Robert G. Neumann on State’s Transition Team

After Reagan: Please, No New Beginnings, by Simon Serfaty

Also: Who should win the AFSA Awards? A Diplomat Couldn't Negotiate a Better Deal. Jeep knows that diplomacy has its advantages. That’s why we’ve Jeep Cherokee & Wagoneer. created a special diplomatic sales Cherokee gives you a choice of 2 or | program just for you. As special 4 doors, 2 or 4 wheel drive, and the members of the Diplomatic Corps, most powerful optional engine in its you’re entitled to preferred prices. class. And Cherokee is the only Incredibly low prices on legendary sport/utility ever to win “4 x 4 of the Jeeps. Now that’s one tough bargain. Year” honors twice. And since you’re always on-the- move, Jeep has set up an exclusive It’s Easy And Quick. Just call, telex| worldwide delivery network. Any¬ or mail the postage-paid reply card where you want it — from Jakarta to bound into this magazine. You’ll get Jamaica — we’ll deliver it. prompt, accurate response, and you I It’s all part of our Priority Handling can order your new Jeep for delivery| Service for diplomats — which anywhere in the world at special means we personally check your preferred diplomatic prices. order and follow it through to delivery. In the U.S.A. Diplomatic Sales Jeep Wrangler. There’s nothing Office, Chrysler Motors, Interna¬ diplomatic about the 4-wheel drive tional Operations, P.O. Box 1688, tenacity of a Jeep Wrangler. It climbs CIMS: 450-03-16, Detroit, Ml over almost anything in its way... 48288-1688. Toll Free Telephone: in more comfort than you imagined. 1-800-654-1084. Overseas Telex: #221623 MILCAUF Eagle Premier. Premier combines 6 Att: Diplomatic Sales, passenger roominess, European or Telephone: power and handling, and an aero¬ (516) 496-1806. dynamic silhouette to become the car named “Best 4-door Sedan built Jeep, in North America” by the editors of Motorweek ’88 Magazine. Jeep Jeep Diplomatic Sales Eagle Official Sponsor 1988 u.s Olympic Team A Division Of The Chrysler Corporation AUTO CAN YOUR Provide an overseas package "Ship and Drive" auto policy which includes "All-Risks" protection plus transit coverage. INSURANCE HOUSEHOLD EFFECTS Provide a package policy combining transit "at post" and U.S. commercial storage. Full Replacement Cost is available. COMPANY SCHEDULED PROPERTY Provide a separate "All-Risks" policy covering your high-valued items such as jewelry, fine arts, DO ALL silver. STATESIDE COVERAGE Anticipate the domestic insurance needs of the OF THIS American Foreign Service in the Metropolitan Washington Area. We can provide a full spectrum of policies including Automobile, Homeowners/Rentors, Rental Property, and FOR YOU? Personal Liability coverages. CREDIT CARD PREMIUM PAYMENT Provide a convenient payment option using CHOICE, VISA, or MASTERCARD. CLAIMS Provide prompt payment directly through our office.

CLEMENTS AND COMPANY Specialists in Insurance for the Foreign Service at Home and Abroad

Contact us today for a free brochure, "Foreign Property Policy Analysis." Clements and Company 1700 K Street, N.W., Suite 900 Washington, DC 20006 Telephone: (202) 872-0060 Cable: CLEMENTS/WASHINGTON Telex: WUI/64514 AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION Governing Board

President: PKRRY SHANKLK State Vice President: EVANGELINE MONROE AID Vice President: HENRY MERRILL USIA Vice President: WILLIAM JACOBSON Secretary: SANDRA ODOR T T ith some notable exceptions members of Congress are quick Treasurer: SAMUEL MOK w State Representatives: BILL DUFFY to proclaim their support for the Foreign Service. Congress came to our JONATHAN FARRAR rescue last year when the Department’s proposed solution to the budget BARBARA HUGHES crisis was to cut us by ten percent. Congress saved the Foreign Service from Ross QUAM CHARLES SCHMITZ that “solution.” We have some friends on the Hill who know what the AID Representatives: DAVID CIARMS Foreign Service is; Senators Pell, Lugar, and Sarbanes, and Representatives MICHAEL ZAK USIA Representative: VANCE PACE Neal Smith and Jim Leach come to mind. Retired Representatives: L. BRUCE LAINC.EN In spite of this our reputation in Congress is not good, and Congress DAVID SCHNEIDER does not hesitate to pass legislation that can only be described as punitive, JOHN THOMAS targeted on the Foreign Service. Many of the more than eighty amendments Staff

to the State Department Appropriation Bill last winter fell into this cate¬ Director for gory, and Congress passed them without a murmur. To the best of our Administration: SABINE SlSK knowledge no member spoke up to defend us against any of the amend¬ General Counsel: SUSAN Z. HOLIK Controller: ELLEN TENN ments. Membership Coordinator: MARI RADFORD Many in Congress think we are more interested in perks than duty, more Director for Meynber Services: CHRIS BAZAR interested in careerism than professionalism. This is patently unfair and Member Services unwarranted, but we must take a hard look at ourselves and our relations Representatives: BRUCE A. HENOCK with Congress, both members and staffers, to try to understand how we JANET L. SCHOUMACHER Legal Assistant: CHRISTOPHER PERINE have fallen from grace (if ever we were there) and what to do about it. In Law Clerks: ELLEN SILVER particular, we need to generate a better appreciation of the Foreign Service ADAM G. SPIEGEL and its work by members of the appropriations committees. Administrative Secretary: KAREN DENT Executive Assistant: JODIE BOOTH We need your help. Working the Hill is expensive, and we have begun die annual drive for AFSA’s Legislative Action Fund. We also need your Professional Issues RICHARD S. THOMPSON ideas, energy and involvement. We are planning a congressional relations Congressional Liaison program which will involve Foreign Service members in Washington and ROBERT M. BEERS abroad, and we will be looking for your participation in this. RICK WEISS But there are things we can do now. CODELS and STAFFDELS pro¬ Scholarship Programs JANET BIGGS vide opportunities. They are here to stay. Serving them is a part of our job JOAN MCGINLEY and we should do it with style. They rely on us and we should prove to The American Foreign Service Association, founded them that they are right in doing so. A while ago Evangeline Monroe in 1924, is the professional association of the Foreign Service and the official representative of all Foreign suggested opening a State Department office on the Hill. The Department Service employees in the Department of State and the Agency for International Development under the terms continues to debate the wisdom of the idea and says ther is no money of the Foreign Service Act of 1980. Active or Retired anyhow. We believe it’s an idea whose time has come and we will pursue membership in AFSA is open to all current or retired employees of the U.S. foreign affairs agencies. Asso¬ it with the next Administration. ciate membership is open to persons having an interest To state the obvious, we need to create a better, more realistic perception in or close association with the Foreign Service. Annual dues: Active Members—$65-143; Retired Members— in Congress of the Foreign Service so that our friends are as passionate in S30-45; Associate Members—$35. All AFSA members our defense as our enemies are in their attack. We believe the leadership of are members of the Foreign Service Club. Please note: AFSA dues and Legislative Action Fund donations may the Department shares this goal, but it has credibility' and political problems be deductible as an ordinary and necessary business expense for federal income tax purposes. Scholarship in speaking out. There is a legitimate role for members of the Service here, and AFSA Fund donations may be deductible as chari¬ for all of us, not just ASFA activists, to speak up and to use every' opportu¬ table contributions. nity' to influence Congressional thinking and attitudes in favor of the For¬ AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION eign Service. To give them pause when next anti-Foreign Service legislation 2101 E Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20037 Membership inquiries, controller, professional issues, is proposed. scholarship programs, insurance programs, JOURNAL offices: (202)338-4045 Governing Board, standing committees, —Perry Sbankle general counsel, labor-management relations, member services, grievances: (202)647-8160 Foreign Service Club (202)338-5730

2 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL CONTENTS

CAMPAIGN 88 30 Cartoons by Henry Payne Bush: Seasoned Pro 32 Angelia Herrin Bush emphasizes his foreign policy experience

Cover: Campaign 88—As election time draws Dukakis: Pragmatic Approach 36 nearer, we examine the candidates’ foreign policy statements, and discuss the transition Stephen Engleberg time from both a personnel and policy view¬ point. Dukakis approaches foreign policy issues as problems to be solved Transition Time 27 “The Independent Voice of the Foreign Service” Robert G. Neumann A former transition team leader discusses how the 1989 changeover will affect the State Department Editor: ANN LUPPI Associate Editor: NANCY JOHNSON Assistant Editor: PATTY MEIER Editorial Assistant: COLLEN McAvinia After Reagan 41 Editorial Board Simon Serfaty JIM ANDERSON In 1988, American foreign policy is on a roll, LAWRENCE FUCHSBERG PHILIP-MICHAEL GARY and “new beginnings” are not in sight JOHN E. LANGE PATRICIA MALLON JOHN D. PIELEMEIER Journal: Fleet Visit 45 ANTHONY C.E. QUAINTON BERNARD REICH Howard R. Simpson LYNN SEVER PERRY SHANKLE The consul and the Navy entertain each other DAVID E. ZWEIFEL

The FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL is published monthly except August by the American Foreign Speaking Out: Legalize Drugs? 11 Service Association, a private non-rofit organiza¬ tion. Material appearing herein represents the opin¬ ions of the writers and docs not necessarily rep¬ People: FSO Turned Publisher 48 resent the views of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Writer queries invited. Stephen Davies JOLTRNAL subscriptions: One year (11 issues), $20. Overseas subscriptions (except Canada), add $3 per year. Airmail not available. Focus: AFSA Awards 24 Second-class postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional post office. Postmaster: Send address changes to AFSA, 2101 E Street NW, Tributes to Arnie Raphel 51 Washington, D.C. 20037. Microfilm copies: University Microfilm Library Services, Ann Arbor Michigan 48106 (October 1967 to present). Indexed by Public Affairs In¬ formation Service (PAIS). Advertising inquiries invited. The appearance of Clippings page 6 Periodicals page 19 advertisements herein does not imply AFSA en¬ dorsement of the services or goods offered. Letters 8 10-25-50 23

® American Foreign Service Association, 1988 Books 14 AFSA News 54 Scholarships 52 In Memory 50 ISSN 0015-7279 October 1988. Volume 65, number 9.

OCTOBER 1988 3

A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE FOR A LOT OF VERY GOOD REASONS.

If you’re moving soon, GMODC Diplomatic vehicle you would like, and our skilled and Sales can make a world of difference in your dedicated staff will take care of the rest. The plans. Call us early and we’ll see to it that you whole process begins with just one phone call have the right car, in the right place at pre¬ from you. It’s that easy. cisely the right time: promptly upon your So next time, make it easy on yourself. Call arrival in the U.S. or abroad. GMODC Diplomatic Sales. We make a world But there are other reasons to call us. A lot of difference for a lot of very good reasons. of them, in fact. Things like the ease and con¬ For more information, simply fill out and venience of ordering. You can reach us by mail the order form below to: phone, fax, telex or return mail. Our selection covers a full range of General Motors prod¬ DIPLOMATIC SALES ucts, including: Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Buick, GENERAL MOTORS OVERSEAS Pontiac, and Chevrolet passenger cars and DISTRIBUTION CORPORATION trucks, and GMC Trucks. Our ordering guide is 3044 W. Grand Blvd. — 6-270 easy to read and understand. And you’ll get Detroit, Ml 48202 your 1989-model vehicle by ordering on or Telephone: (313) 556-5615 or 556-3756 before April 30,1989. Just let us know which Telex: 425543 Fax: (313) 556-5108

A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE.

