wise electrification details show that Nannilam Block covered more number of population under electrification followed by Needamangalam, Thiruthuraipoondi, Kodavasal and Kottur. All the Blocks are electrified but the coverage of population differed from Block to Block depending upon the size of Blocks. About 564 of revenue villages in the district of Thiruvarur had been electrified in 2011. There were 564 revenue villages and 1651 hamlets under electrification and 65239 street lights in Thiruvarur district. Mannargudi Block has 83 revenue villages and 207 hamlets under electrification and 7910 street lights in the Block. Followed by, Needamangalam, with 58 revenue villages and 7557 street lights followed by Nannilam. Koradachery, Thiruthuraipoondi Block. Another 10 towns in this district were also electrified All the revenue villages in the district have been electrified completely. In the case of Sector wise consumption of energy in this district the domestic sector utilizes 56.18 per
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cent of the power and 26.09 per cent of the power is consumed by the agricultural sector. The commercial sector uses 10.82 per cent of power. Only 2.52 per cent of power is being used by the industrial units. All other sector uses only meager amount of power and they contribute below 1 per cent to the total power supply. Since agriculture is the main occupation, its uses are higher than the other sectors.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Postal Services
Regarding the postal service of the district, there were 109 post offices from the year 2011 to 2012. The population served per post office was high in the municipalities of Thiruvarur, Mannargudi, Thiruthuraipoondi and Koothanallur. The number of post office in this district was 109. A total of 468 post boxes were put up across the district. The number of post office in various Blocks differ in numbers depending upon the size of population and volume of services.
Telecommunication
Land line telephone was considered a house hold amenity of the affluent a decade earlier. But now it has attained a status of essential amenity even among low income classes, indicating the need for connectivity. This became very visible once low investment mobile telephone services became available. It is one of the fastest penetrating technologies even in the rural areas. Telephones that way do not stop with serving as communicating devices but go beyond that by serving many other purposes like a tool for livelihood. As data were not available for mobile telephone penetration, data pertaining only to the fixed phone services were used for the analysis.
Table 8.3 Telecommunication Sl.No Block s / District No. Of No. of No. of No. of No. of Population Tel. PCO land line HH with Mobile Covered Exchange connection Phone Towers 11 Thiruvarur 29 938 21933 21933 41 1264277 District Source: GM, BSNL, Thanjavur (2013)
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The telecommunication facilities and related details are given in Table no.8.3. There are 29 telephone exchanges in this district and number of PCO in this district is 938. There are 21933 landline connection and 21933 households are connected by land line phone connection in this district. 41 mobile phone towers are installed and 1264277 people are brought under the network of various mobile phones service providers.
Financial Institutions
Banking System occupies an important place in a nation’s economy. A banking institution is indispensable in a modern society. It plays a pivotal role in the economic development of a country and forms the core of the money market in an advanced country. In India, though the money market is still characterized by the existence of both the organized and the unorganized segments, institutions in the organized money market have grown significantly and they play an increasingly important role. The unorganized sector, comprising the money lenders and indigenous bankers, cater the credit needs of a large number of persons, commercial banks and co operative banks have been in existence for the past several decades. The Regional Rural Banks came into existence since the middle of seventies. Thus, with the phenomenal geographical expansion of the commercial banks and the setting up of the Regional Rural Banks during the recent past, the organized sector of money market has penetrated into rural areas as well.
Table 8.4 Financial Institutions (Rs In Crores) SI.No Item No. of Deposited Advances Credit Sector Wise Banks Rs. Rs. Deposit Credit Details Ratio for Agriculture 1 Govt. Banks 73 1635.33 1377.81 1215.68 882.92 2 Private Banks 38 643.95 632.87 742.87 353.31 3 Regional Banks 4 6.79 30.97 456.11 18.83 4 Co operative 18 150.34 326.09 494.00 1363.65 Banks 5 Others 0 0 0 0 0 Total 133 2436.41 2367.74 2908.66 2618.71 Source: Lead Bank, IOB Thiruvarur 2011
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There are 133 banks in this district of them 73 are Public Sector, 38 private sector, 4 regional rural banks and 18 co operative banks. As far as deposit mobilization is concerned, Government. Banks received more amount as deposit followed by private banks. Regional rural banks are the banks which received the lowest deposit. Similarly, Government banks advances more amount to their customers followed by private banks. The co operative banks and regional rural banks advanced smaller amount. This is the same trend in the credit deposit ratio. But as far as agricultural loans are concerned, the cooperative banks lend more loans than the Government and private banks.
Insurance
Insurance plays a major role in protecting livelihoods from sudden unexpected losses, thereby giving continuity to livelihoods even after the incidence of accidents and other such situations. It is also an instrument any individual or business can use strategically to protect themselves in a proactive manner. The situation in Thiruvarur typically reflects the situation in rural India. In the district, the penetration had been very poor as depicted by the data given below.
Table 8.5 Insurance 2011 (in Lakhs) Name of the No. of Polices Sum No.of Amount Paid SI.No Companies Branches Issued Assured Beneficiaries as Compensation 1 LIC of India 4 49771 356.78 13521 3185.78 (Lakhs) 2 PLI & RPLI 213 20409 13.75 30 16.75 (Crore) Source: District Statistical Handbook, Thiruvarur, 2011 2012 Table No.8.5 shows the number of polices and related details. The number of policies taken does not reflect the reality as many policy holders opted for insurance for income tax reasons. As the demand was low the number of branches was also low. Insurance Literacy is very much essential to improve the penetration of various insurance products. Thiruvarur district has four LIC branches and 213 PLI and RPLI there were branches. India 13,521 beneficiaries and 30 RPLI.
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The life insurance corporation of India and postal life insurance play a crucial role in this area though there are private insurance companies. There are four branches for Life Insurance Corporation of India and it issued 49771 policies and the sum insured was Rs.356.78 lakhs. Insurance corporation claim settlement of 13521 policy holders and also provide compensation amount of Rs 3185.78 Lakhs. In the case of Postal life insurance (PLI) and Rural postal Life Insurance service are provided by the postal department in all the 213 post offices and sub posts offices. The Rural Postal Life Insurance (RPLI) is for all the people living in rural areas. Under PLI and RPLI they issued 20,409 policies in this district and the insured amount was Rs. 13.75 crore. The number of beneficiaries was 13 persons, the overall claim settlement in postal life insurance was Rs. 16.75. The RPLI can be extended to all rural areas and hamlets untouched by major insurance providers. This is a potential area of development, with people trying to have urban facilities in rural areas.
TRANSPORT FACILITY
Public transport facilities available in district for the movement of Men and material
The Thiruvarur district has a total of 159754 vehicles. Of them, 3624 vehicles are commercial vehicles and the remaining 156130 vehicles non commercial are vehicles. The number of commercial vehicles is lower. This is because of the fact that the main occupation of the district is agriculture and the number of manufacturing units is low. Agriculture needs so much amount of transport when compared to the manufacturing and service sector.
Road Transport
Efficient transport is a critical component of economic development, globally and nationally. Transport availability affects global development patterns and can be a boost or a barrier to economic growth within individual nations. Transportation investments link factors of production together in a web of relationships between producers and consumers to create a more efficient division of production, leverage geographical comparative advantage, and provide the means to expand economies of scale and scope. Transport has facilitated economic development from the beginning of human civilization. Early cities grew up on natural bays and ports, and on river banks and lake sides where transport was easily available. Romans built roads to unify and provide access to their far flung empire.
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Geographic characteristics such as proximity to oceans, seas, and waterways, plains, mountains and the location of oases defined early transport systems The industrial revolution generated new transport demands, which required higher volumes of coal, iron ore, and other materials and this led to construction of new roads that extended transport, and to early roadways development. TNSTC (Tamil Nadu Transport Corporation), run by the Government of Tamil Nadu had considered the importance of Transport in the development of State economy. It started TNSTC, Kumbakonam to cater to the transport needs of the delta district in an efficient manner.
Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation in Thiruvarur district
TNSTC transport corporation covers the road transport in Thiruvarur, Thanjavur and Nagapattinam district. Kumbakonam is the headquarters of the zone and buses are being operated from various depots of this zone. The State owned corporation formally started its operation in the year 1972 and it has 1117 buses as on 31 March 2012. A Total of 5 lakhs kilometers is being covered by these buses per day. More than 10 lakh passengers used the bus services per day. The corporation operates both city and mofussil buses in this district. The corporation increased the number of routes and new villages are being covered. As on date there are seven villages covered with 18 new routes. Though there are a few private bus transport operators in this district, the State owned corporation plays an important role in providing means of conveyance to the people. It is found that the number of commercial vehicles is lower. This is because of the fact that the main occupation of the district is agriculture and the number of manufacturing units is low. Agriculture needs so much amount of transport when compared to the manufacturing and service sector.
