The Hegemony of the Vikings of the Eastern Seas in Borneo During The
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INSANCITA: Journal of Islamic Studies in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, VolumeVolume 4(1), 3(2), February August 20182019 ISMAIL ALI Volume 3(2), August 2018 Print ISSN 2443-2776 The Hegemony of the Vikings of the Eastern Contents Seas in Borneo during the 18th and 19th Century Sambutan. [ii] HILALABSTRACT WANI: The & 18 thSAKINA and 19th centuries KHAZIR saw the, emergence of the Iranun and the Balangingi originating from the CriticalPhilippine Analysis islands and on the Islamophobia, Sea Dayak of Sarawak Politics as heroes of Misunderstanding, or seafarers; and it was a nightmare for European and Chinese sailors whose sailing to the waters of Borneo and Southeast Asia at the time. This article – using historical methods, andqualitative Religious approaches, Fundamentalism and literature review. [99-116] – seeks to analyze the actions of the Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayak who often rob Western trade ships, and make their ships a commodity of commerce, that is in the form of slaves, has led to the EDIorigin SUHARDI of their own identity, EKADJATI from a nation, called Iranun and Balangingi in the ancient Sulu islands and Sea Dayak of Sarawak (Borneo), to a new nation known as a “pirate” nation created by the West. In this context, their redefinition of a Fatahillahnew nation graduallysebagai eroded Tokoh and Historis: lost their original identity and became widely accepted by local communities in the Malay Samaarchipelago atau of Bedakah the 18th century. dengan This Sunan article is Gunung not intended Djati? to make [117-124] moral judgments about the views, interpretations, and views of Western sailors and merchants from the deck of their sailing vessels in Southeast Asia. Thus, this article aims to reinterpreting the history of piracy based on the Malay cultural world. HAJIKEY WORDAWANG: Iranun, ASBOL Balangingi, BIN and HAJISea Dayak; MAIL Malay, Piracy World; Historical Interpretation. Yayasan Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, 1992-2012: ABSTRAKSI: “Hegemoni Viking dari Laut Timur di Borneo pada Kurun 18 dan 19 Masihi”. Abad ke-18 dan ke-19 telah Sejarah,menyaksikan Perumahan, kemunculan orang-orangdan Melayu Iranun Islam dan Balangingi Beraja. yang[125-144] berasal dari kepulauan Filipina dan orang-orang Dayak Laut dari Sarawak sebagai hero atau jaguh di laut; dan sekaligus menjadi mimpi ngeri kepada para pelayar Eropah dan China SONDANGyang berlayar ke SENINTAkawasan perairan DEBORA kepulauan Borneo SITUMORANG dan Asia Tenggara ,pada waktu itu. Artikel ini – dengan mengguna- pakai kaedah sejarah, pendekatan kualitatif, dan sorotan literatur – mahukan menganalisi tindakan orang-orang Iranun, ExperiencesBalangingi, dan Learning Dayak Laut Strategy yang seringkali for the merompak Development kapal-kapal of dagang Religious Barat, dan Teen menjadikan. [145-160] anak-anak kapal sebagai komoditi dagangan, iaitu dalam bentuk hamba, telah menyebabkan berlakunya dalam asal-usul identiti mereka sendiri, iaitu ANDIdari sebuah SUWIRTA bangsa bernama Iranun dan Balangingi di kepulauan Sulu dan Dayak Laut di Sarawak (Borneo), yang telah lama wujud, kepada satu, bangsa baru yang dikenali sebagai bangsa “lanun” yang dicipta oleh Barat. Dalam konteks ini, Perspengidentifikasian dan Kritik Sosialsemula padamereka Masamenjadi satuOrde bangsa Baru: yang Kasusbaru secara BAPINDO perlahan-lahan Tahun telah menghakis1994 dan menghilangkan dalamidentiti Sorotan asal yang Suratmereka milikiKabar dan Republika mula diterima-pakai di Jakarta oleh . masyarakat[161-186] setempat di kepulauan Nusantara pada abad ke-18. Artikel ini tidak bertujuan untuk membuat pengadilan moral berhubung tanggapan, tafsiran, dan pandangan para pelayar dan pedagang Barat dari atas dek kapal mereka yang berlayar di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Justeru, artikel ini bertujuan Info-insancita-edutainmentuntuk mentafsirkan semula sejarah perlanunan. [187-198] dari perspektif alam tamadun Melayu. KATA KUNCI: Orang Iranun, Balangingi, dan Dayak Laut; Dunia Perlanunan Melayu; Pentafsiran Semula Sejarah. INSANCITA: Journal of Islamic Studies in Indonesia and Southeast Asia will provide a peer-reviewed forum for the publication of thought-leadership articles, briefings, discussion, applied research, case and comparative studies, expert comment and analysis on the key issuesAbout surrounding the Author: the Islamic Prof. studiesDr. Ismail in general, Ali is nota Lecturer only in Indonesiaat the History but also Program, in Southeast Faculty Asia of and Art, around Humanities, the world, and and Legacy its various UMS (Malaysiaaspects. Analysis University will beof practicalSabah) in and Kota rigorous Kinabalu, in nature. Malaysia; The INSANCITAand Chairperson journal, of ASPENSI