Please send me information about the following GM car(s): CHEVROLET — □ Cavalier □ Celebrity □ Caprice □ Camara □ Corvette □ Corsica □ Beretta PONTIAC — □ Sunbird □ Grand Am □ Firebird □ Pontiac 6000 □ Grand Prix □ Bonneville □ Safari OLDSMOBILE — □ Cutlass Calais □ Cutlass Ciera □ Cutlass Supreme □ Delta 88 □ Custom Cruiser □ Ninety-Eight □ Toranado BUICK — □ Skyhawk □ Skylark □ Century □ Regal □ LeSabre □ Electra □ LeSabre/Electra Wagon □ Riviera □ Reatta CADILLAC — □ DeVille □ Fleetwood □ Brougham □ Eldorado □ Seville □ Allante CHEVROLET/ — Light Duty Trucks: □ S10/S15 Pickup □ C/K Pickup □ S10 Blazer/S15 Jimmy GMC TRUCK □ Full Size Blazer/Jimmy □ Suburban □ R/V Pickup □ Astro/Safari Van □ Sport Van/Rally Van

NAME TITLE POST _ ADDRESS COUNTRY OF VEHICLE USE: DESIRED DELIVERY DATE TELEPHONE TELEX NO. FAX NO. CLIPPINGS Leasing and Quayle Criticizes State diplomacy. Assigning these functions to the "Attitude" State Department raises formidable ques¬ Management tions. Much of State’s traditional diplomacy Sen. Dan Quayle of Indiana, the Republi¬ is discreet Public diplomacy requires a dif¬ of can vice presidential nominee, criticized un¬ ferent, outgoing technique, perhaps with named State Department officials today for different resources and personnel.- failing to "put American interests first" Perhaps the biggest flaw in these pro¬ Fine Homes when it comes to farm exports and other posals to break up USIA is the extent to trade matters. He said that he and his run¬ which they would weaken the individual ning mate, George Bush, will insist on more parts and lead to duplications and ineffi¬ is an "aggressive" promotion of American prod¬ ciency. The agency’s units currently share ucts, "notwithstanding the diplomatic ni¬ many resources, ranging from technical to ceties." personnel. USIA officers in the field, par¬ At a news conference [in Atlanta], Quayle ticularly in smaller embassies, handle an ar¬ expanded on a statement he made Thurs¬ ray of functions. ytrt/. . . day to a farm group in Montgomery, Ala., The challenge for the next American presi¬ where he said the GOP ticket would "put dent is to see that USIA promotes Ameri¬ the State Department on the side of our can interests best. . . . We should improve farmers, instead of our trading partners." the form in which USIA has been doing Despite repeated questions, Quayle did the job, not dismantle it. not cite the instances where, as he said, "I always have had a lot of problems from John Hughes time to time getting the State Department The Wall Street Journal, August 8 to put American policy and American in¬ terests first." Number One Issue But he said businessmen and farmers widely recognize the problem. He blamed The defense budget has been well chron¬ it on "an attitude ... an environment, a icled in our media. But when was the last culture" in the State Department. "Diplo¬ time an event such as a 30-percent cut in mats trade things off," he said. the foreign affairs budget garnered top head¬ As questioning continued, Quayle ap¬ lines? Unfortunately, few Americans know peared to become concerned that his re¬ or care that the financial resources of U.S. marks might be seen as too critical of the foreign affairs agencies dropped like a stone Reagan administration. George P. Shultz, from $26.5 billion in fiscal year 1985 to he said, is "one of the best secretaries of $18.6 billion in the current year (1.5 per¬ state" in history, but "there is a huge bu¬ cent of total federal spending). reaucracy there," whose members often Secretary Shultz has labeled the prob¬ "We care for your home "have a fundamentally different idea of what lem as his number one foreign policy issue. as if it were our own" makes America tick than the average man The secretary gets $1.7 billion, or less than and woman." 10 percent of the $18.6 billion total for¬ eign affairs budget, to run the State De¬ David S. Broder partment, the smallest cabinet department, Northwest DC The Washington Post, September 3 and the 256 posts that make up the For¬ Chevy Chase eign Service. Major weapons systems cost Don’t Weaken USIA many times that amount. Bethesda The rest of the budget goes mostly for Potomac There are moves to change the character economic aid, military assistance, and con¬ of USIA. Senator Pell [D-RI] proposed tributions to international organizations. reordering the agency at a public diplo¬ All are important tools to maximize our macy conference in Washington last Sep¬ influence beyond our shores. None, how¬ 7315 Wisconsin Ave. tember. . . . Hearings may come up this ever, enjoys the political backing which the Suite 1020 East fall. It is believed drafting of legislation may "iron triangle" of Pentagon, congressional already be under way. committees, and defense contractors pro¬ Bethesda, MD 20814 Senator Pell believes USIA’s information vide for weapons procurement. and advocacy role should be located within the State Department, which would thus Ambassador Robert Ryan run public diplomacy alongside traditional The Daytona Beach News-Journal, July 23

6 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL What if you’re hit by a typhoon in Rangoon? If you only had the coverage American Foreign Service Associa¬ away and your possessions have been provided by the U.S. Government tion-your insured possessions swept away. Call or send for your Claims Act, most of your possessions would be covered, without deprecia¬ free brochure today. might be gone with the wind. And tion, up to the limit of coverage you the rains. And the mudslides. Typi¬ have chosen, l^yment under the I AKSA Desk, The Hirshorn Company Plan would allow you to replace | 14 East Highland Avenue cally, under the Claims Act, you are | Philadelphia, PA 19118 I only covered for a maximum of insured items lost or destroyed with I Telephone: 215-242-8200. i $1000 per furniture item, $50 a similar, new items. And settlement | In Wash. D C. area: 202-457-0250 lamp, and $2500 in clothing per per¬ of your claim would be swift and Please send me your free* brochure t hat son. And in some situations, you may uncomplicated. I answers questions about overseas insurance. I not be covered at all. The AFSA Plan has been specifi¬ I Narne_ | To make matters worse, the Gov¬ cally designed for members of the I Address I ernment will most likely only reim¬ American Foreign Service Associa¬ , City | tion on active service abroad. burse you for the depreciated value I State Zip ' of your possessions. And they hardly Through the Plan, you can also get comprehensive moving insurance, pay you at all for items with “limita¬ i THE/if" INSURANCE PLAN tions,” such as jewelry, furs, cameras, personal liability insurance, com¬ fine arts, and antiques. plete theft coverage, and itemized On the other hand, if you had valuable articles protection. Don't go overseas the AFSA Plan-sponsored by the So don’t wait until you’re far undercovered. The AFSA Plan is underwritten by Federal Insurance Company, one of the Chubb Croup of Insurance Companies. LETTERS

Spouse Issue Readdressed

In Nancy Light’s article about accom¬ panying spouses “Joined in Service,” (JOURNAL July/August), her conclusion seemed to be that when spouses arc unhappy, it is their own fault: they have failed to adjust properly; they have un¬ realistic expectations; or they arc not sufficiently flexible. The fact Ms. Light failed to point out was that spouse discontent is a ma¬ jor reason why people leave the For¬ eign Service. An unknown number of other talented people never even ap¬ ply, because the prospects for their spouses seem so bleak. Will the For¬ eign Service continue to be able to at¬ tract and keep the best and the bright¬ est, given the increasing number of spouses who just do not fit into “tradi¬ tional” roles? What commitment is the Foreign Now that you’re moving abroad Service willing to make to the spouse? you may have some questions about Better opportunities at post? Greater access to language training or other getting your things there — types of skill development? In addition to the Family Liaison Office, what else call District’s “moving abroad could be done to improve the support and guidance offered to spouses? The telephone information service” problems encountered by professional spouses are real, their complaints le¬ to get the answers. gitimate.

Even if you’re a seasoned D.C. area, for the answers to MARY C. WHITE foreign service family the your questions. While you’re Jakarta, Indonesia overseas move isn’t some¬ at it ask for a free copy of thing you do every day But, “Moving Overseas: The New Accommodating two-career marriages is a difficult task for the department, it is something we do every Assignment Abroad Check¬ and Nancy Light shows how some cou¬ day. list.” It is full of good ideas ples have made it work. However, her That’s why we are offering on how to make you move article is unfair to many spouses. Light our new “Moving Abroad easier. essentially puts the onus on spouses. Telephone Information Serv¬ She praises those whom she considers ice” - to assist you quickly Select District Moving and “flexible” and “imaginative”—invari¬ ably women who have opted for tra¬ with any questions you may Storage for an easier momng ditional female roles. By implication, experience. have about yopr move that unhappy spouses are inflexible, unimagi¬ relates to planning, schedul¬ native, uncommitted to their families ing, packing, air freight, ac¬ and possibly less patriotic. This is un¬ companied baggage or any fair to the many talented, energetic other moving subject that is spouses who find it difficult to achieve 'DisrRicrMOVING &= STORAGE , INC. their personal or professional goals as troubling you. 3850 Penn Belt Place Foreign Service spouses. Call (301) 420-3300, a Forestville, Maryland 20747 A woman, or man, who manages is¬ local call in the Washington, 301-420-3300 sues, staff, and money in Washington is not going to be equally content at an embassy which offers tennis, word

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL processing, and crafts. Light’s article was for military planners and embassy rep¬ is replete with such value judgments, resentatives to join in an exercise situation which allow her to ignore the genuine to understand how military assets could obstacles a Foreign Service life imposes. be employed in an evacuation situation. Let’s instead recognize that there arc The Foreign Service Institute recognized all sorts of men and women among our the potential value of such exercises and ATTENTION... Foreign Sendee families, some who con¬ decided to incorporate an exercise program tribute to society in Foreign Service- in its mid-level training course. The FSI PEOPLE on the portable realms, such as teaching, nurs¬ asked Bill Miller, who had been consul gen¬ ing, or painting, and some who con¬ eral in Stuttgart, to return from his retire¬ MOVE. . . tribute in business, scientific, or other ment home in France and write the sce¬ spheres. This latter group must have nario for the first State Department con¬ realistic expectations of Foreign Serv¬ ducted exercise. Bill spent two weeks in ice life. However, in order to recruit Washington in 1981 putting the exercise- and retain the best possible officer together. It was this seed that gave birth corps, the department for its part must to the program described. Cathie Gill, inc. continue its efforts to assist them, by negotiating more bilateral work agree¬ Ross E. BENSON Opens Doors ments. Consul Barranquilla, Colombia MARY EUZABETH DALY EUR/WE, Desk Officer U.S. to the Rescue We specialize in Department of State I read with interest the comprehensive ar¬ sales and property Separate is Never Equal ticle by Charles Maechling, Jr., “Monroe management in the Go Home” (JOURNAL, June). I would sub¬ Metropolitan Washington Regrettably absent from Foreign Serv- mit that the background to the 1983 Gre¬ ice Day observances (JOURNAL, July/ nada intervention was not correctly de¬ area. August) was any single mention of the scribed in one important respect. The Or¬ concerns, achievements, and sacrifices ganization of Eastern Caribbean States may of the majority of the members of the be “obscure,” but five of its members in Our name means Foreign Service' as defined by the For¬ addition to Barbados and Jamaica, did pro¬ eign Service Act of 1980. I refer to the vide the initial argument and justification Personal Attention, Foreign Service nationals who, side by for United States action. These states, all Service, and Results. side with their U.S. citizen colleagues, U.N. members, were clamoring for out¬ serve with dedication and heroism at side help to end the bloody grab of power posts throughout the world. by the Revolutionary Military Council, Foreign Service Day should honor all which was responsible for the killing of members of the Service—particularly those Prime Minister Bishop and scores of oth¬ who have been killed or wounded in the ers and was enforcing a curfew. The United line of duty. A year or so ago the depart¬ States for a variety of reasons came to the ment, in a sad little five-minute ceremony, “rescue,” as Grenadians to this day say. “In¬ “honored” its FSN heroes by unveiling a vasion” is not their term for it. minuscule plaque attached to a water foun¬ In the Grenada case, the immediate re¬ tain in the courtyard of the department. gion was too weak to police itself and called Officials who attended both that obscure in someone to restore order and give Gre¬ event and the Foreign Service Day obser¬ nadians freedom to decide their own des¬ vances this year must finally concede what tiny. I recall comparisons with Soviet ac¬ CatfiieCll, \nc. we, as a people, have long since learned— tions in Afghanistan, an emotional opposi¬ that separate is never equal. tion to this particular use of its military REALTORS power. Other criticism rested on the igno¬ JOHNO. GRIMES rant presumption that, because they were FSO, retired small or “obscure,” what Grenada’s neigh¬ 4801 Massachusetts Arlington, VA bors said did not count. It is unfortunate Avenue, NW that former Ambassador Sally Shelton was History of Simulations initially outspoken in her opposition to what Suite 400 the Reagan administration had done— Washington, DC 20016 I noticed with interest the article “Emer¬ until she began to hear from her friends gency at Post: Simulating a Catastrophe” in the Eastern Caribbean. To her credit, a (202) 364-3066 (JOURNAL, June). You may be interested week later she publicly voiced support. in the genesis of these exercises. U.S. EUCOM-(PATCH BARRACKS, KENNETH A. KURZE Serving Washington, DC, Stuttgart) conducted several evacuation ex¬ FSO, retired Maryland & Virginia ercises in the 1970s and 1980s. The intent Middletown, RI

OCTOBER 1988 9 I ome things in life seem to The Foreign Service Benefit more apparent over time. The have more lasting value than Plan has been providing Foreign Service Benefit Plan others. Like a grandfather’s important health care is here to serve you now, and pocket watch; or your first protection for the Foreign in the future. Contact your silver dollar. You come to Service for over 40 years. personnel office for details on trust in the things that Because of this experience, enrolling with the plan that withstand the tests of time. A we can offer you the knows you best. health insurance plan should security of knowing your become more valuable with health insurance needs will AMERICAN time too. Trusting in the be met . . . whether at home Fo REIGN health care plan you choose or overseas. SERVICE for you and your family is what the Foreign Service Like anything else, the value PROTECTIVE Benefit Plan is all about. of a health care plan becomes ASSOCIATION Speaking Out ATTENTION... PEOPLE on the A Case for Legalizing Drugs MOVE. ..

The recent State Department report on the lem is a global one. and cannot be dealt production and sale of illegal drugs world¬ with effectively by one country. However, wide clearly demonstrates that the prob¬ I see no possibility of obtaining either the lem is global in scope and out of control. funding required within the United States Cathie Gill, inc. In the words of the report “nations are or the international cooperation needed to outmanned, outgunned and outspent by wage a real war on drugs. Instead, I believe narcotics traffickers.” that we should seriously consider the pos¬ Opens Doors The report has produced the predictable sibility of opting for an international agree¬ response in the U.S. Congress. Penalize ment to legalize the production and sale the producers such as Mexico, Peru, and of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. We Colombia for failing to take more effective would have a better chance of obtaining We specialize in action to control both the production and international cooperation in this endeavor sales and property the exportation of illegal drugs. This reac¬ than in enlarging the war on drugs to the tion, like the report itself (which similarly point at which it might be effective. management in the faults these and other countries for their It is difficult for anyone involved in fight¬ Metropolitan Washington failures in the fight against illegal drug traf¬ ing the illegal narcotic problem to admit area. ficking), fails to place the major share of that the war has been lost. But I believe the blame where it belongs. Namely, here that it has—we should be willing to face in the United States. this grim reality and decide what to do The largest and most profitable market next. An international agreement would Our name means for drugs in the world is the United States. wipe out die racketeers in die United States, Personal Attention, If the richest and most powerful country Latin America, and around the world. Let in the world cannot cope with its domestic us learn from our experience with Prohibi¬ Service, and Results. drug problem and cannot afford or is un¬ tion in the United States, namely, that de¬ willing to spend the billions required to claring something illegal often makes it fight a multi-billion dollar industry, how more attractive, especially to the young, can we expect poorer, less stable, and less and stimulates the growth of racketeering developed countries to deal effectively with and the corruption of officials. their side of the problem? Driving the drug barons out of business The illegal drug trade is not just a threat would be one of the greatest advantages to the health and life of people in the United to be derived from legalizing the narcotics States and elsewhere. It is a threat to the trade. It would eliminate the largest source very foundations of society and ultimately of official corruption throughout the world, to the security of the United States, Latin a type of corruption that has reached the America, and many other countries. The highest levels of government in many coun¬ secretary of defense is correct in his stand tries. Legalization would also eliminate one against committing the armed forces of the of the greatest causes of violent crime in CatfiieCiill \nc. United States to the war on drugs, not our society and make our country and our REALTORS ® only because of the dangers inherent in turn¬ streets safer, particularly for our young peo- ing a fighting force into a police force in ple. For those of us who live in the District a democracy, but because of the danger of Columbia and surrounding areas, such of having our security forces corrupted in an achievement alone would make it worth¬ 4801 Massachusetts the process. The military forces in other while to try' the legal route for dangerous Avenue, NW countries have been corrupted as a result narcotics. Suite 400 of their involvement with the drug fight. Drug addicts, like alcoholics, should not Why assume that ours will be immune? be permitted to endanger the lives or prop¬ Washington, DC 20016 Remember what happened to our military erty of others. This would be true whether (202) 364-3066 in Vietnam. Indeed, the immensity of the drugs are legal or not. By decriminalizing drug problem in the United States is in drugs we make it easier tor victims of drugs part a legacy of the Vietnam war. to admit to their problem and accept treat¬ What can we do? The State Department ment. Moreover, legalizing drugs does not Serving Washington, DC, report is right when it says that the prob¬ mean that society finds abuse of drugs ac- Maryland & Virginia

OCTOBER 1988 11 ceptable. Society can still wage a campaign be sold would make it possible to eradicate AUTHORIZED EXPORTER against narcotics. The difference would be those variations such as crack which are that there would be much more money the most deadly. GENERAL ELECTRIC for this campaign. Legalization would pro¬ An international agreement to legalize duce taxes and legal profits, including in¬ the drug trade will not be easy to obtain. -U.S.A.- come taxes on these profits, and would pro¬ You can be certain that it will be opposed vide a level of funding for education to by the drug barons around the world who prevent drug addiction and for rehabili¬ will fear the loss of their exorbitant profits. tation for those already victims of addic¬ It will also be opposed by moralists who GENERAL ELECTRONICS tion far beyond that available now or in refuse to admit that it may be better to INC. the foreseeable future. With large sums of exchange a greater evil for a lesser one if money dedicated to preventive education both cannot be eradicated from society. and rehabilitation and the glamour of ille¬ Some officials in Colombia have already REFRIGERATORS • FREEZERS gality removed from narcotics, we could suggested such an exchange only to be met RANGES • MICROWAVE OVENS begin to make headway against drug ad¬ with cries of indignation at home and AIR CONDITIONERS • DRYERS diction in our society. Think of the pro¬ abroad. My question is, could the results WASHERS • SMALL APPLIANCES gress that has been made in the last decade of such an exchange be any worse than AUDIO EQUIPMENT • TELEVISION or so against smoking in the United States! our present condition? DISHWASHERS • TRANSFORMERS With adequate funding there is no reason to think that we could not be at least as DOROTHT DILLON Available for All Electric successful against drug addiction as we have Former Assistant Director Currents/Cycles been against addiction to tobacco. U. S. Information Agency By bringing illegal drugs into the legal Immediate Shipping/Mailing marketplace, the quality of those drugs From our Local Warehouse could be controlled and most of the deaths

due to impure drugs and overdoses would We invite readers to “speak out” on issues that We Can Also Furnish be eliminated. Moreover, control of the concern them. The views expressed are not ne¬ Replacement Parts for forms in which these various drugs would cessarily those of AFSA or the JOURNAL. Most Manufactures

SHOWROOM General Electronics, Inc. 4513 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 Tel. (202) 362-8300 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA TWX 710-822-9450 5 minutes to State Department GENELECINC WSH 1987 Inn of the Year ENTERPRISE SQUARE 1211 N. Glebe Road. Arlington, Virginia 22201

03 p (703) 247-3399 © O • Location‘Arlington Direct access to city on 1-66 Sr > o ® 7 minute walk Ballston Metrorail Station, with direct access to downtown Washington, Rosslyn and Crystal City. £E 3 miles from Arlington Cemetery o 3Vz miles from the Pentagon, and Vietnam zo c o and Lincoln Memorials oo 4Vz miles from National Airport, the a. _i White House, Washington Monument and z> <

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL While posted abroad, you can leave your during its three-year renovation process. rugs, furs and clothing in temperature-controlled Security also offers a special Government Security—at government expense. Service Policy to insure furnishings and personal And, you can protect your silver and small effects anywhere in the world-at special low rates. valuables, antiques and furnishings, paintings and For Storage call Roland Showalter: objets d art with all the Security of a bank vault. (202) 797-5679. For Insurance call Paul Wood: All your possessions will receive the same (202)797-5625. careful storage we gave the priceless contents of the Your move overseas calls for Security-the President's Guest House—entrusted to our safekeeping world's most experienced moving and storage company.

MOVING & STORAGE

1701 Florida Avenue NW Washington DC 20009 EXPORT ELECTRONICS, INC. BOOKS 1719 Connecticut Ave., N.W. Washington, DC 20009 (202)232-2244

REFRIGERATORS • FREEZERS • RANGES George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945- MICROWAVE OVENS • TRANSFORMERS 59. By Forrest C. Pogue. Viking Penguin AIR CONDITIONERS • DRYERS • VCRs Inc., 1987. WASHERS • DISHWASHERS • TELEVISION SMALL APPLIANCES • AUDIO EQUIPMENT The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and All available 110/220 Volts; 50160 Hz the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-52. By Michael J. Hogan. Cambridge University Press, 1987.

George Marshall retired as army chief of LET GUARDIAN STORAGE staff in 1945, winding up a remarkable mili¬ tary career. Eight extraordinary years of serv¬ ice followed, after which he returned to TAKE YOU TO AUSTRALIA Leesburg, Virginia with the Nobel Peace Prize. This fourth and final volume of Pogue’s monumental biography of Mar¬ shall covers the years from the end of World War II to his death in 1959. They were the climactic years of Marshall’s career. Appointed special envoy to China in De¬ cember 1945, he devoted a year to die hope¬ less task of mediating die crisis in China. Two years as secretary of state, a brief term as head of the American Red Cross, and a year as secretary' of defense followed. This was the period in which not only postwar American policy but the entire alignment of the modern world took shape. Apart from Josef Stalin and Harry' Truman, hardly anyone played a larger part in this immense process than George Marshall. Reading Pogue’s biography, one is struck by the breadth of Marshall’s contribution. The book is virtually a history of America’s relations with the world in the 1945-51 era. It’s all there: the Truman Doctrine and aid to Greece and Turkey; the split between East and West culminating in the Berlin Blockade; the months of negotiation and persuasion diat produced the Marshall Plan; Photo Provided by the Australian Overseas Information Service the birth of Israel (accompanied by rare disagreement between Marshall and Tru¬ man); China’s entry into the Korean War; If you're going to Australia, or any other country in the the sacking of Douglas MacArthur. Mar¬ world, make your move with Guardian Storage. shall was at, or close to, the center in each of these seminal events. The underside of our national behavior during those years is also portrayed in such incidents as the nasty' fight over Anna Rosen¬ berg’s confirmation as an assistant secre¬ tary of defense and the unspeakable per¬ sonal attacks on Marshall by Senators Mc¬ Carthy and Jenner. GUARDIAN STORAGE, INCORPORATED Pogue does a fine job of pulling all this together in a straightforward, lu¬ OLD WASHINGTON ROAD, WALDORF, MARYLAND 20601 cid, well-documented narrative. His por¬ TEL. (301) 645-4040 >(WASH. TOLL FREE) 843-6606 trayal of Marshall as a public figure is

14 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL impressive: a mediocre speaker, not gram, as well as a fascinating account Implicit in the book’s point of view is given to flashes of brilliance or innova¬ of what Hogan terms “one of the most that the famous domino theory' had no va¬ tive insights, Marshall nonetheless successful policies launched by the lidity and that geopolitical concerns will emerges as an example of democratic United States in this century'.” It is also, inevitably prevail over ideology. America’s leadership at its very best. Reasonable, of course, the policy for which General involvement in Viemam despite its immense thoughtful, immune to personal am¬ Marshall will always be remembered. cost in both blood and treasure was in a bitions, tough when necessary but a —EDWARD C. INGRAHAM sense irrelevant, since regardless of which natural compromiser, he comes across government held sway in Hanoi—or as a man of supreme moderation and Brother Enemy, The War After the War, Saigon—Vietnam would be forced to be common sense, qualities that helped A History of Indochina Since the Fall in opposition to China. One can, however, steer us through one of the most diffi¬ of Saigon. By Nayan Chanda. Harcourt, question the immutability of the outcome cult and perplexing periods in our his¬ Brace Jovanovicb, 1987. by looking at Korea, at one time beset by tory. problems not unlike those of South Viet¬ What you don’t get from Pogue’s Democracy, Strategy, and Vietnam, Im¬ nam. admirable book is much sense of Mar¬ plications for American Policymaking. Ed¬ Democracy, Strategy, and Vietnam is quite shall as a private person. But we should ited by George K. Osborn, Asa A. Clark IV, a different book. It asks the question: Did be content with the outer image—as Daniel ]. Kaufman, Douglas E. Lute. U.S. Vietnam make a difference in how we make Eisenhower put it, he was “the best Military Academy, Lexington Books, 1987. policy, in our use of force as a political of the bunch.” weapon, and in the conduct of our foreign Michael Hogan’s book, a detailed Brother Enemy is an outstanding work. policy? The answer, not surprisingly, is that study of the origins, creation, and Nayan Chanda gives a full account, rich since world problems and world dynamics implementation of the Marshall Plan, with detail, of the events leading up have not changed that much our institu¬ could be a companion piece to the Mar¬ to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambo¬ tions and procedures continue much as be¬ shall biography. It offers a fascinating dia, the war itself, the subsequent oc¬ fore. insight into the interminable negotiat¬ cupation, and the battle for world Bundy, in his article on the relative im¬ ing, maneuvering, scheming, and bick¬ approval waged by both sides within portance of force, points out that when ering that marked every phase of the the United Nations and in the West¬ the U.S. Army was at its height of power Plan. Hogan has had access to hitherto ern news media. The book is governed under Eisenhower, the use of force in the unavailable British documents, as well by a world view of events founded on conduct of foreign affairs was at a mini¬ as carloads of American records, and both history and a consistent clarity mum. As U.S. power ebbed under succeed¬ he draws a lively picture of the often of vision. The author writes that China ing presidencies, the use of force rose, cul¬ conflicting goals of the participants: the has had wo vulnerable flanks through¬ minating in the Vietnam War. Since that British determined to carve out a spe¬ out its history: the Huns, the Mon¬ time, surprisingly, the use of force has con¬ cial, separate position between Amer¬ gols, the Manchus and other barbarians tinued at the same frequency as before the ica and Europe, the French preoccupied came from the north, and in the south war, despite the undeniable trauma that with Germany, the Americans intent the Vietnamese were a constant source war produced in American society. At the on creating (as one Britisher put it) of trouble. moment, for example, we have a heavy mili¬ “an integrated Europe looking like the Today’s world is not that much differ¬ tary commitment in the Persian Gulf with United States of America.” ent from the past. The northern ‘barbar¬ objectives no more clearly defined than they Interestingly, if not entirely persua¬ ian’ sits armed to the teeth, more numer¬ were in Vietnam, and certainly with no sively, Hogan traces the American am¬ ous than ever; the southern ‘barbarian,’ more public support than Vietnam had; bition to restructure Europe in our own aided and encouraged by his northern but our role there continues. image back to the 1920s, when, he ar¬ counterpart, has conquered all Indochina The U.S. Army comes under scrutiny, gues, Hoover’s Republicans sought un¬ and has megalomaniacal illusions of power. but a more basic question might be what successfully to impose on devastated It is only natural for China to seek out and is the role of a foreign army in a civil war Europe the same unifying, transnational encourage the enemies of its enemies. Pol effort. Arc there not situations when the system of “corporative neo-capitalism” Pot is re-armed and re-supplied; ideology army is simply inappropriate, and when the that had evolved in the United States. takes a back seat to geopolitics as working use of force is self-defeating? It is notewor¬ Hogan concludes that the Marshall relationships evolve with Thailand, and, of thy that die Department of Defense dur¬ Plan, despite its success in rebuilding course, there is the great Sino-American ing the last decade has invariably been the Western Europe, failed to meet that rapprochement. Indeed, the little role ide¬ last element of government to opt for the American goal: Western Europe was, ology' has in today’s events is illustrated use of force. indeed, remade, but on Europe’s own by the Cambodian-Vietnamese war, a con¬ There is an old belief that we learn more terms. flict generated almost entirely by racial and from failure than success. These two books The reader will find it a textbook ethnic antipathies. Thus Southeast Asia are evidence of that learning process. I in the infinite complexities of carrying seems to be settling back into ancient pat¬ would hope the process continues. out such a massive multinational pro¬ terns of racial dynamics and aspirations. —SOL SCHINDU-R

OCTOBER 1988 15 OVERSEAS RELOCATION

FOR THE FAMILY PET The New Expatriates: Managing Human DOG, CAT, OR BIRD BUY Resources Abroad. By Rosalie L. Tung. IS NOW EASY. Ballinger, 1987. SELL There is much to ponder in this book by CALL, WRITE, OR TELEX Dr. Tung, who has done extensive research THE PET RELOCATION on the subject of international business and SPECIALISTS IN TAMPA, INVEST the management of personnel in cross- cultural settings. Admittedly, the title mis¬ USA/DOMESTIC SERVICES leads die reader into thinking the book is ATTN: MILLIE WOOLF about a new class of expatriates. It is not. Ed Joyce Rather it is a description of research about OVERSEAS/INTERNATIONAL Retired FSIO how corporations from different cultures prepare their employees for a cross-cultural ATTN: DR. WALTER WOOLF LICENSED IN assignment. STAFF VETERINARIAN VIRGINIA The author begins with her contention that “human resource planning is pivotal to the successful operation of a multina¬ ^MOUNT tional corporation” and that American ex¬ C patriates lose substantial portions of their VERNON^ market share to foreign competitors for this C very reason. In the first segment of her book, Tung REALTYINC m describes management-programs for expa¬ 6257 Old Dominion Dr. triate assignments among corporations from PET TRAVEL AGENCY McLean, Va. 22101 several countries. She concludes that Ameri¬ 4120 WEST CYPRESS STREET Off: 821-8300 can company expatriates fail at a much TAMPA, FLORIDA 33607-2358 Res: 821-2109 higher rate than those from Europe or Ja¬ (813) 879-3210 TELEX 808857 pan because of “lack of relational skills and problematic family situations.” Then, Tung writes in detail about train¬ WALK TO STATE ing institutions and programs which are used by European and Japanese companies Short Term Rentals and account, in part, for their greater suc¬ Remington Condominium, 24th & G Streets NW cess abroad. The third segment describes, in ponder¬ Fully furnished and accessorized with balconies. ous detail, the workings of several major Included in each unit are: European corporations vis-a-vis their ex¬ Weekly housekeeping service, washer and dryer, microwave patriate policies. 1 Vi blocks to the Foggy' Bottom Metro What emerges repeatedly from all of this Low rates and no deposit for Foreign Service Personnel is how poorly prepared most American busi¬ Remington Associates, Inc. nessmen are for what they will experience 601 24th Street NW, #106, Washington, D.C. 20037 abroad. The consequence is that they are negatively perceived both by host country (202) 466-7367 nationals and by businessmen of other coun¬ tries working in the same environment. Tung describes European and Japanese corporate cultures as ones that are clearly different and better-suited for international work, and says that American corporations and their personnel are “short-sighted” and, too often, “self-satisfied.” She writes, “this self-satisfaction may often be interpreted as arrogance and thus arouse hostility and resentment among non-Americans. In short, many Europeans still view the "ugly Ameri¬ can’ syndrome as alive and thriving, par¬ ticularly in less-developed countries.” While the study results are generally interesting, it is Tung’s recommendations to American companies which makes this

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL book particularly useful reading for any VOLVO Foreign Service personnel working with American businessmen overseas. U.S.A/s Largest Diplomatic Dealer —NANCY PIET-PELON Diplomatic Discounts Mexico in Transition. Implications for U.S. Policy. Edited by Susan Kaufman Worldwide Delivery to Diplomats and Purcell. Council on Foreign Relations, New Members of International Organizations York, 1988. Contact: Dana Martens, Diplomatic Sales Director

For those with more than a passing inter¬ MARTENS' VOLVO OF WASHINGTON est in events in Mexico diis volume of es¬ 4810 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20016 (202)537-3000 says, put together by Susan Kaufman Purcell, an and respected scholar on Mex¬ ico, is well worth looking at. Most of the essays were first presented orally to a Coun¬ cil on Foreign Relations study group, which met over an extended period to discuss Mex¬ ico and its relationship with the U.S. Those 6000 miles from here... meetings were thoughtfully led by former Arizona Governor Bruce Babbitt, who dem¬ onstrated keen knowledge of Mexico and This one This one appreciation of its programs. The tide of this volume, Mexico in Tran¬ sition, is an understatement. Dynamic won’t work. will. change would be more descriptive of what’s now happening to our southern neighbor. Its economy is in serious difficulty, and die PRI’s domination of the political proc¬ ess is breaking down. This collection helps explain these changes and suggests more to come. The essays are presented in a most inter¬ esting way. Each general subject is treated by both Mexican and American authors, Can you a method that clearly points up how per¬ ceptions differ on both sides of the border. Most of the authors have impeccable cre¬ tell the difference? dentials as Mexico watchers, a proliferat¬ When it comes to appliances, every country makes its own rules. ing breed. Some, such as Mexican scholar Voltages, cycles, TV and video standards just aren’t the same overseas Jorge Casteneda who questions Mexican as they are here in the USA. There are TVs and VCRs that work equally well both here and abroad, but you shouldn’t expect that your local Sears commitment to democracy, are provoca¬ will be able to supply your needs... or even know what they are. tive. Some, such as former Ambassador to We know. Twenty-five years worth of experience makes us expert in the United States Jose Juan de Olloqui who all the things you’ll need to know if you’re in government service overseas. faults the States for not having a coherent We stock a complete line of home appliances for220 volts, 50 cycles— policy toward Mexico, which he calls “ma¬ all major brands. And all of our prices are substantially discounted. lign neglect,” are predictable. Our large inventory assures prompt shipment. And we can ship Ambassador de Olloqui may not be far anywhere in the USA or worldwide if you prefer—free of US taxes. off the mark. Serious work on Mexico, as With all that assurance, you’ll be pleased to find that our prices are done here, will make a valuable contribu¬ most competitive and our service is second to none. tion, even if it is not more than helping Call or write for literature, advice and price information. us focus on the importance of Mexico to the U.S. Developments in this country over Appliances Overseas, Inc. the next several years and how we react 330 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10001 (212)736-7860 to diem will have greater influence on our Please refer to Department 7E. well-being than might be die case for any other country in the world. It is time to know more about this huge and troubled neighbor.

—PERRY SHANKLE

OCTOBER 1988 17 Respect for Dignity: Cost and Promise theless reached on the main conclusions. tral Americans themselves. According in Latin America. Commission on Peace, The final report, published in 1987, to the report, the revolutionary vio¬ Episcopal Diocese of Washington. Washing¬ could not anticipate the current cease¬ lence poses little threat to U.S. secu¬ ton D.C., 1987. fire negotiations, but its main findings rity, and our policy of support for the are still timely-. Unlike some groups contras is morally and legally flawed, Like many other American church groups, who arrived in Nicaragua as “innocent as well as ineffective. Negotiations, not the members of the Episcopal Diocese of pilgrims” and allowed themselves to be military policy, should be given the high¬ Washington, D.C. were concerned over the manipulated by the Sandinistas, the com¬ est priority, say mission members. conflicting reports coming from Central mission members seem to have retained The paper is well-researched, balanced, America and decided to take a first-hand their objectivity. Thus, the Sandinistas and readable. It is obviously the product look on their own. In 1986, a 20-mcmber do not escape criticism for their hu¬ of people motivated by a strong sense of fact-finding mission was organized and dis¬ man rights abuses, their mistreatment Christian fraternity, as its humane and com¬ patched to the area with a mandate to try of the Miskito Indians, their misman¬ passionate approach makes clear. Its authors to understand the crisis, to sort out truth agement of the economy, and their in¬ and editors include people like Frederick from falsehood, and to suggest directions tolerance of opposition or criticism. Hartley, a retired USIA information offi¬ for a solution, “based on an understanding The report reveals that there were cer with many years of experience in Latin of our biblical faith.” sometimes sharp differences among mis¬ America In Central America, the mission mem¬ sion members regarding the Sandinis¬ After reading this otherwise excellent re¬ bers interviewed political, business, and tas. For example, when members port, however, a question still remains. church representatives of various persua¬ attended a meeting of a Sandinista neigh¬ Would the Sandinistas be able to resist the sions on human rights, economic develop¬ borhood committee, some compared temptation to provide covert assistance to ment, military and security matters, and it favorably to a New England town Communist movements in neighboring de¬ American policy toward the region. The meeting, while others deemed it an ex¬ mocracies in a peaceful Central America? opinions they elicited were as diverse as ercise in Orwellian thought-control. When The Washington Post reports that So¬ those they had encountered among their The report endorses the initiative of viet ammunition is still being funneled from interviewees in the United States before Costa Rican President Oscar Arias, Nicaragua to anti-government guerrillas in beginning the visit. Although not all mis¬ which seeks to eliminate outside inter¬ El Salvador, the picture is not reassuring. sion members concurred in every aspect ference in the region and to achieve of the final report, a consensus was never¬ peace through cooperation among Cen¬ —JOHN CROWLEY

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Bipartisan Objectives for American For¬ pan should not be encouraged to dramati¬ it is on occupied territories; Israel has a eign Policy. By Henry Kissinger and Cyrus cally increase its defense spending. The right to secure and recognized borders; and Vance. Foreign Affairs. Summer, 1988, Vol. United States should 'encourage the trans¬ the Palestinians have legitimate rights that 66, No. 5. fer of technology to China. should be recognized provided they unam¬ Acentral concern of U.S. policy in Latin biguously recognize the right of Israel to Kissinger and Vance present a basis for a America should be reducing Soviet and Cu¬ exist within secure and recognized borders.” bipartisan consensus in U.S. foreign pol¬ ban involvement in the region. Latin Ameri¬ The authors caution against basing U.S. icy. There will be some disagreement on can countries should restructure their econo¬ policies toward the Soviet Union “on the specific means, die authors concede, but a mies to promote expansion and investment presumed intentions of a -Soviet general sec¬ clear definition of, and widespread agree¬ and the United States should seek larger retary.” Regular summits between U.S.- ment on, the basic goals and general ap¬ imports of goods from countries with high Soviet leaders are a good idea so that these proaches diey describe is essential so that debt and provide “substantial economic as¬ “meetings ... are not seen as rewards for the U.S. may escape its “national tendency sistance” to Central America. Mexico will good behavior or reasons for concessions.” to fluctuate between exaggerated belliger¬ require special attention including a “cen¬ The authors favor trade with the Soviets, ence and unrealistic expectation.” tral and high-level coordinator for U.S. pol¬ provided some care is taken to limit ex¬ The authors contend that international icy with good access to the president.” The ports that might have military utility. NATO economic concerns will dominate the at¬ U.S. and Mexican presidents should meet should concentrate on the issue of conven¬ tention of the next secretary of state. They early and often. tional arms control and a study should be argue that “market forces more titan gov¬ U.S. policy toward the Arab-Israeli con¬ undertaken by a “distinguished group of ernmental intervention will affect die trade flict should be based on three principles: private citizens” to make broad reassess¬ deficit” with countries such as Japan. Ja¬ “Israel should not and cannot stay where ment of general NATO policies, force pos-

SHOP IN AN AMERICAN DRUG STORE BY MAIL! 9 Call VOLVO An ice cream soda is one of the few items we cannot mail. Drugs, for any Factory-Set Discounts cosmetics, sundries mailed to every coun¬ To Diplomats Posted try in the world. We k\ book Stateside and Abroad maintain permanent family prescription • Immediate shipment U.S., U.K., European, or records. SEND NO worldwide. •Credit MONEY — pay only after satis¬ cards or check. • Ask Overseas Specs about our overnight gift factory receipt of order. delivery nationwide. Overseas and Domestic • Free monthly New Deliveries Title Forecast. • Mail welcome.* Open 24 hours every day. KELLY COGHILL DIPLOMATIC SALES SPECIALIST l-800'255'2665 In CT or Worldwide (203) 966-5470 dbDon Beyer Volvo 1231 W. Broad Street Falls Church, VA 22046 Morgan Pharmacy™ 59 Elm Street (703) 237-5020 New Canaan, 3001 P Street, N.W. CT 06840 TELEX:TWX#9102509778 Washington, D.C. 20007 (DON BEYER V)

OCTOBER 1988 19 ture, revised alliance structure, and arms- WANT INSTANT TAX RELIEF? control parameters. No further reductions of battlefield nuclear weapons should be CONSIDER made without significant, asymmetrical So¬ viet reductions in conventional forces. Talk TAX FREE of the denuclearization of Europe, elimi¬ nation of all ballistic missiles or promises MUNICIPAL BONDS! of a “no first use” policy are destabilizing. Kissinger would link a START or chemical Phone — Write — Visit weapons agreement to European conven¬ tional arms-control talks. Vance would not make one agreement contingent on other yi.G Edwards&Sons, Inc negotiations. Members New York Stock Exchange Finally, the authors warn against mak¬ 350 BRANCHES NATIONWIDE ing decisions to cut defense, foreign affairs, and foreign-assistance budgets on the basis PLEASE send me information on Municipal Bonds. FSJ of budgetary reasons alone rather than in Name response to changes in the strategic envi¬ Address ronment. For example, the authors argue City that it is “absurd” that we are hard pressed State Zip to find $200 million for the Philippines Bus. Phone Res. Phone in our $4.5 trillion economy. Such short¬ I am a client of A.G. Edwards Yes □ No □ sighted cuts in the foreign-affairs budget have weakened morale and hindered the EDWARDS — Washington, D.C. performance of Foreign Service officers sta¬ Mrs. Ruth G. Adler, Vice Pres. tioned abroad and at the State Department. Spring Valley Center 4801 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 Funding Foreign Aid. By David Obey and (202) 364-1626 Carol Lancaster. Foreign Policy, Summer AN B-256 EDC 1988, Vol. 71.

If the United States is to adequately per¬ form its role as a world leader, the next administration must recognize and deal with We concentrate on the severe political challenges to the foreign- only ONE thing ... aid program. The central problem is the Managing your property. U.S. budget deficit—and the political vul¬ nerability' of most foreign-aid programs in PROFESSIONAL such an environment. With the implemen¬ tation of the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Bill PROPERTY in 1986, the amount of foreign aid appro¬ MANAGEMENT priated by Congress has declined every' year, OF NORTHERN particularly in economic and humanitarian assistance. In the absence of a political will¬ VIRGINIA INC. ingness to raise taxes or to make drastic Join our growing number of cuts in entitlement programs, Congress owners from Athens to Zaire must take most of the cuts from the discre¬ who trust the management of tionary funds where foreign aid is budg¬ their properties to PPM. Pro¬ eted. But in this environment, competing fessional service with a per¬ against popular domestic programs such sonal touch. as cancer research, foreign aid has little po¬ litical support. Moreover, the public no Discounts on appliances longer secs foreign-aid programs as par¬ and more! Monthly comput¬ ticularly efficacious. erized statements. Obey and Lancaster argue that it is illu¬ sionary to call for increased foreign aid (as 5510 Cherokee Ave. former President Carter and Secretary Alexandria, VA 22312 Shultz have) until the budgetary' crisis is 703/642-3010 resolved. Redressing this issue will require

TAKE A STEP UP TO a stronger, more direct leadership role by BETTER MANAGEMENT the president to sell foreign aid to Con¬ gress and the public and a greater reliance An investment you can’t afford to miss! on increased taxes rather than budget cuts. Obev and Lancaster also call for a shift-

20 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL ing of the priorities toward increased hu¬ manitarian and economic assistance. These efforts at foreign assistance must improve the way that Third World nations handle In Amsterdam, Munich, their debt problems. Finally, the U.S. “must Bath, Istanbul and Seville, scrap the implicit idea that many aid pro¬ the Foreign Service made grams are entidements for favored recipi¬ ents.” Aid to Egypt, Israel, and Pakistan plans for your assignment. should be continued to the extent that it In Washington, D.C., is “buttressed by active efforts at resolving BARBARA HELD/CITY SITES regional differences.” Aid must never be REAL ESTATE, INCORPORATED, used as merely “as a crutch for avoiding BARBARA HELD / CITY SITES will pave the way for difficult problems.” The practice of using REAL ESTATE INCORPORATED promises of foreign assistance to help se¬ your arrival. cure military bases abroad should be reex¬ amined. “If the bases must be maintained, BARBARA HELD/CITY SITES REAL ESTATE, INCORPORATED, the NATO allies should carry more of the burden in financing them,” the authors con¬ has provided distinguished service to generations of tend. discriminating Foreign Service families.

The Forgotten Resource. By Jodi Jacob¬ Let us know how we can attend son. World Watch. May-June, 1988, Vol. 1, No. 3. to your real estate needs. We’ll earn your trust! U.S. foreign assistance has not improved, and in some cases has even exacerbated, RESIDENTIAL AND COMMERCIAL SALES the economic and social situation of women in the Third World. “Assistance agencies PROPERTY MANAGEMENT AND RENTALS (such as AID), staffed mostly by men with a decidedly Western view of the world. .. 705 DSTREET, S.E., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20003*202/546-7600 have tended to ignore or misunderstand the role of female labor,” says the author. In many rural agrarian societies, the men plant the cash crops (often for their own individual profit) while the women are re¬ There Is Only One Place sponsible for much of the labor required for subsistence crops. Unfortunately, many To Stay In Washington recent AID programs have put more of an emphasis on encouraging cash crops. Not only does this perpetuate food-supply YOUR PLACE problems in these countries, but such a pol¬ icy hurts the economic and social situation

of women, who garner little benefit from SHORT OR LONG TERM LUXURY it. The author calls for a “new ethic of in¬ “A Hotel Alternative APARTMENTS. TOWNHOUSES. ternational development,” one that reduces PENTHOUSES For The Prudent Spender.” All Suites Tastefully Furnished & Fully women’s “economic dependence on men.” Equipped Kitchens * Telephone * Cable She endorses the Women in Development Television * Security Intercom System Complete Health Spa * Concierge * Parking Act, presently under consideration in Con¬ Laundry and Valet * Maid Svc (optional) ★ gress, which would provide a five-fold in¬ Convenience Store crease for AID’s Women in Development Office. The act would mandate that “AID SPECIALIZING IN RELOCATIONS SERVING CORPORATIONS * PENTAGON incorporate women and local women’s THE STATE DEPARTMENT * INSURANCE groups into all its projects in proportion INDUSTRY ★ EXTENDED TRAVEL CONVENIENT METRO LOCATIONS AT to their traditional participation.” ROSSLYN CAPITOL HILL GEORGETOWN — Philip Rogers FOGGY BOTTOM DUPONT CIRCLE Philip Rogers is an assistant professor of politi¬ cal science at George Washington University. * Visa and Master Card Honored TLC Development Corporation 1700 N Moore St Suite 714 Arl., Va. 22209

REAL ESTATE * SALES * RENTALS [(703)527-44411 MANAGEMENT

OCTOBER 1988 21 A SPECIAL USA TODAY OffER FOR S

S,'ubscribe to USA TODAY’S International Edition and stay in touch with all the latest news from across the USA. Each issue is like a daily “letter from home,” including news from all 50 states, the latest sports scores and features, investment tips, stock listings and an inside look at entertainment and the arts. Order now and take advantage of our special rates for U.S. foreign service officers living abroad. Limited time offer. For rates in the USA call 1-800-USA-0001.

To: Subscription Manager To: Subscription Manager USA Today International/ USA Today International/ Europe, Middle East and Africa Asia and The Pacific Brandisstrasse 32, CH-8702 P.O. Box DN Zollikon, Switzerland Agana. Guam 96910 Tel. (1) 391-3555 Tel. (671) 477-9711 Telex 816842 NEWS CH Telex 6165 PD NEWS Telefax (1) 391-5327 NEWS Telefax (671) 472-1512 Or call our London Office: Tel (1) 831-2266. Or call Hong Kong at (3) 739-6556, or Singapore at 297-2933. Please enter my subscription for: □ 12 months □ 6 months □ My check is enclosed. □ Please charge my credit card account E American Express □ Mastercard DVisa SPECIAL FOREIGN SERVICE OFFER

Credit card account number Europe: 1 year $225 6 mos. $125 Card expiration date

Signature Middle East and Africa: 1 year $325 6 mos. Name $180 Address Asia and The Pacific: City/Country/Post Code I year $175 6 mos. $ 95 Tel/Telex Hand delivery available in some areas. Mail delivery available everywhere. USAT/FSJ fund of expertise we could not do without. Foreign Service children. Five or ten years after your life vans moved There are few positions more difficult 10 • 25 • 50 off, it is only luck if you encounter a famil¬ than that of the internationally educated iar American face in fire chancer}' corri¬ child who is familiar with all places and at dors. But there are plenty of other familiar home in none. If the Foreign Service is faces. to be representative of this country in the Foreign Service Journal, October 1978 There are no more loyal employees any¬ best sense of the word, its children must Even the best of language and area studies where than the great majority of these be given the fundamentals of an American students finds that there remains gaps in FSNs. There are none who better merit education. This does not mean that they his understanding of another culture. On that tattered accolade “dedicated.” should not profit from the exceptional occasion, one gets lucky and is shown a —Ted Olson, “Overseas Letter” opportunities which they have for becom¬ short cut. ing acquainted with the tongues and A British colleague in Singapore once Foreign Service Journal, October 1938 personalities of other people. It does mean imparted to me, in a single sentence, what The JOURNAL is publishing in this issue that their American education should be a cultural anthropologist would assuredly the announcement of the appointment of supplemented, not replaced by this broader have taken a complete chapter to describe. an AFSA committee to study the special cultural training. “I would never trust a fellow Eng¬ problems connected with the education of —Editor’s Column lishman,” he said, “who called me by my first name a half-hour after our introduc¬ tion to each other.” After a moments The Flying Book thought, he added, “Or an American who did not.” P.O. Box 465 So. Egremont, MA 01258 —S. I. Nadler Overseas customers are our only customers. They get our undivided attention. Foreign Service Journal, October 1963 • Any book in print, hardcover or paperback. Revisiting a post where you once served • Mass market or academic presses. provides a reminder of something that prob¬ ably doesn’t need restating but can bear • Out of print search; no charge or obligation. emphasis: It’s the FSNs, at their desks year • Fast response to inquiries. Books sent by air to U.S. zip codes. in and year out, often decade after decade, • Gift books sent anywhere. Gift wrap free. who give our operations continuity and a • Personal attention to special requests. Send for brochure of new releases and copy of our current newsletter.

A MEMBER OFTHE We Just Do It Better! SEARS FINANCIAL NETWORK l Top Quality Residential COLDWeLL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BANKER □ throughout the Washington metropolitan area with an exclusive money-back Satisfaction Guarantee (703) 556-6100 Coldwell Banker, America’s largest full service real estate company, has provided superior management to absentee owners since 1933. Our full-time staff of expertly trained property managers is ready to serve your needs from seven convenient locations. 1 —Our Services Include— O' YES! I would like more information • COMPLETE TENANT SCREENING on Coldwell Banker's Property Manage¬ • ON-SITE PROPERTY INSPECTIONS ment services and related fee structure. • MONTHLY STATEMENTS | NAME: • YEAR-END TAX STATEMENTS | ADDRESS: • PROMPT DISBURSEMENT OF PROCEEDS TO OWNERS | RENTAL PROPERTY: • SUBSTANTIAL DISCOUNTS ON SEARS REPLACEMENT APPLIANCES | TELEPHONE #:( > to: Coldwell Banker Residential Properly Management Department do Call us today! Executive Offices, 1953 Gallows Ftoad, Suite 650, Vienna, VA 22180 or mail the enclosed coupon

OCTOBER 1988 23 Focus

What Characterizes AFSA Award Winners?

We are often asked to expand on the meaning meant to recognize those who were prepared The AFSA awards go back a long time, ofthe criteria firr the AFSA Awards—the Chris¬ to stick their necks out in a way that involves and the accomplishments of the winners tian A. Herter Award for FS-OC and above some risk. In sum, the awards recognize the vary with the seasons, usually recognition level officers, the William R. Rivkin Award kind of demonstrated sendee and a capacity that they had risked careers, not necessarily firr FS 1-3 officers, the W. Averell Harriman for creative dissent that marks an exception¬ over policy, to do something honorable. Award for FS 4-6 officers, and the Avis Bohleti ally able and productive public servant. For example, Craig Johnstone and Lionel Award for a family member. We therefore There has been a tendency to nominate po¬ Rosenblatt went back to Saigon just be¬ offer the following comments, contributed by litical or economic officers, but officers of any fore the evacuation to pull out Vietnamese past judges and winners, with the intention cone could be strong candidates for the officer associates of the embassy who would have of broadening rather than restricting the area awards. The administrative field, for exam¬ otherwise been left, as coundess others were, of choice. ple, presents problems requiring extraordinary to the mercies of Hanoi. Our ambassador All of us, I think, believe that the Foreign accomplishment for their resolution involving wanted them fired; Kissinger refused. Service as a whole represents the best in public all the criteria for the awards. A consular offi¬ The origins of the Harriman Award, and service. Those who originally established and cer might qualify for insisting on correcting the Rivkin and Herter Awards which fol¬ endowed these awards certainly believed that. a wrong being done to one or a class of visa lowed, antedate Vietnam. Governor Har¬ But in doing so they were looking for some¬ applicants. riman had in mind, as I understand his thing even beyond that—those qualities that We hope that, by reading the following com¬ purposes, the need to foster courage, to speak for an individuals capacity for extraor¬ ments from individuals in a position to know counter the fear left by McCarthy that if dinary accomplishment, something beyond the what should characterize an AFSA award win¬ you stuck your neck out, you might get norm of excellence; a readiness, for example, ner, you will be prompted to nominate deserv¬ your career ruined or worse, for officers to challenge conventional wisdom in the charge ing individuals. who are by and large a patriotic lot, branded we all carry, the defense and promotion of our as disloyal. McCarthyism dampened initia¬ national interests abroad. —PERRY SHANKLE tive, which the wisest of policy makers look To put it in the vernacular, the awards are for in subordinates. Harriman encouraged Saab

Order your 1988 Saab with confidence through an interna¬ tional dealer who has years of experience in international and diplomatic sales. Very advan¬ tageous for Diplomats and G-4 International Nationals. Brochures & Information available on request

SUBMIT INQUIRIES TO Thelma Koopman International and Diplomatic Sales

Contact Rolls-Royce / Saab Thelma Koopman 4800 Elm Street Bethesda, Maryland 20814-2996 International and Diplomatic Sales Tel.(3011656-9220 / Telex440155

Eatx)Motofeafs Factory Authorized Dealer

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL not only willingness to challenge conven¬ it may cost them, and as modest stimulus with both peers and seniors, but then to tional wisdom but the general quality of to a more agile foreign policy, one open be prepared to accept that in a disciplined initiative. All this is still relevant. The con¬ to timely correction. Service the policy process must go forward. ventional wisdom is sometimes wrong. And In the final analysis that readiness to chal¬ initiative, even when the times encourage —FRANK MCNEIL lenge, buttressed by a command of the facts it, is unlikely to be in oversupply. and an understanding of their implications Johnstone, Rosenblatt, and I got our for U.S. policy interests, should be the nomi respective awards at the most remarkable The Herter, Rivkin, and Harriman AFSA in the Service. The fact that it is not always of all the AFSA ceremonies, a lunch at the awards are meant to be a salute to excel¬ so makes it especially important that these eighth-floor dining room honoring the lence, to the best in public serv ice, to those AFSA awards exist and that they have the China hands: John Stewart Service, John qualities particularly important in a diplo¬ active support of leadership in the Service Emmerson, John Carter Vincent, John Pa- matic service; initiative, integrity, intellec¬ at all levels. ton Davies, and O. Edmund Clubb. All tual courage, and creative, dissent. but Emmerson, for whom I had the pleas¬ By conferring the awards, we put the —L. BRUCE LALNGEN ure of working in Tokyo, had their careers spotlight on those whom a panel of judges ruined. Ironically, Nixon’s opening to China determines have best demonstrated these vindicated them, but not all were alive to qualities of performance. But in doing so, The essence of any AFSA award should savor it. Even the ceremony, moving as it and particularly in the nominating process, be Foreign Service professionalism. The de¬ was, carried a caution. Someone distrib¬ the Foreign Service in effect is also putting partment already recognizes in a variety of uted a fly sheet among the guests, dredg¬ die spotlight on itself—to see if it meas¬ ways and with considerable generosity sus¬ ing up ancient slander to protest AFSA’s ures up to the high standards that the pub¬ tained superior performance, whether by decision to honor these officers. lic expects of a Service uniquely important communicators, administrative officers or The experience of the China hands illu¬ to the nation’s interests. political reporters. The department, how¬ mines the criteria. They were doing their The opportunity to demonstrate the quali¬ ever, is less concerned about initiative, in¬ jobs well, but so do most officers. The dis¬ ties of which the awards speak will vary, tegrity, courage, and creativity. The pur¬ tinguishing element was risk, not die crazy depending on assignment, die quirks of fate, pose of the AFSA awards is to recognize risk of taking a cake to Iran, but a sober the luck of the draw. But sometimes the those officers who are truly outstanding judgment to press, in-house, a considered more routine the function, die greater the in their commitment to excellence. These point of view, a lawful and reasonable ac¬ opportunity for performance—and that word awards should not project an image of the tion that displeased powerful people. Only should be the bottom line—that stands out Foreign Service at odds with the administra¬ the FSOs’ cable from Chungking could be above the norm. That surely assumes in¬ tion of the day in some kind of process of termed dissent, counter to General Hurley’s itiative, thinking beyond the routine, com¬ dynamic dissent, rather they should em¬ arrogant faith in his ability to keep Chiang ing up with those new ideas and new ap¬ phasize creative achievements. The Foreign Kai Shek in power. proaches so important if this country is Service is an institution whose task it is The AFSA awards arc not simply for to promote its interests in a world where to help formulate and implement the for¬ extraordinary performance; for which there change is the name of the game. eign policy of the United States. are promotions and Department awards. Integrity? Yes, and to a fault—a com¬ AFSA should seek through its awards For example, recent winners, John Finney mitment to service evident in the honesty to encourage officers to use their intellec¬ and John Monjo, along with other players of one’s convictions, the time one is pre¬ tual talents, area and linguistic expertise, in what became a successful policy toward pared to give to the job, the way in which and pride in the concept of service to pro¬ the Philippines, ran significant career risks, one speaks to and promotes those values mote critical and constructive solutions to what with the nostalgia attached to Mar¬ expected of a disciplined Foreign Service. issues of foreign policy and national secu¬ cos in powerful quarters. Intellectual courage and creative dissent? rity. The awards should recognize those Among the criteria, “creative dissent” pro¬ We get hung up on those words some¬ men and women of the Service who are vokes the most unease, perhaps derived times, even though the qualities of which willing to tackle tough and complex prob¬ from concern that fanatics will not look they speak should be found in everyone lems head on, to call the shots as they are, kindly upon AFSA’s endorsement of the true to his or her oath of office. To express and to propose practical and creative solu¬ principle. (I dislike “creative,” with its Hol¬ them differently, what is involved is a dem¬ tions. In short, the greatest challenge for lywood flavor, and prefer dissent “construc- onstrated readiness to stand tall for one’s the Foreign Service is how to help the Presi¬ tive“, contributing to policy or analytic de¬ convictions, to be prepared to say so and dent and Secretary' with their principal prob¬ bate.) But before anyone throws away dis¬ why, to go out on a limb, to challenge lem: the management of ambiguity in the sent, remember that America’s most im¬ conventional wisdom. It need not neces¬ national interest. To do that successfully portant post-war decision began with dis¬ sarily involve falling on one’s sword, al¬ requires that Foreign Service officers dem¬ sent: George Kennan’s cable from Moscow though the Service can expect to have and onstrate a combination of those qualities analyzing the sources of Soviet behavior, should respect those with views so strong for which the Herter, Rivkin, and Harri¬ the origin of what would become the pol¬ that they resign rather than stay aboard man awards were established: a zeal for icy of containment. with a policy with which they disagree. creative accomplishment, intellectual cour¬ None of us has dealt with anything so The term “creative” was an adjective, I age, and moral excellence. momentous, but a foreign affairs system assume, quite deliberate in the original in which analysis or policy is congealed in choice of words for these awards. It speaks —ANTHONY C.E. QUAINTON amber begets disasters (e.g. the habits that of the fact that the Foreign Service is one led some to coddle General Noriega). The that expects its officers to challenge and awards have a larger meaning, encourag¬ at times to disagree in the process of policy Over the years there have not been many ing officers to do the right thing even if formulation, to have the courage to do that USIA award nominations or winners. Why?

OCTOBKR 1988 25 Perhaps it is because the awards have gen¬ When the awards were initiated in 1968, Foreign Service will be. erally been associated with those who show the purpose seemed to me to be recogni¬ Finally I would like to add two cents intellectual courage and dissent creatively tion of professionalism and creativity, on the issue of awards for one super ac¬ over foreign policy issues, and USIA em¬ thereby promoting the entire Foreign Serv¬ complishment versus only a great accom¬ ployees are not as involved as their State ice. The Rivkin judges were chaired by Vice plishment capping a long period of steady colleagues in the formation and implemen¬ President Humphrey. His remarks and important achievement. If the awards are tation of foreign policy. those of others at that first ceremony to emphasize to the public the non¬ Whatever the reasons, USIA employees stressed the importance of the Foreign Serv¬ partisan professionalism of the Foreign Serv¬ need have no hesitation in participating ice to the nation and praised die high pro¬ ice, at least for the Rivkin and Herter much more fully in die nominating and fessionalism and achievement of the Serv¬ awards, judges should award peaks from award process. This is especially true in the ice in its entirety'. plateaus of steady superior performance over past few years, when USIA has gone As numerous non-AFSA awards—most the Mount Everest arising from years of through the most innovative period in its more monetarily significant—have been in¬ sea level performance. history, when many new ideas have been troduced over the past 20 years, the AFSA tested and put into practice, and when much awards may have lost luster and drifted from —JOHN ALDEN BUSHNELL is being done to make public diplomacy a the original purpose. Many do not note more central part of how this country car¬ that AFSA awards uniquely are determined ries out its foreign policy. by panels of judges independent of the of¬ The Avis Bohlen Award is unique in that USIA is no stranger to controversy, and ficial hierarchy. It is perhaps because of it is designated for a family member who USIA employees tackle tough issues no less this independence that the element of “dis¬ is not an officer. It recognizes outstanding frequently than their colleagues in other sent” assumed greater importance. The hierar¬ family members who choose to work to¬ foreign affairs agencies. For example, some chy seldom gives rewards for pointing out ward the attainment of the objectives of areas where there have been stimulating its policies arc wrong, but AFSA can award the Service and the United States in the internal debates in recent years include such such initiative and at times has. American tradition of cooperation, partici¬ things as the role of VOA editorials, the I think this dissent focus can be over¬ pation and community spirit. value of field operations, the impact and done. There is danger that it introduces a In 1972, the Department’s Policy on potential of Worldnet, and the effect of political element. Too often the dissent has Wives of Foreign Service Employees clari¬ new policies regarding physical security + . echoes in partisan issues. What the For¬ fied the voluntary' character of wives’ par¬ Surely there are many USIA employees who eign Service needs is less emphasis on the ticipation. While some took that to mean have been unusually effective in develop¬ political disagreements in American foreign an end to community' activities, others recog¬ ing and carrying out programs and activi¬ policy and more on the professsional abili¬ nized that this meant an end to imposed ties which have expanded die role of pub¬ ties of the Foreign Service to serve well obligations. Concern for others, involve¬ lic diplomacy or defended activities vital whatever administration is elected. ment in bi-national activities, and repre¬ to our mission. The award phrase “exhibited extraordi¬ sentation of the United States continue now What might be the criteria for nominat¬ nary' accomplishment involving initiative, as then to have a place in overseas life. ing USIA employees for AFSA awards? In integrity, intellectual courage, and creative Avis Bohlen was a Foreign Service spouse practice, nominations often read like OERs dissent” provides a generous basis for em¬ who accompanied her husband on assign¬ and some recipients who are clearly excel¬ phasis on professionalism. The emphasis ments to Moscow, Manila, and Paris. lent officers have nevertheless not really been should be on the extraordinary accomplish¬ Through her close contact and support for involved in any tough issue or controversy. ment; presumably this is the bottom line the members of the missions she served I would therefore suggest that we try to that benefits the American collective and in and by her outreach to host country nominate people who have faced a difficult thus is die kev selling point for Foreign representatives, she presented the best of and/or controversial issue or problem, and Sendee professionalism serving die national American values and traditions and en¬ have demonstrated some of the above quali¬ interest. If the accomplishment is truly ex¬ hanced the image of the United States and ties in achieving a better outcome than traordinary, it almost certainly involved con¬ the American way of life. would have been the case without their siderable creative dissent; at a minimum Recipients of the award have been lauded involvement. In other words, people who bureaucratic toes were stepped on, likely for the many ways they advanced Ameri¬ have made a difference. some in high places. But give extra points can interests through outreach to die Ameri¬ USIA has come a long way in its brief if the officer used diplomatic skills to mini¬ can and host country: rebuilding relations history', overcoming early skepticism about mize the dissent and emphasize the crea¬ after a period of no formal relations, re¬ its value, learning much about the difficult tivity'—the positive alternative. Creative dis¬ sponding to the needs of a country devas¬ art of political communication across cul¬ sent means inventing a better mousetrap. tated by civil strife, strengthening bilateral tures, and finally expanding the parame¬ The basis for such accomplishment should relations through school activities, and en¬ ters within which foreign policy is con¬ be the core of bipartisan agreement on for¬ hancing contact between the host country' ducted. There have been many USIA em¬ eign policy, not emotional partisan issues. and Americans through cultural and chari¬ ployees who have made unique contri¬ Many of the awards, particularly the sen¬ table activities. The Foreign Service has re¬ butions to the development of public di¬ ior awards, seem to have involved the pro¬ markable family members who display dedi¬ plomacy, and the AFSA awards offer an motion of ideas at the core of our biparti¬ cation, sensitivity, thoughtfulness, integrity, excellent chance to insure that more of them san consensus, especially promoting democ¬ and perseverence in enhancing relations be¬ get the recognition they have earned. racy' and human rights. The more the gen¬ tween Americans and the host country'. The eral public comes to see how key the daily Avis Bohlen Award was established to —WILLIAM LENDERKINC; work of the Foreign Service is to the pro¬ honor them. motion and defense of these core Ameri¬ can values the stronger the support for the —MARYANN MINUTILLO

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Transition Time: The 1989 Changeover

A former State Department transition-team leader discusses the pitfalls and problems of a new administration’s first months

ROBERT G. NEUMANN LENGTHY TRANSITIONS between ad¬ garding tire transition team and the State De¬ ministrations are an unfortunate but partment itself. unavoidable American peculiarity; in The leader of the transition team should most other countries transitions fol¬ be appointed the week following the election. low swiftly upon elections. Perhaps we ought The rest of the team should also be appointed to be grateful that our transitions now last as quickly as possible, not later than ten days only two and a half months and not four after the election. The team should be small, months, as was the case until the presidency 10 — 20 people maximum, chosen for their of Franklin D. Roosevelt. knowledge of foreign affairs substance, knowl¬ Our political system is equally unique in edge of the governmental process, and such that it deprives party organizations and expe¬ political criteria as the president deems appropri¬ rienced party leaders of real control over can¬ ate. The transition team should generally not didacies. Hence, every candidate for public include congressional staff members, as expe¬ office, especially a presidential candidate, has rience, especially in the 1980-81 transition, to build his own vast and costly election mecha¬ has shown that some of them, though by no nism. This is usually composed primarily of means all, are prone to leak information to young people, high on enthusiasm and low their principals. on government experience, many of whom The transition team leader should im¬ will accompany the newly elected president mediately choose an in-house chief-of-stalf who into office. knows the department, but also feels com¬ It lies in the nature of propaganda that the fortable working with political people. Many propagandist quickly becomes his first and best FSOs are not. The department will be coop¬ customer. Hence, this throng arrives in Wash¬ erative in placing other required personnel on ington full of their hyped-up impression that temporary duty'. Hopefully, the president will the preceding administration was terrible, that instruct the transition-team leader to refrain all who served it are suspect, and that history from all media contacts; this directive should began on Inauguration Day. be made public. This was particularly true in 1980, when The secretary of state should be designated a cast of hundreds manned a multilayered tran¬ very early. If for some reason the selection is sition monstrosity that engulfed the entire gov¬ not announced immediately, his or her iden¬ ernment structure. Transition team directors tity should definitely be made known to the had little or no choice in the selection of their leader of die State Department transition team. members, and early multiple-deadlines bur¬ However, the secretary of state-designate dened the process further. From this experi¬ should not be the leader of die team. He will ence, I have distilled the following advice re- be too busy preparing for his senatorial hear¬ ings, and getting his personal and financial Robert G. Neumann was director of the Reagan affairs in order. But the work of the transition administration’s State Department Transition team will be most effective if it, or at least its Team in 1980 — 81. He has been a former U.S. leader, knows for whom it is preparing ambassador to Afghanistan, Morocco, and Saudi recommendations and what the priorities are. Arabia; and is currently senior adviser and di¬ For all practical purposes, the transition team rector of the Middle East Studies program at the should consider itself working for the secre¬ Center for Strategic and International Studies. tary' of state-designate.

OCTOBER 1988 Occasionally, after a change of administra¬ matic initiative will succeed that does not have tion, individuals have appeared in foreign coun¬ the support of the American people and, as Loyalty tries claiming to have a mandate from the new far as possible, the Congress. To that end, the administration. The appearance of such alleged secretary of state should be capable of fre¬ to the new representatives of the incoming administra¬ quent and plausible, usually public, explana¬ administration tion while the outgoing one is still in office tions to the Congress and the U.S. public of is essential, is a very bad idea and should be strongly dis¬ the purposes, aims, and, where appropriate, couraged by the president-elect and his staff. the strategy of the new administration’s for¬ but so is A worldwide State Department telegram, sent eign policy. He should be prepared to do this competence. by the director of the Foreign Service to all on a fairly regular basis, not only when sup¬ U.S. missions, should instruct them to report port is needed for a specific action. On occa¬ such occurrences by immediate telegram to sion, the president himself may wish to pre¬ the director general. Until such claims have sent such explanations. been confirmed or denied, ambassadors and their staffs should be instructed to refrain from all public statements. On my suggestion, such BOTH THE deputy secretary of state instructions were sent out worldwide by the and the under secretary for political then director general of the Foreign Service affairs also should be designated as in 1980. While they were generally obeyed, soon as possible. The latter should a few politically motivated ambassadors of the function as the “traffic cop” of the department. preceding administration chose to ignore them. To play this role effectively, the under secre¬ tary' should be a career Foreign Service officer who knows the department well. Since the HERE CAN BE only one president and deputy secretary will and should be a political T appointee, he may be new to the department one secretary of state at a time. The president, the secretary of state- and would have too much to learn to function designate, and the transition team effectively as the “traffic cop.” But the deputy should resist all attempts by the bureaucracy secretary should be given major areas of re¬ (there will be many) to make substantive pol¬ sponsibility. He should be sufficiently knowl¬ icy decisions or express policy preferences. This edgeable not to have to spend too much time will assure good cooperation between the out¬ “learning on the job.” He should be able to going and the incoming administrations and work harmoniously with the secretary and hold confusion to a minimum. complement him, but not be a carbon copy Under the direction of die secretary' of state- of him. The secretary’s job is very demanding designate, the transition team should quickly and he needs as much help as possible. identify those priority issues, hopefully not The assistant secretaries, especially those for more than four or five maximum, on which the main geographical areas, are policy offi¬ the president will have to make policy deci¬ cers. But that does not mean that they should sions in the first three months. The work of be automatically and always political appoint¬ the transition team should concentrate on diose ees. To be sure, loyalty' to the new administra¬ areas and prepare options in such forms as tion is essential, but so is competence. Loy¬ the president and the secretary of state- alty' without competence creates “yes men” designate may direct. who have led past administrations to disaster. The transition team should not be loaded Competence without loyalty is obviously dan¬ down with the task of identifying openings gerous. The president needs both. Experience for political appointments. That can be done has shown that a mix of career and non-career by the president’s personnel-selection mecha¬ persons is best. There have been competent nism. The president should make this known, and incompetent assistant secretaries from both so that the team can concentrate on its pri- the career and the political domain. Selectees marv task. However, if it is desired that the will have to keep in mind that, as principal transition team exercise this function, a small, policy officers of the administration, they will separate unit should be created (also under bear the administration’s stamp, whether ca¬ the team leader’s authority') for that purpose. reer or not. When administrations or basic That unit could be staffed by congressional policies change, they must expect to be re¬ aides; such a separate unit would keep them moved, but those who are career officers pre¬ out of the main flow of business. sumably will be given other assignments. The president will, of course, have his own The appointment of the five regional assis¬ criteria for the selection of the secretary of tant secretaries is crucial to the ability of the state. He should bear in mind that no diplo¬ new administration to function smoothly in

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL its first days. They should be designated by AST, BUT FAR front least, I want to The State mid-December to permit a brief overlap with L discuss die Foreign Service. The presi¬ Department their predecessors. They are the secretary’s “A- dent should realize that the pro¬ structure is shown Team” to implement his policies smoothly. fessional Foreign Service is not an in this 1988 chart, If tlte bureaus are headed for long periods enemy and is not disloyal. On the contrary, with the positions by acting assistant secretaries or holdovers, it will be more than anxious to prove its loy¬ Neumann suggests there will be noticeable hesitation in the con¬ alty to the president. However, it does have are key during duct of policy. Having a policy management its own agenda, as do all departments. That transition time in structure in place is essential to allowing the agenda is not necessarily the president’s and grey. administration to concentrate on its priority could be highly parochial. Hence, it is impor¬ issues. A range of lesser issues will clamor for tant that the president appoint key officials attention. If the secretary of state cannot dele¬ who are sufficiently knowledgeable and expe¬ gate these issues to persons of competence rienced to hold their own and listen carefully whom he trusts and with whom he is com¬ to expert advice, but who can dien chart the fortable, he will inevitably be drawn deeply government’s course as the president’s views into secondary issues. As a result, habits of dictate and as he may have committed himself dealing with the White House and the NSC to die electorate. will get off to a shaky start and concentration Occasionally the bureaucracy—in the State on major issues will suffer just when such con¬ Department and elsewhere—may try to wait centration is most essential. the president out. That must not be permit¬ Some past administrations have decreed that ted. The president, his cabinet officers and all political appointees of the preceding ad¬ their immediate subordinates must not only ministration must vacate their desks on Janu¬ see to it that policy decisions are made ary 21. That is unnecessarily demeaning and promptly, but also follow up on them to make causes needless confusion. In view of the in¬ sure that they are speedily and effectively car¬ creasingly lengthy confirmation process, un¬ ried out. A hands-off administration does not necessarily long vacancies in important offices work, least of all in foreign affairs where crises and posts should be avoided. develop every week. □

OCTOBER 1988 29 In the JOURNAL last February, George Bush and Michael Dukakis responded to ques¬ tions on the Foreign Service and the State Department. Excerpts of what they said then are presented on this page, and be¬ ginning on pages 32 and 36 we delve more deeply into the candidates views on for¬ eign policy.

Dukakis: “I believe that to¬ day there are too many po¬ litical appointees in the Foreign Service. All too often, politically ap¬ pointed ambassadors have lacked the skills necessary to represent the United States in host countries. As president, I will seek to tap more fully the reservoir of diplomatic talent at the State Department for ambassa¬ dorial positions. For placing career Foreign Service officers in such posi¬ tions not only guarantees quality analy¬ sis and representation, it also upholds the principle of advancement based on merit. ‘The secretary of state will be my princi¬ ple foreign policy adviser, and the Depart¬ ment of State will have responsibility for formulating and carrying out that foreign policy. “As a result of the current administra¬ tion’s policies, the next president will have his hands full trying to get our fiscal house in order. Within the resources that are avail¬ able, I will support a strong and balanced

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL program of foreign assistance, with special emphasis on the hu¬ manitarian and development aid that will help other countries to grow and create oppor¬ tunity for their peo¬ ple.”

Bush: ‘The Ameri¬ can people can be proud of the men and women who serve their country as members of the For¬ eign Service. They are chosen for their intellect, their enthusiasm, and their ability to represent this coun¬ try on foreign soil. The profes¬ sional Foreign Service officer has been trained in diplomacy and the various special needs of American citi¬ zens abroad. I feel that political appintees can seve with honor and distinction and do have a place in represnting the United States. “The State Department has a special role when offering foreign policy input. But no one agency should be the sole adviser or should offer the sole purview on an issue. “In this time of budget stringency, all of our departments and agencies must take their fair share of reductions so that we can achieve a balanced budget and still carry out the responsibilities of government. How¬ ever, I am opposed to raising taxes.”