Rail Transport
Railways is an efficient transport mode concentrating on people and goods and transporting them over a fixed route using one prime mover and multiple carriages and freight wagons. Rail transport is generally more fuel efficient than road transport. The rail freight in India is on an average 63 percent more fuel efficient than the road transport. Railways use a unique technology that has very low friction based on steel wheels and steel rails. The most significant forces that must be overcome, besides the weight of the goods being transported, are rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag as speeds increase. Next to water transport, rail transport is the most energy efficient means of moving large volumes of
94 goods and passengers. On an average, inland water transport, using barges and a towing or pushing ship, is about 35 percent more fuel efficient than rail freight, but compared to water transport, rail is often less circuitous and thus, often as energy efficient. Beyond energy efficiency, transport by inland water or rail can also achieve significant economies of scale in that a single vessel or rail train (locomotives + wagons or carriages) can move many tons of freight or passengers at once making it operationally highly efficient when there is enough volume to use available capacity. Railways are ideal to transport high volumes of bulk commodities or passengers.
Table 8.6 Railway Lines and Station Item Broad Gauge Meter Gauge Total Route Length (in km.) 105.0 149.0 254.0 Track Length (in km.) 105.0 149.0 254.0 Number of Railway Stations 20 19 39 Source: Concerned Railway Station, Thiruvarur 2011 Table 8.6 conveys the details of railway lines and railway stations in this district. The district is well connected with nearby railway stations. Like that of bus Transport Corporation, the railway services are availed by substantial portion of people. There are two gauges of tracks such as broad and meter gauges. The total length of routs covered by these gauges is 149 Km. and 105 Km. Respectively but the meter guage track also under guage conversion work is under prograss. A total of 39 railway stations are functioning in this district and of them. The paddy bags are transported from this district to rest of Tamil Nadu by trains. Apart from rails is connected with the Karaikkal port and from there imported coal is transported to the rest of the country. At present meter gauge has been stopped for the of broad gauge.
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Irrigation Channel
The river Cauvery and its tributaries are the main rivers of the district. The Cauvery is considered to be the best of the rivers that drain in Southern peninsula of India. Springing from a spot lying on The Western Ghats at a height of 1,320 meter above sea level, it meanders its way across Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. The main sources of irrigation in Thiruvarur district are canals, tanks and wells . Major rivers are Odampokki, Vettar, Vennar, Mudikondan, Nandalar, Tirumalairayanar, Koraiyar, Valavaikkal, Kaattar, Pandavaiar, Ayyanar, Arichandranathi, Mulliyar, Pamaniyar, Adappar, Vellaiyar, Marakka Koraiyar, Vadavar Extn. Major lakes are Vaduvur Lake, Thirumeni Lake, Uthayamarthandapuram Lake, Moovanallur Lake. Tanks and wells are not used in some blacks for irrigation in the district . In 2014 period, Thiruvarur Taluk had 79 canals and 465 wells. The Nannilam Taluk had 129 tanks and 820 wells. There are no tanks in Valangaiman, and more wells are found in Needamangalam Taluk. Mannargudi has 3 tanks and 23 tanks are fund under Thiruthuraipoondi Taluk in Thiruvarur district.
Tourist Places
Tourism has become an important sector that has an impact on development of the district. The main benefits of tourism are income creation and generation of jobs. For many places of the district it is the most important source of livelihood for the rural households. The ability of the district economy to benefit from tourism depends on the availability of investment to develop the necessary infrastructure and on its ability to supply the needs of tourists. In Thiruvarur district Sri Thyagarajaswamy Temple at Thiruvarur, dedicated to Lord Siva date backs prrehistoric days. It is the second biggest shrine As Sambandar and Appar have sung the deity, the temple can be presumed to be existence even in the Seventh century AD. The three giants of Karnataka Music, namely Sri. Thiyagaraja, Sri Syama Sastry and Sr. Muthuswamy Deekhsitar, were all born in Thiruvarur. Thiruvarur is a place for the musical Trinity and most of the south Indian musicians are connected with it in one way or the other. The wooden car of Thiruvarur is the biggest of all the temple cars in the State. Historical importance of Thiruvarur lies in the legend of Manu Cholas just judgment to execute his only son for killing a calf by driving his chariot over it. In 2014 in 3.54% of Tourist visit Thiruvarur district. Muthupettai and Udayamarathandapuram are the other main tourist spots in Thiruvarur district. The special significance of area is lagoon and bird
96 sanctuary. The two tourist spots are visited from August to March. Tourist arrivals of domestic and foreign visitors have been steadily increasing. These two tourist spots are also included in the tourist circuits identified by the Tourism Development authority of the district.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the infrastructure is the core of any tangible development. Thiruvarur has road length of 680 Km. Though two NH are available, mostly they are only two lanes roads only in the district. When it is extended to four lanes, the inter connectivity with Karaikkal port Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, Thanjavur and Trichy with Salem would create tremendous development. A very good connectivity is noticed in railway. But the frequency of operation needs to be increased 100 per cent electrification to be available in all Blocks of Thiruvarur district is good for development. . The district economy partly depends on the tourism sector Tourism has become an important eco friendly sector that has an impact on the development of district economy. In the case of irrigation system of the district is purely depends upon only cannel irrigation from Cauvery river water and there is no possibility for alternative irrigation source except in Valangaiman, Needamangalam and Koradachery Blocks.
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CHAPTER 9 SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD
CHAPTER - 9 SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD
Introduction
The Human Development gains have been remarkable in many Blocks of the District. At the same time, the identification of the challenges in the coming years has been done. This final Chapter highlights the way forward for Thiruvarur to meet the challenges in future and make use of the opportunities available. A proper development is possible only if we integrate the human development for the benefit of the society and the economy in the long run. The Human Development Report as emphasis that “the real wealth of the country is its people and the purpose of development is to create an enabling environment for them to enjoy long creative and healthy lives” Health, education and standard of living would throw light on the different facets of development of an area. This Chapter presents in nutshell the human development scenario of Thiruvarur district and the way forward.
Human Development Index Key Findings
• Among the district in Tamil Nadu, in Human Development Index Thiruvarur is placed in the19 th place under the HDI at 0.657. • Due to lesser per capita income, the standard of living is also low in the district and this is reflected in the low income index of 0.435. • The Health Index is moderate in the district and it is put at 0.772. • The toilet facility, one of the factors which decide the Health index is not very comfortable in the district. • The sanitation facilities are very low especially at Valangaiman Block. • Though all the ten Blocks in this district are comfortable in the access to drinking water, Thiruvarur (97.11) and Nannilam (96.97) occupied the first and second places respectively and the lowest Block was Thiruthuraipoondi (79.04).
• Thiruvarur (94.77) Block stands first in accessing electricity and care should be given to Muthupettai (88.59) Block in this regard.
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• In the matter of great concern in having access to pucca house is Valangaiman Block which scored score of 38.05 while the lowest, the highest pucca house Block was Thiruvarur (85.34).
• IMR, MMR and U5MMR are the indicators of better health status. IMR was found to be very low in Thiruvarur (7.49) Block and Muthupettai (7.11) Block against higher IMR of Needamangalam (18.51).
• Very low MMR were found in Nannilam Block and Needamangalam Block while Mutupettai and Thiruvarur Blocks registered very low under five mortality rate.
• All the Blocks performed well in educational development. The Education Index of the district was put at 0.72. There has been improvement in the Gross Enrollment Ratio in Primary and Higher Education.
Gender Inequality Index - Key Findings
• Over all Gender Inequality Index of the district was from 0.151 to 0.027. Needamangalam Block of the district of registered the lowest Index value of 0.027. The highest gender inequality index was found in Koradachery (0.151).
• The overall female work participation rate in agriculture and non agriculture sectors was found to be low when compared to male work participation rate. The wage differential also created gender inequality.
• Female literacy was the highest in Thiruvarur Block (82.33) and the lowest was found in Needamangalam Block (71.92) as compared to the district rate of 76.72.
Child Development Index Key Findings
• Regarding CDI, which takes into account Education, Health and Nutrition, Muthupettai Block, performed well at 0.751.
• Thiruvarur (0.737) and Thiruthuraipoondi (0.729) Blocks displayed better child development index and they were placed in the second and third rank under CDI.
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• Nannilam (0.404) and Needamangalam (0.423) Block experienced a very low CDI value in This district.
• In this district, the percentage of malnourished children was 21.48 percent. Among the blocks the percentage is higher in Valangaiman (29.59) and lower (14.15) in Kodavasal Block.
Multidimensional Poverty Index Key Findings
• Multidimensional Poverty Index is a composite Index taking into account the parameters of Health, Education and Standard of Living. This index was very low (0.210) in Thiruvarur Block.
• Valangaiman (0.861) and Nannilam (0.611) Blocks recorded high MDPI.
• Lack of sufficient balanced diet was the prime cause of poverty.
• Accessibility of various facilities to enhance the standard of living is a matter of great concern.
• Effective implementation of universalisation of primary and secondary education reduces MDPI substantially.
Way Forward:
Accessibility of various facilities will enhance the standard of living of the people. Effective implementation of universalisation of primary and secondary education reduces MDPI substantially. Sanitation can be improved by providing more toilet facilities in the rural areas of the entire Block. Further increase in the enrollment ratio will make the district a cent percent literacy district. Better functioning of Primary Health Centre and opening up of new sub centers will help to improve Health Indicators in the district. Focused measures on Poverty, Education and Health will improve the HDI status of the district.
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EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND POVERTY Employment
• Among the total number of workers, more number of employees was found in agriculture sectors in Thiruvarur (56.60 %) Block and less number in Kottur (16.54 %) Block against the district average of 32.41 percentages. • In the case of agricultural sector more workers were found to be in Kottur (83.20 %) Block and less number in Thiruvarur (43.93 %) Block against the district average of 67.59 percentage. • Among the total workers, 18.37 per cent of cultivators were found in Needamangalam Block and 6.83 per cent of cultivators were in Thiruvarur Block, against the district average of 12.62 per cent. • Regarding agricultural labourers 72.06 per cent were in Kottur Block and 37.10 per cent Thiruvarur Block against the district average of 54.65 percent in 2011 Census. • As far as other workers are concerned, 54.46 per cent of them worked in Thiruvarur Block and 14.78 per cent of workers are in Kottur Block against the district average of 30.48. • In the case of household industries Koradachery Block has registered the highest with 3.47 per cent of workers and Valangaiman Block the lowest at 1.54 per cent against the district average 1.93 per cent. • 67.6 per cent of total workers were cultivators and agricultural labourers in this district. • Of the registered candidates with the employment exchange, less than one percent of them obtained employment opportunity.
• Out of 327219 households in this district, 1,96,226 households availed job cards under the MGNREGP.
Income
• The per capita income of Thiruvarur district was Rs. 27408, lesser than state per capita income of Rs.53,507, and the National average of Rs.54,835. • The per capita income of Thiruvarur district was three times lower compared with Kanyakumari district.
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• The per capita income of Thiruvarur district increased by 18.81 per cent from 2001 to 2011 against the state growth rate of 23.36 per cent and National growth rate of 55.94 percent.
• Regarding the sector wise Net Domestic Product of Thiruvarur district, the primary sector had contributed 15.38 percent in 2010 11 followed by the secondary sector with 12.47 percent. But the tertiary sector contributed 72.15 percent. Compared to the state net domestic product of 8.81percent, 28.41percent, and 62.70 percent respectively. • The percentage of Below Poverty Line families was found more in Kottur Block (66.90) and less in Needamangalam Block (28.19) against the district average of 46.93 percentages. • Though Thiruvarur and Mannargudi Blocks are urban areas, there also existed below poverty line families which are closer to district average.
Way Forward
Entrepreneurship Development Programme organized for the young people. More priority should be given to Self Employment Programmes. Home based small units can be encouraged to supplement the income of the households especially during Agricultural off season of the landless labourers in this district. This would bring about a change in the lifestyle of the people. MGNREG programme extended to related areas to create physical infrastructure and reduce poverty. An effective and intensive short term crash training course on electronics should be provided to the unemployed youth. This may encourage the economic growth in this area.
DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH and NUTRITION
Demography
• The district population was 12,64,277 which accounts for 1.75 per cent of the state population.
• Among the Blocks, Nannilam Block had registered an Annual Growth rate of population of 1.08 percent which was the highest growth rate in this district. Kottur
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Block registered lowest growth rate of 0.37 percent against the district average of 0.81 percent and the state average of 13.49 percent.
• Thiruvarur Block recorded the highest sex ratio in this district (1028) and Kodavasal Block the lowest sex ratio (984) against the district sex ratio of 1017 females per 1000 male populations.
• The child sex ratio was more in Thiruthuraipoondi Block (1005) and Valangaiman Block recorded the lowest ratio (910).
• Thiruvarur Block recorded the highest density of population (588 per sq.km) whereas Mannargudi Block recorded the lowest density of population (439 per sq.km).
• The highest percentage of SC population was in Thiruthuraipoondi Block and the lowest was Kodavasal Block.
• Regarding ST population Thiruthuraipoondi Block registered the highest percentage and Valangaiman Block the lowest percentage.
• Percentage of 0 6 years old population was found to be more in Valangaiman Block and less in Kottur Block.
• Koradachery Block and Thiruthuraipoondi Block registered the highest and lowest percentage of Crude Birth Rate respectively.
• Nannilam and Thiruvarur Blocks registered the highest and the lowest percentage of Crude Death Rate respectively.
Health
• Infant Mortality Rate was found to be more in Needamangalam Block which was the same as the district average (18.51) and the lowest IMR was found in Muthupettai Block.
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• In the case of Valangaiman Block, MMR is a matter of great concern. This Block recorded MMR at 231.30 and Needamangalam and Nannilam Blocks did not experience any MMR.
• All the Blocks in this district experienced 100 per cent institutional deliveries except Kodavasal and Valangaiman Block only one non institutional delivery in these two Blocks.
• It is found that 114.3 per cent of children were immunized in Mannargudi Block which was the highest was in the district and the lowest of 80.4 percent of children immunized in Mannargudi Block.
• If we take the nutritional status of children, the highest percentage of underweight children was found in Valangaiman (29.59 %) Block and the least in Kodavasal (14.15 %) Block against the district average of 21.48 percent, and then state average of 20.23 • In the case of Drinking water facilities more number of habitations was found in Nannilam Block (99.18 %) and less numbers in Kottur (92.00 %) against the district average of 93.74 percent and the state average of 85.93 percentage. • Regarding households with toilet facilities Thiruthuraipoondi Block recorded 72.04 percent and the least was in Valangaiman, at 45.67 percent against the district average of 64.41 percent. • In order to strengthen the iron content among women and children, the concerned Health Department provides IFA tablets. More number of women was provided with IFA tablets in Kottur Block and less in Kodavasal Block. In the case of children, more number were found to be in Needamangalam Block and less numbers in Kottur Block. Among the adolescent girls, Nannilam Block registered with highest percentage and Mannargudi Block the lowest percentage. If we take the nutritional status of children below five years, the highest percentage of underweight children was found in Valangaiman Block and less in Kodavasal Block.
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Way Forward
Periodical inspection carried out to check the outbreak of epidemics in this district. More IFA (Iron and Folic Acid) tablets may have to be provided to avoid anemic among adult women, children and adolescent women. Children have to consume nutritional foods in order to avoid deficiency disorders. Awareness creation about the intake of diet with required fiber contents and vitamins would enhance the immunity of children and people. This would protect them from some of the opportunistic and contagious diseases like TB.
Literacy and Education
• Male Literacy Rate was found to be more in Thiruvarur (92.26 %) Block and less in Valangaiman ( 85.80 %) Block against the district male literacy rate of 89.13 percent. • The Female literacy rate was found more in Thiruvarur (82.33 %) Block and less in Needamangalam (71.92% ) Block against the district average of 76.72 percentage. It is more than the state average of 73.86 percent. • Over all literacy rate more in Thiruvarur Block at 87.09 percentage and less in the Block of Valangaiman at 79.66 percent against the district average of 82.86 percentage. It is less than the state average of 80.33 percent. • The Gross Enrolment ratio in primary and upper primary education was good in this district. More than 98 per cent of Boys and girls have been enrolled. In upper primary to secondary, girls outnumbered the boys in all the Blocks. • In the case of drop out at primary education it was the highest in Needamangalam (0.37 %) and lowest in Valangaiman (0.70%) for both Boys and Girls against the district average dropout of 0.50 percent. • In the case of secondary dropout it was more (8.89 %) in Thiruvarur Block and less in Kottur (4.29 %) against the district average of 8.43percentage. • Both boys and girls drop outs were witnessed in upper primary education. In this regard, all the Blocks recorded more or less equal percentage for both boys and girls. • In secondary Education, the enrolment ratio for boys and girls was found to be more in Thiruthuraipoondi (101.29 %) Block and less in Nannilam (96.43 %) Block against the district average of 101.04 percentage.
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• Very high Pupil–Teacher ratio was found in Thiruthuraipoondi, Nannilam, Valangaiman and Muthupettai Blocks in primary, upper primary, secondary and higher secondary school respectively. Children never enrolled in schools were found to be very few.
• Very low pupil – teacher ratio for primary, upper primary, secondary and higher secondary schools are found in Kottur, Muthupettai, Nannilam and Needamangalam Blocks.
• There was no significant change in gender wise enrolment ratio in secondary education.
• In the case of Higher Education, Mannargudi Block recorded more number of higher educational institutions and no such institution was found in Kottur and Muthupettai Blocks.
• Male literacy rate was found to be more in Thiruvarur Block and less in found Valangaiman Block.
• The Female literacy rate was found more in Thiruvarur Block and less Needamangalam Block.
• Muthupettai Block registered the highest percentage of Primary and upper primary access ratios. The lowest percentage of primary and upper primary access ratios were found in Thiruthuraipoondi and Valangaiman Blocks.
• Kottur and Mannargudi Blocks registered the highest percentage of secondary and higher secondary access ratio and Valangaiman Block registered the lowest percentage of secondary and higher secondary access ratio.
Way Forward
Thiruvalluvar provides the utmost importance to Literacy and numeracy in his couplet,
“En enba Enai Ezhuthenaba Ivvirandum
Kan enba Vazhum vyurku”
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A good grasp of knowledge on literacy and numeracy would create awareness among people about their living conditions. The choice making and decision making situation would evolve favouring the entire social development. Effective steps to be taken to solve dropout problems. Geographical spreading of educational institutions is the need of the hour to attract and retain the students.
Gender
• In Thiruvarur district, there was more number of women population in Mannargudi Block and the Lowest percentage of women population was recorded in Valangaiman Block
• More percentage of women was found in agricultural sectors in Kottur Block whileThiruvarur Block registered the lowest in this regard.
• The percentage of Female Employment participation was the highest in local bodies and the lowest in Central Government works. Percentage of female participation as memberships in State Assembly and in local bodies was more in Mannargudi Block and less in Thiruvarur Block.
Way Forward
Women Empowerment would empower the society and the nation. Gender inequality can be reduced if all the girl children could have access to health care and good food products. People have to be encouraged to help their daughters to receive education. The free schooling opportunity to be availed for the better treatment and the human emancipation.
Social Security
• In Thiruvarur district, the Female population aged above 60 years was 5375 in numbers. • Old age pension holders and destitute widows were mostly covered under financial security.
• More number of differently abled populations was found to be in Kodavasal and Koradachery Blocks and lesser number was found Thiruvarur Blocks.
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Way forward
Youngsters have the muscle power with physical fitness as well as will to execute good things. These two are needed for the society as the left and right feet are required for walking. College students sensitized about protecting the aged. The really affected people are provided with OAP (Old Age Pension) and free ration products. The OAP amount can be enhanced keeping in view the cost of living.
Infrastructure
• It was found that the total length of surface road for all the Blocks increased substantially in 2007 compared with 2001. • The surface road length increased substantially for Mannargudi Block and lower for Koradachery Block.
• There are 1117 buses, in operation in this district.
• The district has railway lines, with 39 stations.
• All the Blocks are fully electrified.
• Highest percentage of power consumption was found to be more in domestic sector followed by agriculture and commercial sectors.
• There are 73 Nationalized Banks, 38 private Banks, 18 co operative banks and only four Regional Rural Banks in this district.
Way Forward
A vision and mission statement with achievable goals within a time frame to be prepared by the authorities. This has to be informed to all from the top level to the subordinate levels for the collective big push for rapid development. Direct connection with the people would benefit the entire society. This may have to reach the people directly. The Puthu Vazhvu Thittam is a milestone in this regard. As the world is surging fast with knowledge economy, awareness on social development must be created among the public.
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• Access to PHC (Primary Health Centre) has to be made easy for the people. Wealth of a nation depends on the health of the people.
• An effective monitoring of institutions can be carried out by all the functional heads of various departments.
• Continuous awareness campaign conducted regularly to change the mindset of the people to give importance to women to avoid gender inequality.
• After a careful analysis and security of the relevant concepts of human development, the resource institution has evolved HE SHE Model. This is an inclusive of H Health, E Education and S Standard of living. This would lead to H human development and finally the E Empowerment of the nation among would be realized the comity of nations.
• ‘Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man’, said Swami Vivekananda. Educational attainment is the sum total of over all development of the taught. Nowadays the people have understood ‘Education has bitter roots, but sweeter fruits’. The Government of Tamil Nadu, in general and the district administration in particular have been evolving strategies for making educational roots sweeter by adopting ‘Katralin Inimai Palli’ model in primary education.
• The noon meal scheme, various scholarships and free equipments provided by the Government would enhance the enrolment ratio. People have to be sensitized about the importance of education and supporting public educational institutions by putting their wards.
• The improvement in purchasing power of the people is essential for having better standard of living. People must have access to all available goods and services. This in turn requires the economy with less inflation. Thiruvarur economy is agrarian in nature. A paradigm shift towards industrializing Thiruvarur economy may not be a feasible one as this would amount to disturbing the agriculture base of the delta district.
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• An alternate model of developing service sector comprising more IT, ITES (IT enabled services) and tourism and hospitality industries. ITES may not require more space, sustainable development not affecting agriculture and environment and IT related is possible thorough IT enabled services.
• Thiruvarur is noted for its varied and rich culture. Vaduvur Sanctuary in Thiruvarur district is the home for different birds. The mangrove forest at Muthupettai is an assets bestowed on Thiruvarur by nature. Steps have to be taken to develop tourism sector in Thiruvarur district. People from Kerala and other states visit Vailankanni enroute to Thiruvarur. Thiruvarur is famous for magnificent temples. The hospitality needs to be revamped to include the foods of Kerala and other state people. Tourism department set up in Thiruvarur to develop it as the most favored tourist destination. Boating arrangements, parks and other recreational facilities arranged for better tourism.
• Road infrastructure has to be strengthened by converting the National Highway from Karaikal to Trichy enroute Thiruvarur. Four lanes roads arranged. An institutional dialogue carried out between the centre and the state in creating better infrastructure. The existing village district headquarters connectivity has to be strengthened on modern lines. The existing village roads extended by informing the necessity of road connectivity to the land owners.
The famous economist Ragnar Nurkse's (Balanced Growth Theory Model) favored the adoption of balanced growth for the all areas related to economic development. Valangaiman and Kottur Blocks lag behind other Blocks in catching up with the developmental momentum. In this connection the SBGF Model of Tamil Nadu would be the right strategy to remove the obstacles in backward blocks to attain economic development. This would facilitate our economy to achieve the objectives of the higher levels of economic development.
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ANNEXURES
Annexures
Table 1.1: Blcok Wise Human Development Index Indicators Sl.N Block s Standard of Living Health Education o IMR IMR MMR MMR U5MR U5MR Houses Houses Facilities Facilities Access to Access to Access Access to Access Electricity Electricity Literacy Rate Literacy Rate GER Primary GER Primary Cooking Fuel Fuel Cooking Drinking Water Water Drinking GER Secondary GER Secondary Access to Toilet to Access Toilet Access to Access Pucca Urban Urban 2013-14 2013-14 2013-14 DRDA+ Cnsus 2011 Cnsus 2011 Edcn Dept Edcn Dept DD Health Health DD Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 2011 Census 2011
Web Web site + site + Urban Urban (habitation) 2012 13 2013.14 2013.14 1 Thiruvarur 52.13 67.02 98.72 94.77 85.34 11.07 10.00 2.10 87.09 100.28 101.5 2 Mannargudi 43.95 57.75 95.11 93.57 52.27 9.02 161.60 1.26 83.54 100.33 102.01 3 Kottur 19.27 68.56 92.00 91.54 61.84 10.03 68.60 1.51 79.74 100.28 99.65 4 Kodavasal 33.75 64.26 95.60 93.00 38.92 14.05 10.00 2.37 84.18 100.23 100.6 5 Nannilam 31.34 65.67 99.18 93.40 47.58 14.01 128.40 2.46 84.41 100.33 98.36 6 Valangaiman 27.30 45.67 87.42 92.84 38.05 6.03 126.80 1.05 79.66 99.88 104.99 7 Koradachery 30.32 66.58 92.45 93.16 42.27 12.01 181.40 2.49 82.26 99.98 100.72 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 27.49 72.04 88.70 88.91 58.8 13.05 224.90 2.29 82.87 99.86 103.38 9 Mithupettai 24.73 70.23 92.25 88.56 48.32 13.08 188.70 2.71 80.89 100.43 101.76 10 Needamangalam 24.81 68.89 91.74 92.86 41.39 18.04 118.40 2.55 78.99 99.73 102.27 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.2 Block Wise Human Development Index Sl. Blocks No Standard of Living Health Education IMR MMR Water U5MR Houses Drinking Access to Access to Access to Facilities Electricity Literacy Rate Cooking Fuel GER Primary Access to Toilet Access to Pucca GER Secondary
1 Thiruvarur 1.00 0.84 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.64 1.00 0.46 1.00 0.99 0.79 2 Mannargudi 0.76 0.54 0.80 0.92 0.35 0.78 0.36 0.89 0.78 0.99 0.82 3 Kottur 0.06 0.89 0.65 0.79 0.54 0.71 0.75 0.76 0.54 0.99 0.68 4 Kodavasal 0.47 0.75 0.83 0.88 0.09 0.42 1.00 0.32 0.82 0.98 0.73 5 Nannilam 0.40 0.79 1.00 0.91 0.26 0.42 0.50 0.27 0.83 0.99 0.60 6 Valangaiman 0.29 0.15 0.43 0.87 0.07 1.00 0.51 1.00 0.54 0.95 1.00 7 Koradachery 0.37 0.82 0.67 0.89 0.16 0.57 0.28 0.25 0.70 0.96 0.74 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.29 1.00 0.49 0.61 0.48 0.49 0.09 0.36 0.74 0.95 0.90 9 Mithupettai 0.21 0.94 0.66 0.59 0.28 0.49 0.25 0.14 0.61 1.00 0.80 10 Needamangalam 0.21 0.90 0.64 0.87 0.14 0.13 0.54 0.22 0.49 0.93 0.83 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.3 Block Wise Human Development Index
Standard of Living Health Education Overall Sl.No Blocks Rank Index Index Index Index
1 Thiruvarur 0.961 0.662 0.919 0.836 1 2 Mannargudi 0.640 0.632 0.858 0.703 2 3 Kottur 0.423 0.741 0.711 0.607 3 4 Kodavasal 0.472 0.510 0.838 0.587 4 5 Nannilam 0.597 0.385 0.790 0.566 5 6 Valangaiman 0.259 0.798 0.798 0.549 6 7 Koradachery 0.492 0.342 0.791 0.511 7 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.530 0.255 0.857 0.488 8 9 Muthupettai 0.464 0.257 0.790 0.455 9 10 Needamangalam 0.432 0.251 0.727 0.429 10 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.4 Block Wise Gender Inequality Index Indicators Sl. No Health Empowerment Labour
Blocks MMR and ULBs and ULBs Coverage Deliveries (0 6) years Male Worker Male Literacy Female Worker Share of female Female Literacy Participation Rate Participation Rate Rate in Non Agri Sector Rate in Non Agri Sector Children (0 6) years Share of Male Elected Share of Ante Natal Male Agri. Wage rate Share of Institutional Male Worker Participation Share of Female Elected Representatives in RLBs Representatives in RLBs Share of male Children Female Agri. Wage rate Female Worker Participation
2013 14 2011 2011 2013 14 2013 14 RD&PR Source Health Department Census Census DoES Department
Unit Rate %
1 Kodavasal 10.00 99.87 92.73 78.26 89.81 49.13 50.87 38.10 61.93 24.40 61.48 17.74 28.65 125.00 350.00
2 Kottur 68.60 100.00 94.34 72.93 87.20 48.38 51.62 33.77 66.23 37.35 59.80 11.02 19.15 120.00 300.00
3 Thiruvarur 10.00 99.95 88.00 82.33 92.26 49.57 50.43 14.51 85.49 19.93 56.97 35.85 61.07 130.00 350.00
4 Mannargudi 161.60 99.97 95.84 78.96 90.19 48.96 51.04 45.41 54.59 21.80 57.87 29.96 45.08 150.00 350.00
5 Valangaiman 126.80 100.00 91.90 72.39 85.80 47.65 52.35 40.80 59.20 30.12 60.11 14.05 28.09 130.00 350.00
6 Needamangalam 118.40 99.82 91.60 71.92 86.46 48.32 51.68 42.18 57.64 29.59 59.30 16.86 25.82 100.00 300.00
7 Muthupettai 188.70 100.00 96.84 73.96 88.62 49.11 50.89 37.41 62.59 30.63 58.10 12.04 31.45 130.00 350.00
8 Thiruthuraipoondi 224.90 100.00 97.26 76.93 89.21 50.12 49.88 34.05 65.95 31.67 58.83 16.22 33.18 150.00 380.00
9 Nannilam 128.40 99.95 92.82 78.87 90.94 48.61 51.39 40.14 59.86 22.94 59.54 21.59 34.30 130.00 380.00
10 Koradachery 181.40 100.00 99.36 76.08 88.33 49.20 50.80 33.25 66.75 26.87 59.92 22.03 38.59 100.00 350.00 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.5 Block Wise Gender Inequality Index
Sl. Blocks Health Empowerment Labour No MMR Coverage Deliveries (0 6) years Male Worker Male Worker Male Literacy Female Worker Share of female Representatives Representatives Female Literacy Non Agri Sector Non Agri Sector Participation Rate Participation Rate Children (0 6) years Share of Ante Natal Participation Rate in Participation Rate in Male Agri. Wage rate Share of Institutional Share of Male Elected Share of male Children Female Agri. Wage rate Share of Female Elected
1 Kodavasal 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.78 0.90 0.49 0.51 0.38 0.62 0.24 0.61 0.18 0.29 0.58 0.73 2 Kottur 0.15 1.00 0.94 0.73 0.87 0.48 0.52 0.34 0.66 0.37 0.60 0.11 0.19 0.50 0.27 3 Thiruvarur 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.82 0.92 0.50 0.50 0.15 0.85 0.20 0.57 0.36 0.61 0.67 0.73 4 Mannargudi 0.06 1.00 0.96 0.79 0.90 0.49 0.51 0.45 0.55 0.22 0.58 0.30 0.45 1.00 0.73 5 Valangaiman 0.08 1.00 0.92 0.72 0.86 0.48 0.52 0.41 0.59 0.30 0.60 0.14 0.28 0.67 0.73 6 Needamangalam 0.08 1.00 0.92 0.72 0.86 0.48 0.52 0.42 0.58 0.30 0.59 0.17 0.26 0.17 0.27 7 Muthupettai 0.05 1.00 0.97 0.74 0.89 0.49 0.51 0.37 0.63 0.31 0.58 0.12 0.31 0.67 0.73 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.04 1.00 0.97 0.77 0.89 0.50 0.50 0.34 0.66 0.32 0.59 0.16 0.33 1.00 1.00 9 Nannilam 0.08 1.00 0.93 0.79 0.91 0.49 0.51 0.40 0.60 0.23 0.60 0.22 0.34 0.67 1.00 10 Koradachery 0.06 1.00 0.99 0.76 0.88 0.49 0.51 0.33 0.67 0.27 0.60 0.22 0.39 0.17 0.73 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.6 Block Wise Gender Inequality Index GF GII GM Rank GFM Sl.No Blocks LF Bar Emp Bar GFM Bar Health Bar Male LF Indices Male Emp Indices Female LF Indices Male Health Indices Female Emp Indices Female Health Indices
1 Kodavasal 0.97 1 0.55 0.75 0.38 0.67 0.59 0.79 0.67 0.987 0.646 0.523 0.693 0.029 1 2 Kottur 0.52 1 0.50 0.76 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.67 0.56 0.758 0.628 0.418 0.584 0.039 2 3 Thiruvarur 0.96 1 0.39 0.89 0.36 0.64 0.51 0.83 0.64 0.979 0.639 0.504 0.681 0.067 3 4 Mannargudi 0.39 1 0.60 0.70 0.47 0.65 0.48 0.77 0.59 0.695 0.650 0.558 0.632 0.067 4 5 Valangaiman 0.42 1 0.54 0.71 0.45 0.66 0.47 0.78 0.58 0.708 0.628 0.555 0.627 0.070 5 6 Needamangalam 0.43 1 0.55 0.71 0.22 0.40 0.37 0.66 0.48 0.713 0.628 0.312 0.519 0.082 6 7 Muthupettai 0.37 1 0.53 0.74 0.45 0.65 0.45 0.79 0.57 0.686 0.635 0.551 0.622 0.086 7 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.35 1 0.51 0.77 0.56 0.77 0.47 0.84 0.60 0.676 0.639 0.665 0.660 0.092 8 9 Nannilam 0.42 1 0.56 0.74 0.39 0.77 0.45 0.83 0.58 0.708 0.650 0.581 0.645 0.094 9 10 Koradachery 0.38 1 0.50 0.77 0.21 0.66 0.34 0.80 0.48 0.690 0.635 0.436 0.576 0.167 10 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.7 Block Wise Child Development Indicators
Sl. Block Indicators No Health Education (0 6) U5MR Primary Children Secondary Secondary primary to from upper Percentage of Malnourished Enrollment in Enrollment in upper primary Transition rate Transition rate Children never from primary to enrolled in school Juvenile Sex Ratio
2013 14 2011 2013 14 2013 14 2013 14 2013 14 2013 14 2013 14
1 Thiruthuraipoondi 2.3 1005 17.30 99.86 103.38 0.00 99.28 99.74 2 Mannargudi 1.3 959 21.80 100.33 102.01 0.00 99.13 97.99 3 Kottur 1.5 937 12.30 100.28 99.65 0.00 98.98 97.81 4 Thiruvarur 2.1 983 20.30 100.28 101.50 0.00 98.43 99.38 5 Kodavasal 2.4 966 13.00 100.23 100.60 0.00 98.18 99.49 6 Muthupettai 2.7 965 17.10 100.43 101.76 0.00 98.11 99.59 7 Needamangalam 2.6 935 16.00 99.73 102.27 0.00 98.43 98.99 8 Nannilam 2.5 946 19.20 100.33 98.36 0.00 97.43 100.00 9 Koradachery 2.5 968 16.00 99.98 100.72 0.00 97.93 97.24 10 Valangaiman 1.1 910 27.20 99.88 104.99 0.00 98.21 95.86 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.8 Block Wise Child Development Index
Sl. Block Index No Rank Health Education
CDI Rank (0 6) U5MR Primary Children Secondary Secondary primary to from upper Percentage of Malnourished Enrollment in Enrollment in upper primary Transition rate Transition rate Children never from primary to enrolled in school Juvenile Sex Ratio 1 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.261 1.000 0.664 0.186 0.757 0.000 1.000 0.937 0.601 1 2 Mannargudi 0.901 0.517 0.362 0.857 0.551 0.000 0.919 0.514 0.578 2 3 Kottur 0.745 0.288 1.000 0.786 0.195 0.000 0.838 0.471 0.540 3 4 Thiruvarur 0.379 0.767 0.463 0.786 0.474 0.000 0.541 0.850 0.532 4 5 Kodavasal 0.211 0.586 0.953 0.714 0.338 0.000 0.405 0.877 0.511 5 6 Muthupettai 0.000 0.578 0.678 1.000 0.513 0.000 0.368 0.901 0.505 6 7 Needamangalam 0.099 0.263 0.752 0.000 0.590 0.000 0.541 0.756 0.375 7 8 Nannilam 0.155 0.379 0.537 0.857 0.000 0.000 0.000 1.000 0.366 8 9 Koradachery 0.137 0.614 0.752 0.357 0.356 0.000 0.270 0.333 0.352 9 10 Valangaiman 1.031 0.004 0.000 0.214 1.000 0.000 0.422 0.000 0.334 10 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.9 Block-Wise Multi-Dimensional Poverty Indicators
Block s Health Education Living Standards Sl.No Rate IMR primary facilities Children Drop out Access to Access to Access to secondary Electricity Drop out in cooking fuel Pucca house Malnourished drinking water Access to toilet High order Birth
2013 14 2011 1 Thiruvarur 11.07 4.14 20.30 0.38 3.45 52.13 67.02 98.72 94.77 85.34 2 Nannilam 14.01 7.25 19.20 0.39 3.83 31.34 65.67 99.18 93.40 47.58 3 Mannargudi 9.02 7.61 21.80 0.49 3.06 43.95 57.75 95.11 93.57 52.27 4 Kottur 10.03 3.70 12.30 0.48 4.63 19.27 68.56 92.00 91.54 61.84 5 Koradachery 12.01 5.44 16.00 0.46 7.42 30.32 66.58 92.45 93.16 42.27 6 Kodavasal 14.05 6.57 13.00 0.59 7.08 33.75 64.26 95.60 93.00 38.92 7 Needamangalam 18.04 6.22 16.00 0.36 8.40 24.81 68.89 91.74 92.86 41.39 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 13.05 7.80 17.30 0.56 3.86 27.49 72.04 88.70 88.91 58.8 9 Muthupettai 13.08 7.30 17.10 0.49 6.65 24.73 70.23 92.25 88.56 48.32 10 Valangaiman 6.03 7.86 27.20 0.68 9.14 27.30 45.67 87.42 92.84 38.05 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table 1.10 Block-Wise Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index Sl. Block s N Health Education Living Standards
o Rank IMR primary Overall Index Children Access to Access to Access to Access to secondary Electricity Birth Rate High order Drop out in Drop out in cooking fuel Pucca house Malnourished toilet facilities drinking water
1 Thiruvarur 0.58 0.89 0.46 0.94 0.94 1.00 0.81 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.142 1 2 Nannilam 0.34 0.15 0.54 0.91 0.87 0.37 0.76 1.00 0.78 0.20 0.409 2 3 Mannargudi 0.75 0.06 0.36 0.59 1.00 0.75 0.46 0.65 0.81 0.30 0.426 3 4 Kottur 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.87 0.39 0.48 0.50 0.435 4 5 Koradachery 0.50 0.58 0.75 0.69 0.28 0.34 0.79 0.43 0.74 0.09 0.481 5 6 Kodavasal 0.33 0.31 0.95 0.28 0.34 0.44 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.02 0.521 6 7 Needamangalam 0.00 0.39 0.75 1.00 0.12 0.17 0.88 0.37 0.69 0.07 0.555 7 8 Thiruthuraipoondi 0.42 0.01 0.66 0.38 0.87 0.25 1.00 0.11 0.06 0.44 0.581 8 9 Muthupettai 0.41 0.13 0.68 0.59 0.41 0.17 0.93 0.41 0.00 0.22 0.605 9 10 Valangaiman 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.69 0.00 0.807 10 Source : Computed from Collected Data.
Table:4.1 Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate CBR CDR Sl. No Blocks 2013 2014 2013 2014 1 Thiruvarur 16.0 15.1 4.4 4.7 2 Nannilam 13.0 12.9 5.7 6.1 3 Koradachery 14.5 14.5 6.0 5.7 4 Kodavasal 13.7 13.8 5.8 5.8 5 Valangaiman 15.7 15.6 6.0 6.0 6 Needamangalam 13.2 13.1 6.8 6.3 7 Mannargudi 11.7 13.7 5.0 6.2 8 Kottur 13.1 12.3 4.7 4.9 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 11.6 14.2 4.4 5.2 10 Muthupettai 15.8 15.1 6.3 6.6 Source: DD Health Service, Thiruvarur 2014
Table: 4.2
Infant Mortality Rate
Sl.No Blocks and District 2009-10 2013-14
1 Thiruvarur 7.49 11.07 2 Nannilam 13.14 14.01 3 Koradachery 16.09 12.01 4 Kodavasal 17.39 14.05 5 Valangaiman 12.72 6.03 6 Needamangalam 18.51 18.04 7 Mannargudi 10.79 9.02 8 Kottur 10.21 10.03 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 10.20 13.05 10 Muthupettai 7.11 13.08 District 18.80 11.2 Source DD, Health Service, Thiruvarur 2014.
Table: 4.3
Number of Institutional Delivery
Sub Primary Total % of Blocks and Private Sl.No Home health Health GH Institutiona Institutional District Hospitals centre centre l Delivery Delivery 1 Thiruvarur 0 1 246 798 372 1417 100 2 Nannilam 0 1 190 940 490 1621 100 3 Koradachery 0 0 314 941 382 1637 100 4 Kodavasal 1 0 309 735 523 1567 99.94 5 Valangaiman 1 1 197 1069 315 1582 99.94 6 Needamangalam 0 4 261 905 463 1633 100 7 Mannargudi 0 0 195 1147 836 2178 100 8 Kottur 0 0 192 891 415 1498 100 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 0 0 156 897 620 1673 100 10 Muthupettai 0 0 265 424 852 1541 100 District 2 7 2325 8747 5268 16347 99.99
Source DD, Health Service, Thiruvarur 2014.
Table: 4.4 Nutritional Status of Children
2011 Sl. Blocks and No DIstrict Weighted SUW MUW Total % of Underweight Children Children Children (SUW+MUW) Children 1 Thiruvarur 9520 3 1935 1938 20.30 2 Nannilam 7582 10 1453 1463 19.20 3 Koradachery 7902 4 1263 1267 16.00 4 Kodavasal 7736 3 1008 1011 13.00 5 Valangaiman 7567 1 2064 2065 27.20 6 Needamangalam 9991 2 1606 1608 16.00 7 Mannargudi 11237 21 2435 2456 21.80 8 Kottur 5461 8 1039 1047 12.30 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 6588 6 1136 1142 17.30 10 Muthupettai 6098 1 1042 1043 17.10 District 82682 59 14981 15040 18.20 Source: Social Welfare Department, Thiruvarur.
Table:4.5 Percentage of Habitations Provided with Safe Drinking Water
Sl. Block s and Total Number of Number of Habi tations Percentage of No District Habitations Provided with Drinking Habitations Provided Water with Safe Drinking Water
1 Thiruvarur 277 269 97.11 2 Nannilam 297 288 96.97 3 Koradachery 302 269 89.07 4 Kodavasal 290 268 92.41 5 Valangaiman 305 266 87.21 6 Needamangalam 365 299 81.92 7 Mannargudi 403 364 90.32 8 Kottur 287 250 87.11 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 229 181 79.04 10 Muthupettai 208 176 84.62 District 2963 2630 88.76 Source: MDWS NBA, 2013-2014.
Table: 5.1
Percentage of Literacy
2001 2011 Sl.No Blocks and District Total Male Female To tal Male Female Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Literacy Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate 1 Thiruvarur 75.10 87.07 63.12 87.21 92.26 82.33 2 Nannilam 73.86 79.81 67.91 84.92 90.94 78.87 3 Koradachery 75.53 83.88 67.17 82.14 88.33 76.08 4 Kodavasal 74.39 83.77 65.00 84.07 89.81 78.26 5 Valangaiman 75.00 79.88 70.12 79.04 85.80 72.39 6 Needamangalam 80.03 87.88 72.17 79.07 86.46 71.92 7 Mannargudi 79.24 82.10 76.37 84.50 90.19 78.96 8 Kottur 82.15 89.12 75.17 79.97 87.20 72.93 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 76.95 93.63 60.27 82.99 89.21 76.93 10 Muthupettai 74.28 86.86 61.70 81.04 88.62 73.96 District 76.67 85.43 67.90 82.86 89.13 76.72 Source: Census India 2011
Table: 5.2
Access to Higher Secondary Schools
Sl. Number of habitations Higher Secondary School Block /District No 2011 2014 2011 2014
No.of No.of % % Schools Schools
1 Thiruvarur 184 184 3 1.63 6 3.26 2 Nannilam 227 227 6 2.64 6 2.64 3 Koradachery 184 184 3 1.63 5 2.72 4 Kodavasal 199 199 2 1.01 5 2.51 5 Valangaiman 205 205 2 0.98 5 2.44 6 Needamangalam 177 177 3 1.69 6 3.39 7 Mannargudi 265 265 9 3.40 12 4.53 8 Kottur 187 187 5 2.67 7 3.74 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 166 166 3 1.81 7 4.22 10 Muthupettai 133 133 3 2.26 5 3.76 District 1927 1927 39 2.02 64 3.32 Source: District Education Officer, Thiruvarur 2014.
Table: 6.1
Trend in Female Work Participation Rate
Sl.No Total Female Total Female Block Female WPR . Population Works 1 Thiruvarur 76891 15328 19.93 2 Nannilam 59589 13669 22.94 3 Koradachery 54537 14655 26.87 4 Kodavasal 56083 13682 24.40 5 Valangaiman 50436 15192 30.12 6 Needamangalam 63131 18683 29.59 7 Mannargudi 112948 24621 21.80 8 Kottur 54307 20285 37.35 9 Thiruthuraipoondi 58539 18539 31.67 10 Muthupettai 51123 15661 30.63 District 637584 170315 26.71 Source: Census of India 2011.