with print (Association ISSN 2443-2776, of Indonesian was firstly Scholars published of Historyon February Education) 5, 2016, in Bandung,in the context Indonesia, to commemorate for period 2018-2023.the Dies Natalies For academic of HMI interests,(Himpunan the Mahasiswaauthor can beIslam contacted or Islamic via hisStudents e-mail addressAssociation) at: [email protected] in Indonesia. The INSANCITA journal has been organized by the Alumni of HMI who work as Lecturers at the HEIs (HigherSuggested Education Citation: Institutions) Ali, Ismail. in Indonesia; (2019). and“The published Hegemony by Minda of the Masagi Vikings Press of the as Eastern a publisher Seas ownedin Borneo by ASPENSI during the (the 18 Associationth and 19th Century”of Indonesian in INSANCITA: Scholars of History Journal Education) of Islamic inStudies Bandung, in Indonesia West Java, and Indonesia. Southeast TheAsia ,INSANCITA Volume 4(1), journal February, is published pp.55-76. twice Bandung, a year Westi.e. every Java, February Indonesia: and Minda August. Masagi All articles Press fullowned text byin ASPENSIPDF are free, with to beISSN accessed 2443-1776 and down (print) load andfrom ISSN the website 2657-0491 at: www.journals. (online). mindamas.com/index.php/insancitaArticle Timeline: Accepted (December 27, 2018); Revised (January 25, 2019); and Published (February 28, 2019). © 20182019 Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia 55i p-ISSN 2443-2776, e-ISSNISSN 2657-04912443-2776, and www.journals.mindamas.com/index.php/insancita ISMAIL ALI, The Hegemony of the Vikings INTRODUCTION pirate”. These Europeans also labeled the During the 18th and 19th century, the months of August-October as the “pirates Iranun and Balangingi of the Philippine seasons” or “pirate wind”. Based on the islands, and the Sea Dayaks of Sarawak, early notes of 18th and 19th century, the were well known as the “conqueror” of famous sailor such as Alexander Dalrymple the sea. They became the nightmares for in Oriental Repertory (1808); William the European and Chinese sailors, who Dampier in A New Voyage Round the World traveled on the waters of Borneo and (1960); Thomas Forrest in A Voyage to Southeast Asia. The hegemony and the New Guinea and the Moluccas (1972); and domination of the Iranun, Balangingi, and others had already reported the piracy Sea Dayaks on the waters around Borneo activities on the waters around Southeast and Southeast Asia during the 18th and Asia (Dalrymple, 1808; Dampier, 1960; 19th century had caused lots of difficulty Forrest, 1972; and Ali, 2007a). to sailors and merchants in the Malay For example also, Owen Rutter, in archipelago and China (Warren, 2002; Ali, his book entitled The Pirate Wind (1986), 2007a; and Ali & Tarsat, 2017). regarded the Iranun and Balangingi of the According to James F. Warren (2000), Sulu islands and the coast of Southeast and other scholars, the practice of piracy Asia as the “Vikings of the Eastern Seas”, in Southeast Asian in the nineteenth as their supremacy resembled the Viking, century was to a very large extent a the most terrorizing group in Europe. continuation of a phenomena, which was According to Owen Rutter (1986) that: widespread from the ancient beginnings of sea traffic in the straits and along the […] no merchant ship of the colonial powers and no shore village was immune from their attack coasts of the area. There were, however, which, in their rampant ferocity, made the threat several strong and organized Lanun of extreme violence and anarchy an everyday fact (Pirate) communities on the northern of life for the coastal populations of Southeast Asia for long periods of time […] fierce, dangerous and coasts of Borneo. Many young Muslim merciless […]. European, American, Chinese, Malay seafarers from Borneo were led on and native vessels who had been sold into slavery marauding expeditions in the nineteenth (Rutter, 1986:19). century by Arab sheriffs. Their allies were Iban of Sarawak on the northeast coast of This article – using the historical Borneo (Defoe, 1999; Warren, 2000; and method, qualitative approach, and Ali, 2007a). literature review (Ahmad, 1991; Creswell, The control of the Iranun, Balangingi, 1998; Sjamsuddin, 2007; Zed, 2008; and Sea Dayaks as Raja di Laut or and Mohajan, 2018) – tries to elaborate meaning “King of the Seas” on the waters pertaining: (1) Concept and Meaning around Borneo and Southeast Asia had of Pirate and Piracy; (2) the Origin of terrified famous European sailors like Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayaks; (3) Alexander Dalrymple, William Dampier, the Settlements and Bases of the Iranun, Thomas Forrest, J. Hunt, and others on Balingingi, and Sea Dayaks in Borneo; and the waters around South China Sea, Sulu, (4) the Maritime Raiding Expedition of the and Celebes seas during the 18th and 19th Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayaks