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Brasileirismos E Portuguesismos Incorporados Ao Léxico Da Língua Italiana: Análise De Campos Léxico-Conceptuais

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Brasileirismos E Portuguesismos Incorporados Ao Léxico Da Língua Italiana: Análise De Campos Léxico-Conceptuais UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LÍNGUAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LÍNGUA E LITERATURA ITALIANA Brasileirismos e portuguesismos incorporados ao léxico da língua italiana: análise de campos léxico-conceptuais Benilde Socreppa Schultz São Paulo 2007 1 BENILDE SOCREPPA SCHULTZ Brasileirismos e portuguesismos incorporados ao léxico da língua italiana: análise de campos léxico-conceptuais Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Língua e Literatura Italiana do Departamento de Línguas Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Área de concentração em Língua Italiana, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Prof ª. Dr ª. Paola Giustina Baccin São Paulo 2007 2 BENILDE SOCREPPA SCHULTZ Brasileirismos e portuguesismos incorporados ao léxico da língua italiana: análise de campos léxico-conceptuais Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Língua e Literatura Italiana do Departamento de Línguas Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Área de concentração em Língua Italiana, como parte das exigências para a obtenção do título de Mestre. Banca examinadora: _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Paola Giustina Baccin (orientadora) _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Cláudia Zavaglia _________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria Aparecida Barbosa São Paulo - dezembro 2007 3 A meu pai, Sérgio Sebastião Socreppa, que me ensinou que a maior riqueza do ser humano é o saber; à minha mãe, Helena Tambosi, exemplo de mãe e mulher, cuja coragem me serviu de exemplo. À memória de ambos, dedico este trabalho. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS L'amicizia consiste tutta in quel reciproco legame delle anime. E per questo essa è un istituto morale, il cui significato e valore sta nella realtà del disinteresse nell'uno e nell'altro, nel sentirsi sollevati sull' utilitarismo. (Benedetto Croce) Ao Senhor Deus Todo Poderoso, sem o qual nada somos e a quem tudo devemos. Ao meu marido Gil César, companheiro de toda uma vida, pelo amor e dedicação nestes 33 anos de convivência. Aos meus filhos, Gil César Junior, Graziella e Luis Felipe, pelas alegrias dadas ao meu coração de mãe. À minha filha do coração, Karine Marielly, por todo o estímulo e apoio que me ofereceu e por estar sempre por perto nas horas em que precisei. Aos meus irmãos, Dimas Vinício, Parísio José, Celina ( in memoriam), Salete, Domício Sérgio, Áurea, Lúcio Flávio, Edésio, por todas as alegrias e dificuldades que passamos juntos. À minha orientadora, Paola Giustina Baccin, pela orientação precisa e firme, sem a qual seria impossível o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. À professora Olga Alejandra Mordente, por ter-me recebido e acolhido no programa de pós-graduação. À professora Maria Aparecida Barbosa, exemplo de verdadeira Mestra, de quem gostaria de ser eternamente discípula. A professora Ieda Maria Alves, pela ajuda e sugestões durante a banca de qualificação. À equipe do programa de Pós-graduação em Língua Italiana, pela concessão da bolsa na Itália, pelo incentivo e apoio. Aos colegas da Unioeste, pela amizade. Ao CNPq, pela bolsa de estudos. 5 “Vocábulos amados... Brilham como pedras coloridas, saltam como peixes de prata, são espuma, fio, metal, orvalho... Agarro-as no vôo, quando vão zumbindo, e capturo-as, limpo-as, aparo-as, preparo-me diante do prato, sinto-as cristalinas, vibrantes, ebúrneas, vegetais, oleosas, como frutas, como algas, como ágatas, como azeitonas... E então as revolvo, agito-as, trituro-as, adorno-as, liberto-as... Tudo está na palavra... Uma idéia inteira muda porque uma palavra mudou de lugar ou porque se sentou como uma rainha dentro de uma frase que não a esperava e que lhe obedeceu... Têm sombra, transparência, peso, plumas, pêlos, têm tudo o que se lhes foi agregado de tanto vagar pelo rio, de tanto transmigrar de pátria, de tanto ser raízes... São antiqüíssimas e recentíssimas. Vivem no féretro escondido e na flor apenas desabrochada... (Pablo Neruda, Confesso que vivi ) 6 RESUMO A influência estrangeira no léxico de uma língua é um processo consueto a todas elas, sendo que essas intervenções podem ser totalmente assimiladas de forma a fazer parte integrante da língua ou não. A Língua Italiana, pela sua configuração histórico-geográfica absorveu consideravelmente influências estrangeiras, sobretudo das nações circunvizinhas. O influxo do português é documentado em dicionários de língua geral italianos e o arrolamento dessas unidades lexicais permite visualizar momentos diferentes: o período das grandes navegações, no qual estrangeirismos do português europeu foram incorporados ao léxico da Língua Italiana e estrangeirismos do português brasileiro, presentes nas obras dos viajantes naturalistas enriqueceram o léxico italiano com nomes de animais e plantas exóticos. Atualmente, a globalização permite que um sem número de neologismos de origem portuguesa circule na mídia italiana. O arrolamento e uma análise lingüística e cultural dessas unidades léxicas e neologismos constitui o objetivo principal dessa dissertação. Palavras-chave: empréstimos, estrangeirismos, portuguesismos, brasileirismos, língua italiana, dicionários italianos. 7 ABSTRACT L’influsso straniero nel lessico di una lingua è un processo che riguarda solitamente tutte, essendo che queste intervenzioni possono essere interamente assorbite in modo da integrarsi o no alla lingua. La lingua italiana per la sua configurazione storico-geografica ha assorbito considerevolmente gli influssi delle lingue straniere, soprattutto delle nazioni circondanti. L’influenza del portoghese è attestabile nei dizionari di lingua italiani e l’arruolamento di queste unità lessicali ci permette di rendere visibile momenti diversi: il periodo delle grandi navigazioni, in cui i forestierismi del portoghese europeo sono stati incorporati al lessico della lingua italiana e i forestierismi del portoghese brasiliano nelle opere dei viaggiatori hanno arricchito il lessico italiano con nomi di animali e piante esotici. Presentemente, la globalizzazione permette che un gran numero di neologismi di origine brasiliana possano essere reperiti nei mass media italiani. Elencare ed esaminare, da un punto di vista linguistico e culturale, le unità lessicali e i neologismi che appaiono nei mass-media, costituiscono i principali obiettivi di questa tesi. Parole chiavi: prestiti, forestierismi, lusismi, brasilianismi, lingua italiana, dizionari italiani. 8 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ...................................................................................................... 07 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 08 I – INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................ 11 II - FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA ............................................................. 16 2.1 As ciências do léxico ................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Lexicologia, Lexicografia e Terminografia: princípios básicos ................. 18 2.1.2 A palavra sob uma perspectiva histórica ................................................. 21 2.1.3 Níveis de atualização x tipos de obras .................................................... 24 2.1.4 A palavra como unidade lexical .............................................................. 26 2.2 Processos de inovação lexical .................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Neologia e Neologismos ........................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Neologia por empréstimo: emprestar para fortalecer ................................ 33 2.2.3 Derivados: empréstimos ou não? ............................................................ 40 2.2.4 Fases do empréstimos ............................................................................ 42 2.2.5 Classificação dos empréstimos ............................................................... 44 2.2.6 Adaptação e integração dos empréstimos ................................................. 45 2.3Unidades lexicais portuguesas: conceituação e delimitação dos portuguesismos e brasileirismos ...................................................................... 51 III - MÉTODOS, TÉCNICAS E PROCEDIMENTOS DE PESQUISA ............ 55 3.1 Metodologia de investigação ...................................................................... 56 3.2 Estabelecimento do corpus : ..................................................................... 56 3.3 Coleta das atestações das unidades lexicais portuguesas .............................. 58 3.4 Levantamento dos dados: tabelas e fichas lexicográficas ............................. 62 3.4.1 Ficha lexicológica não preenchida .......................................................... 64 3.4.2 Fichas lexicológicas preenchidas ............................................................ 65 3.5 Procedimentos para análise dos dados recolhidos ........................................ 66 3.6 Relação das siglas utilizadas no texto ......................................................... 70 9 IV - COLABORAÇÃO DO PORTUGUÊS NO LÉXICO DA LÍNGUA ITALIANA .................................................................................................... 71 4.1. Empréstimos lingüísticos: uma conseqüência natural na formação das línguas ....................................................................................................
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