Technical Note
Construction of Human Development Index (HDI)
Introduction The latest UNDP Report 2010 on HDI continues to adopt the same basic three indicators of education, health and standard of living/income for the calculation of HDI. Simultaneously, an effort was also made to arrive at Gender Inequality Index. To compute HDI, 10 indicators were used covering the area of living standard, education and health. HDI presents information on the human development in three dimensions while GII provides information gender differentials in achievements. Indicators for HDI The indicators that used for deriving HDI at the block level are as follows: Indicators for measuring HDI Nature of Dimensions Indicators indicator
Percentage of HHs having access to Cooking fuel Positive Percentage of HHs having access to Toilet Positive Living Percentage of HHs having access to Water Positive standards Percentage of HHs having access to Electricity Positive Percentage of HHs having access to Pucca house Positive IMR Negative Health MMR Negative U5MR Literacy Rate Positive Education Gross Enrolment Rate Primary Positive Gross Enrolment Rate Secondary Positive There are two indicators for measuring health, three for education and seven for standard of living. All these indicators reflect human development.
Method of Estimating HDI For the estimation of the HDI, the following steps followed:
1. All computations would be done at two stages. The first computation would help in understanding the relative positions of different blocks within the District. The second set of computation would relate to the position of a block with reference to other blocks
As a first step, a minimum and maximum value has to be set for each of the above 11 indicators to transform them into indices lying between zero and one. For this purpose, the observed minimum and maximum figures for each of the indicators will be taken. Since the Geometric Mean has to be calculated, in the case of a positive indicator, the minimum value would be taken as 10 per cent less than the observed minimum value in the block similarly, in the case of a negative indicator, the maximum value would be taken as 10 per cent more than the observed maximum value.
2. The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) can be calculated using the formula – Index Value = (Actual Value – Min. Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value) Eg.: calculations will be based on highest values being assigned highest ranking
3. The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) can be calculated by using the formula – Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)
4. For Computing sectoral indices (health, education and standard of living) geometric mean is to be used and the method of calculation is as below. Thus there will be three indices one for Standard of living, another for health and the last for education.
Sectoral Index = If I 1. I 2….. I n are the n indices for a particular sector, then the (1/n) Geometric mean for the sector = (I 1×. I 2 × ….. I n) .
5. To compute HDI, aggregate the three sectoral indices using geometric mean with the following formula. (1/3) HDI= (SI l ×SI h × SI e) ; where SI l is the sectoral index for living standard, SI h is the
sectoral index for health and SI e is the sectoral index for education.
Illustration for calculating HDI
Maximum Minimum Actual Converting into Sectoral Indicators observed observed value Index Index value value Standard of Living Cooking fuel 48.0% 92.9% 9.4% 0.462 Toilet 55.0% 94.8% 10.1% 0.530 Water 97.5% 98.9% 26.8% 0.981 Electricity 93.1% 98.0% 70.2% 0.822 (0.462 × Pucca house 56.2% 78.1% 40.7% 0.413 0.530 × 0.981 × 0.822 × Percentage of Non 0.413 × 0.349 agricultural workers (main 49.8% 95.4% 25.3% 0.349 × 0.457) (1/7) = + marginal) 0.538 (ln 58171ln25845) ÷ (ln152795ln25845) = 0.457 Health Child Mortality Rate 33.00 67.0 25.0 0.810 (0.810 × 0.403) (1/2) = Maternal Mortality Rate 235.0 373.0 30.0 0.403 0.572 Education Literacy Rate 72.8% 88.6% 46.6% 0.624 (0.624 × Gross Enrolment Rate at 1.000) (1/2) = (Primary+Secondary) 105.7% 105.7 74.3 1.000 0.790 Schools HUMAN DEVELOPMET INDEX (HDI) = (0.538 × 0.572 × 0.790) (1/3) = 0.624 (Geometric mean of sectoral indices) Note: The observed minimum and maximum figures for the block should be taken into account. The minimum figure for calculation should be taken as 10 per cent less than the observed minimum figure for all the blocks
Construction of Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Introduction GII measures the loss in potential of human development due to inequality between female and male achievements. As it reflects an inequality situation, a value of zero represents no inequality and a value of one represents highest level of inequality in the society. The UNDP report of 2010 has brought out the GII index for all the countries. For measuring GII, three dimensions are considered by the report. They are: 1. Reproductive Health 2. Empowerment 3. Labour market Indicators considered for measuring GII Dimensions Indicators Nature of Indicator Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) Negative Health Share of Institutional deliveries (ID) Positive Share of Ante Natal Coverage Negative Female Literacy Positive
Male Literacy Positive Positive Empowerment Share of female Children (0 6) years Share of male Children (0 6) years Positive Share of female and male elected representatives in Positive
PRIs and ULBs (PR F and PR M) Positive Share of female and male literacy (LIT F, LIT M) Female Worker Participation Rate Positive
Male Worker Participation Rate Positive Female Worker Participation Rate in Non Agri Positive Sector Labour Market Male Worker Participation Rate in Non Agri Sector Positive
Female Agri. Wage rate Positive
Male Agri. Wage rate Positive
Method 1. Aggregating across dimensions within each gender group using geometric mean. For females 3/1 1 3/1 3/1 = 3 × × ∗[][]× × ∗ × × GF ( ) ID ANE PR F CHLD F LIT F WPR F NAG F WAGE F MMR For Males
= 3 ∗ [][]× × 3/1 ∗ × × 3/1 G M 1 PR M CHLD M LIT M WPR M NAG M WAGE M 2. Aggregating across gender group using a Harmonic mean. −1 (G )−1 + (G )−1 = F M HARM (GF ,GM ) 2 3. Calculate the geometric mean of the Arithmetic means of the each indicator G = 3 health .empowermen t.LFPR F ,M 1 3/1 ( × ID × ANE +1 MMR Where health = 2 [PR ×CHLD × LIT ] 3/1 +[PR ×CHLD × LIT ] 3/1 empowerment = F F F M M M 2 [WPR × NAG ×WAGE ] 3/1 + [WPR × NAG ×WAGE ] 3/1 LFPR = F F F M M M 2 4. Calculating the GII by comparing the equally distributed gender index to the reference standard. The GII value ranges from zero (no gender inequality across dimensions) to one (total inequality across dimensions)
HARM (G ,G ) GII = 1 − F M G F ,M
Example of GII Calculation Indicator values Dimensions Indicators Female Male Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) 235 Share of Institutional deliveries (ID) 0.997 Reproductive Health Share of pregnant women with Anemia (ANE) (converted into 0.924 positive as 1 anemia) Share of female and male elected Empowerment representatives in PRIs and ULBs 0.411 0.589
(PR F and PR M) Share of female and male literacy 0.671 0.784 (LIT F, LIT M) Share of female and male Work 0.263 0.610 Participation Rate (WPR F, WPR M) Share of female and male workers in the non agricultural sector (NAG , 0.410 0.535 Labour market F NAG M) Female and male Agricultural wage (105 (140
rate(WAGE F, WAGE M) (converted 81)/(130 101)/(160 into indicator) 81) = 0.489 101) = 0.662
Step I
3/1 1 3/1 3/1 = 3 × × ∗[][]× × ∗ × × GF ( ) .0 997 .0 924 .0 411 .0 490 .0 671 263 .0 410 .0 489 235 = 3 ∗ ∗ = GF .0 158 .0 513 .0 375 .0 312 = 3 ∗ [][]× × 3/1 ∗ × × 3/1 GM 1 .0 589 .0 510 .0 785 .0 610 .0 535 .0 662 = 3 ∗ ∗ = GM 1 .0 618 .0 599 .0 718
Step II − −1 + −1 1 = .0( 312 ) .0( 718 ) = HARM (GF ,GM ) .0 435 2
Step III .0 158 +1 health = = .0 579 2 .0 513 + .0 618 empowerment = = .0 565 2 .0 375 + .0 599 LFPR = = .0 488 2
= 3 × × = GF ,M .0 579 .0 540 .0 488 .0 542
Step IV .0 435 GII = 1 − = .0 198 0.542
Other Issues of importance Another important issue that needs to be addressed in the section relates to the crimes against women that are reported in the Districts. This may relate to issues related to dowry harassment, domestic violence, girl child marriage and other forms of crimes against women including harassment at workplace that are reported within the District.
Construction of Child Development Index (CDI)
Introduction Child Development Index (CDI) is an index combining performance measures specific to children education, health and nutrition to produce a score on a scale of 0 to 100. A zero score would be the best. The higher the score, the worse children are faring. The Child Development Index (CDI) was developed by the campaign in UK, “Save the Children” in 2008 through the contributions of Terry McKinley, Director of the Centre for Development Policy and Research at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, with support from Katerina Kyrili. The indicators which make up the index are chosen because they are easily available, commonly understood, and clearly indicative of child well being. At the international level, the three indicators used for measuring child development index are:
• Health: the under five mortality rate (the probability of dying between birth and five years of age, expressed as a percentage on a scale of 0 to 340 deaths per 1,000 live births). This means that a zero score in this component equals an under five mortality rate of 0 deaths per 1,000 live births, and a score of 100 equals our upper bound of 340 deaths per 1,000 live births. The upper bound is higher than any country has ever reached; Niger came the closest in the 1990s with 320 under five deaths per 1,000 live births. • Nutrition: the percentage of under fives who are moderately or severely underweight. The common definition of moderately or severely underweight, which we use here, is being below two standard deviations of the median weight for age of the reference population. • Education: the percentage of primary school age children who are not enrolled in school. For our measure of education deprivation, we use the opposite of the Net Primary Enrolment rate, i.e., 100 – the NER. This gives us the percentage of primary school age children who are not enrolled. Indicators for Child Development In the preparation of District Human Development reports , the following four indicators would be used to measure the CDI: Nature Of Dimension Indicator Indicator U5MR Negative Negative Health Juvenile Sex Ratio (0 6) Percentage of Malnourished Children Negative Enrollment in Primary Positive Enrollment in Secondary Positive Nutrition Children never enrolled in school Negative Transition rate from primary to upper primary Negative Transition rate from upper primary to Secondary Positive Computation of Child Development Index • The indicators have been broadly categorised under the 3 parameters that influence the HDI. • All the above indicators are negative and positive in nature. • The index values for each of the indicators can be calculated by using the following formulas as explained earlier
Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value) • The index values for each of the indicators would range between 0 and 1 0 indicating the lowest ranking for the blocks and 1 indicating highest ranking of the block • The Child Development Index would be the average of the index values of the three indicators – with highest value indicating better child development. • The composite index is the average of the consolidated index values of all sectors and this is to be used to assign the ranks for the blocks within the District.
Multidimensional Poverty Index Indicators
In the preparation of District Human Development reports, the following four indicators would be used to measure the MDPI:
Dimension Indicator Nature of Indicator Health IMR Negative MMR Negative Malnourished Children Negative Education Drop out in primary Negative Drop out in secondary Negative Living Standards Access to cooking fuel Positive Access to toilet facilities Positive Access to drinking water Positive Access to Electricity Positive Pucca house Positive
Computation of Multidimensional Poverty Index • The indicators have been broadly categorised under the 3 parameters Health Education and Standard of living. • The data collected for the above indicators has to be used for calculating the index values. This would help in making the values unit less and would allow summation of the index values of all the indicators.
• The index values have to be calculated for each of the indicators after identifying whether the indicators are positive or negative. This is done to make the index values unidirectional. The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) can be calculated using the formula – Index Value = (Actual Value – Min. Value) / (Maximum Value – Minimum Value) E.g: calculations will be based on highest values being assigned highest ranking • The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) can be calculated by using the formula –Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Maximum Value – Minimum Value) • The index values for each of the indicators would range between 0 and 1 0 indicating the lowest ranking for the block and 1 indicating highest ranking of the block • The consolidated index for each of the parameters/sectors/dimensions will be the average index value of all the indicators • The composite index is the average of the indicators of all the three parameters – Health, Education and Standard of Living this will be used to assign the ranks for the blocks within the District. Ways and Means of the Analysis of Socio-economic Data Our DHDRs contain a mine of data. However, data by themselves cannot and do not say anything about the development issues. We have to make a deliberate attempt to analyse them, unravel them, and classify them in order to derive relevant and meaningful inferences and conclusions. In this note, an attempt is made to give some idea about the ways and means of analyzing the various issues relating to various development indicators. If data constitute the body of the report, the analyses of socio economic changes in the District indicated by the data constitute the soul of the reports. So, equal importance is to be given to data and the analysis.
Calculation of Trend Rate In order to understand the development issues in the District, we have to take into account the changes taking place in the given indicator over a period of time. The determination of the mere status at a point of time will not help in finding the causal factors of the socio economic changes taking place in the District. For ex: if we are interested in
knowing the problem of children dropping out of school stream, we have to take into account the data of school enrolment as well as children dropping out of school over a period of 10 or 20 years. The growth rate of enrolment and the children dropping out of school for two periods of time, say 1991 to 2001 and 2001 to 2011 will go a long way in providing some ideas and clues to understand the performance of the District in the field of primary education. So, it is necessary to go for calculation of growth trends for each and every indicator such as population, 10th and 12th standard results, pupil teacher ratios, the proportion of female teachers in primary schools and high schools, expectation of life at birth, District domestic product, per capita income etc. We have to keep in mind, while calculating the trend rates, that the rates have to be calculated gender wise, social groups wise and rural urban divide wise. The relationship among indicators The development indicators generally do have some kind of relation with one another. For the derivation of inferences, we have to try to establish and understand the kind of relationship among the indicators. For a given change, there can be any number of causal factors. The relationship between indicators is multi dimensional and not one dimensional. For example, let us assume that the performance of students in SSLC examination in a particular District over a period of time is on the lower side. What could be the reason for this lower performance? It is common practice to blame the teachers for the low performance of students in 10th and 12th standard examinations. This could be one of the reasons. We have to take into account various other factors such as attendance rate, health (nutrition) conditions of children, education level of parents, particularly of mothers, time available for children to study in the home, the general educational environment in the village/town etc. We have studies which have established functional relationship between the female literacy rates on the one hand and on the other IMR/U5MR/MMR. It is also revealed that there is a close relationship between gender inequality and higher proportion of girls marring before reaching 18 years of age. The relation among these factors have to be analyzed and based on this, inferences have to be derived. The analysis is to be multi dimensional. The analysis has to be gender sensitive and it has to take into account the existence of various social groups.
Derivation of inferences and conclusions The chief objective of DHDRs, among other things, is to provide guidelines to people’s representatives and development administrators at the District level for preparation of the District development plans. The DHDRs have a lot of development policy implications. We have to keep these factors in view while deriving inferences and conclusions relating to socio economic changes in the Districts. We have to give list of so derived inferences and conclusions of each dimension at the end of the concerned chapter. It is also necessary to give an integrated account of the inferences and conclusions at the end of the report. This constitutes the basis for the formulation of the way forward for the District. Gender sensitivity and Social group-wise analysis It is needless to say that human development paradigm is gender sensitive and it is very much conscious of the existence of various social groups in the society. But, the analysis in the report must be such that the gender perspective has to run through all the chapters. Similarly, social group wise analysis must be done for each dimension of HDI. At the same time, the report must focus on multiple nature of inequality in the District. The inequality analysis need not confine to gender inequality, class inequality, caste inequality etc. It can be extended to intra District development disparity, inter generational inequality, intra household inequality (food distribution between men and women in the family), inequality in terms of dignity of life, participation in social activities etc. The calculation of final values based of absolute data The government departments publish data relating to their programmes and activities. For example, SSA publishes data about educational indicators such as enrolment, drop out, pupil teacher ratios etc. Similarly, health department also collects and publishes data on health matters. For the purpose of our report, it is more useful to calculate the final values of indicators by using the absolute data by ourselves rather than accepting the final calculated values published by the government departments. Of course, we have to depend on departments for the absolute data. There are different methods for calculating the final
values of the indicators. To get the real picture and the process of development, it is necessary to depend on the values calculated based on the absolute data rather than depending on the values released by SSA, Health department, social welfare department, department of women and child development etc.
ABBREVIATIONS ABL Activity Based Learning ADD Acute Diarrheal Diseases AIDS Acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome ANC Ante Natal Care ASHA Accredited Social Health Activities BMI Body Mass Index BPL Below Poverty Line CBR Crude Birth Rate CDR Crude Death Rate DDH Deputy Director of Health DEO District Employment Officer DHDR District Human Development Report DoES Director of Economic and Statistics FPS Fair Price Shop GAR Gross Access Rate GDI Gender Development Index GDP Gross Domestic Report GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GH Governmental Hospital GII Gender Inequality Index GOI Government of India GSDP Gross State Domestic Product HDFC Housing Development Finance Corporation HDI Human Development Index HDR Human Development Report HH House Hold HSC Health Sub Centre ICDS Integrated Child Development Services Scheme ID Institutional Delivery
IFA Iron and Folic Acids IMR Infant Mortality Rate JDH Joint Director of Health LBW Low Birth Weight LEB Life Expectancy at Birth LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate LPC Liters Per Capita LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MDG Millennium Development Goal MDPI Multi Dimensional Poverty Index MDT Multi Drug Treatment MDWS Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MMR Maternal Mortality Ratio NBA Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan NGO Non Governmental Organization NICs National Insurance Contributions NLEP National Leprosy Eradication Programme NMEP National Malaria Eradication Programme NMP Noon Meal Programme NPE National Policy on Education NRHM National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) NSDP Net State Domestic Product NSSO National Sample Survey Organization OAP Old Age Pension PDS Public Distribution System PHC Primary Health Centre RCH Reproductive and Child Health RLBs Rural Local Bodies SBR Still Birth Rate SHG Self Help Group SRS Sample Registration System SSA Sarva Shiksha Abiyan
SUW Severely Under Weighted TB Tuberculoses TINP Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Project TN Tamil Nadu TNEB Tamil Nadu Electricity Board U5MR Under Five Mortality Rate ULBs Urban Local Bodies UN United Nations UNDESA United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children Education Funds USAID United States Agency for International Development UEE Universalization of Elementary Education VES Vital Events Survey VHN Village Health Nurse WHO World Health Organization WPR Work Participation Rate
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