OCTOBER 1988 Bush: Seasoned Pro By ANGELIA HERRIN RONALD REAGAN delivered a dra¬ and attempt to impress voters as some daz¬ matic speech to a group of Univer¬ zling, innovative foreign policy wizard, Bush sity of Moscow students during wants to remind voters that he is the seasoned Bush is eager to the May summit meeting. Stand¬ pro who knows better than anyone just how ing under a bust of Lenin, the president praised tough it was to get to this point,” one aide promote the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s reform ef¬ said. “We don’t want to sound a retreat from image that he forts and voiced hope for its success. “We are our achievements, but to be able to take a is a man with breaking through the material conditions of healthy, skeptical step back and ask ourselves, existence to a world where a man creates his how did we get where we are today?” foreign policy own destiny,” Reagan waxed lyrically. But just Raymond Garthoff, a Brookings Institu¬ experience of one month later, the same speech writer, Josh tion Fellow and author of a study of U.S.- his own. Gilder, wrote an equally dramatic speech for Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan, agrees George Bush, in which he took a more skepti¬ with that assessment. “Bush has not really mort¬ cal tone toward the very reforms which Ronald gaged his position when it comes to foreign Reagan praised. policy,” says Garthoff “So far, this is more On July 29—the day after Gorbachev pro¬ about tone and image. It suggests possibili¬ posed the most radical restructuring of the ties, ‘if and when’—but doesn’t go too much Soviet government and the Russian economy farther in the specifics.” in the 70 years since the Bolshevik Revolution— Brent Scowcroft, former National Security Bush soberly warned Americans not to be¬ Advisor to Gerald Ford and now part of Bush’s come too enamored of “die promise of glasnost, team, cautions that although the rhetoric is of perestroika.” toughened, a Bush foreign policy is best un¬ “Remember the Cold War is not over,” derstood as part of a Republican continuum, Bush told the San Francisco World Affairs whether on Moscow, El Salvador, or the Per¬ Council, “We must be bold enough to seize sian Gulf. “George Bush is in the mainstream the opportunity for change, but at the same of Republican foreign policy over the last 10 time be prepared for the protracted conflict.” years,” Scowcroft recently told reporters. “He Laid side by side, Gilder says that the Bush has a traditional Republican outlook: not iso¬ and Reagan speeches offer an instructive road lationist Republican, but internationalist Re¬ map to Republican foreign policy—particu¬ publican.” Bush enters the general election bat¬ larly the foreign policy approach of George tle with high hopes that he can showcase his Bush as the 1988 Republican presidential can¬ extensive international credentials—former didate. U.N. ambassador, envoy to China and CIA "The question people keep asking is, how director—and contrast that with the state- is George Bush going to be different from government-only record of Michael Dukakis. Ronald Reagan in foreign policy, when the But crucial to that plan is Bush’s efforts to real question is how is the world going to link himself to Ronald Reagan’s foreign pol¬ be different when George Bush is president,” icy successes—while dodging the blame for says Gilder, who left the White House in May troubles, such as the Iran-contra scandal and to join the Bush campaign. “That means ac¬ U.S. dealings with Panamanian strong-man knowledging the opportunities made possible General Manuel Noriega, hi a recent interview, by the changes during Reagan’s tenure. But Bush somewhat plaintively volunteered he while George Bush embraces the hopes, he would “take all the blame” for the Iran-contra is telling us we are not beyond skepticism.” scandal, if he could get “half the credit for all If that sounds like a man writing speeches the good things” in recent foreign policy. for a candidate eager to sound a little more This summer, Bush’s campaign experienced like the Ronald Reagan of 1976 than the Re¬ a windfall of peace, from a settlement in the agan of 1988, that is just what George Bush Persian Gulf between Iran and Iraq to the had in mind. “Rather than break new ground continued wind-down in Soviet-backed con¬ flicts in Afghanistan and Angola. Now, in the Angelia Herrin covers national politics for the general-election season, Bush is campaigning Knight-Ridder newspapers. She has been cover¬ to convince voters that it is the Reagan ad¬ ing vice-presidential candidate Dan Quayle. ministration’s “peace through strength” stand

OCTOBER 1988 33 that has been one of the most influential fac¬ shire’s conservative senator. tors in the de-escalation of hostilities, particu¬ But that rhetoric is also important in sharp¬ larly with the Russians. “We provided the ening the contrasts with Michael Dukakis, The vice Mujahdeen in Afghanistan with weapons and whom Bush struggles to portray as dovish, president has now the Soviet tanks are rolling home. We isolationist, and inexperienced. “It is not a not been shy liberated the tiny island nation of Grenada time for timidity, hesitancy, and on-die-job from Cuban dictatorship,” Bush said in August. training,” Bush asserts. His aides do not want about “We struck back against terrorism, teaching Dukakis to take advantage of the fact that the describing Qaddafi a lesson he’ll not soon forget. Presi¬ truculent anti-Soviet rhetoric coming from the himself as dent Reagan and I set about returning Amer¬ White House has been toned down recently. ica to its strategic role as peacemaker.” And it may be to Bush’s advantage in No¬ an integral vember to urge voters to stay in a state of part of alert against the Soviets. As Bill Pascoe of the Reagan’s BUSH HAS MADE clear dtat his foreign Heritage Foundation notes, ‘To the extent policy would be based on the prem¬ that the American electorate sees the Soviets foreign policy ise of keeping up a certain pressure. as a threat, they vote for Republicans.” success. Along widt enthusiastically endors¬ The vice president has not been shy about ing the development of the Strategic Defense promoting himself as an integral part of Re¬ System, Bush has pledged to keep the pres¬ agan’s foreign policy success. Earlier this year, sure on by moving ahead with MX and Midg- for instance, he invoked the memory of his etman missiles. He has pointedly rejected the 1983 trip to Europe, when he was charged idea that domestic economic problems in the with reassuring die NATO alliance of U.S. com¬ Soviet Union helped bring about most of the mitment to the two-track policy of negotiations Soviet accommodations that led to the ratifi¬ backed by deployment. Bush told his audi¬ cation of the Intermediate Nuclear Forces ence that while visiting Krefeld, West Ger¬ Treaty'. Instead Bush attributes die negotiation many, die car in which he and Chancellor Kohl to the deployment of INF in Europe and were riding was attacked by demonstrators. modernization and buildup of die nation’s mili¬ “Luckily no one was hurt, but we could not tary forces. ‘The lesson is clear. Real arms be so certain at the time that the NATO alli¬ reduction, real improvements in East-West re¬ ance would escape equally intact,” Bush said. lations, and real security can only be achieved His chief foreign policy adviser Dennis Ross through strength and consistency. To halt the predicts diat voters might see more of a “hands- modernization of our strategic determent forces on style” in foreign policy from George Bush, is to disarm unilaterally,” Bush said in a re¬ in contrast to Ronald Reagan, whom the cent speech. Tower Commission roundly criticized for his Along with taking a tougher1 than-Reagan “leisurely management style” in the Iran- rhetorical line on Gorbachev, some observers contra affair. “In temperament and experience, believe Bush has been outlining an arms con¬ George Bush is going to want to be much trol strategy' more likely to delay titan accelerate more involved,” Ross says, adding that Bush the next agreement with the Russians. In a shapes his views in concert and consultation July Washington Post interview, he doubted with a wide range of experienced advisers on that Reagan could win the U.S.-Soviet agree¬ foreign policy. Ross himself joined the cam¬ ment for reductions in long-range nuclear mis¬ paign after leaving a position handling Mid¬ siles, which he has sought in the START talks, dle East affairs at the National Security Coun¬ before leaving office. If he succeeds Reagan, cil. He is widely published, with a background Bush’s negotiations will give great emphasis that includes experience in Soviet and Middle to reductions of conventional forces in East affairs at both the State and the Defense Europe—pushing the slow-moving talks on Departments. conventional forces to a position that could Ross says Bush regularly consults both block the negotiations on long-range missiles. Scowcroff and former Senator John Tower All of this talk, coupled with speeches in which in thinking through foreign policy issues. Bush has sounded his “rollback of communism” Donald Rumsfeld talks regularly to Bush, and theme by calling for free elections and self- so do Zbigniew Brzezinski and Henry Kissin¬ determination for all European countries, has ger. According to recently published reports, been met with much enthusiasm by the GOP Kissinger in the past sometimes cut George right wing. “The SDI speech was extremely Bush out of the foreign policy loop. For in¬ important. SDI is the kind of cutting issue stance, in 1971, The Washington Post said that that separates Democrats from Republicans,” U.N. Ambassador Bush learned that Kissin¬ says Senator Gordon Humphrey, New Hamp¬ ger blocked any direct access to Nixon on for-

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL eign policy issues. In addition, Bob Wood¬ that it has not repealed a resolution equating ward writes that Bush was kept in the dark Zionism with racism. “Dukakis would turn about much of the secret China diplomacy it all over to the U.N. But you don’t work cc while he was at the United Nations. When through those institutions because they are Real arms Bush became ambassador to China in 1974, only going to be effective when there is total reduction, real he again discovered Kissinger controlled much agreement inside and out,” says Ross. “Un¬ of the foreign policy. Ross said he could not less we take the lead in dealing with other improvements comment on the stories, nor on charges by countries on these problems, it will look like in East-West conservatives that Kissinger has not been spot¬ an abdication of responsibility by the United relations, and lighted in the Bush campaign because many States.” in the right wing oppose him. “George Bush In other areas, Ross offered a thumbnail real security is his own man in foreign policy,” said Ross. sketch of Bush’s policy: can only be ‘The important thing to note in his list of his • Latin America. “The Bush view is that achieved advisers is that he is not afraid to cast his net we’ve done very well promoting democracy widely.” through there. The Sandinistas have broken every prom¬ strength and ise that they’ve made. Our approach should be to make them live up to their promises, consistency ” LTHOUGH BUSH’S FOREIGN POLICY A by applying the pressure (of contra aid) and may in many ways mirror Reagan’s, trying to keep them honest.” Bush is eager to promote the image • South Africa. “Apartheid is morally re¬ that he is a man with vast foreign pugnant, but we should not try to end it in policy experience of his own. That image was a way that makes life worse for the blacks in showcased most recently when Reagan sent that country. Bush does not support economic the vice president to the United Nations to sanctions. He believes in keeping the heat up, present the administration’s case in response doing so in a more common effort with our to the shooting down of the Iran Air jetliner. allies.” Similarly when asked to describe Bush’s “world view,” foreign policy adviser Ross quickly said • Israel. “Bush is committed to Israel’s se¬ curity'. The single biggest threat to that se¬ that Bush’s thinking is “first shaped by experi¬ ence. His view is that the United States must curity is going to come from ballistic missiles. be engaged, that dtere is really no substitute That is why he pledges American support to for the United States’ leadership and responsi¬ help Israel develop an antimissile system. But he has made the point that you can’t have it bility,” says Ross. In recent speeches, Ross both ways—you can’t say that you are com¬ noted, Bush has outlined areas where the mitted to Israel’s security and then say that United States cannot resolve problems on its you are against defensive systems such as the own: Third World debt, terrorism, drugs, and SDL” the proliferation of chemical weapons and mis¬ siles. Bush recently warned that Iraq, Iran, • Israel and the Palestinians. ‘We must fos¬ ter an environment for negotiation. You could Syria, and Libya are working to develop the do that politically and psychologically. But you capacity to acquire and possibly produce mis¬ siles. He promised to “revitalize” the efforts must have a Palestinian presence you can deal of six Western industrial democracies, includ¬ with. Now that doesn’t exist.” ing the United States, to control such missile Bush himself may have best captured his technology'. Declaring that “I am not new to approach to foreign-policy making in a 1987 this field,” Bush said, ‘There are few develop¬ speech to the American Legion in San Anto¬ ments more frightening than that of unstable, nio, Texas, where he said politics and foreign sometimes irrational, Third World regimes be¬ policy aren’t so different from combat. “One ing able to press a button and deliver weap¬ thing I learned in the Navy was the impor¬ ons of terror across great distances.” tance of steadiness,” he said. “But if you’ve But while Bush says dtat such problems done the hard work of training, day after un- demand a “multinational” response, he is ada¬ dramatic day, you’re ready for anything and mant that die United Nations is not the proper all of that practice and self-discipline and dedi¬ forum to work out such agreements. Such a cation pays off. There’s a place for brilliant stand might be puzzling from a former U.N. concepts and strategies and tactics. But bright ambassador, but Bush intends to make a cam¬ ideas can fail if they aren’t carried out by peo¬ paign issue of his difference with Dukakis on ple who have clear goals and a steady hand— the usefulness of the United Nations. He re¬ who know how to persevere and how to stand cently said he would continue to trim U.S. up under pressure. Steadiness, character and financial support for the U.N. on the grounds courage—those are the keys to success.” □

OCTOBER 1988 35

THROUGHOUT HIS POLITICAL ca¬ through multilateral approaches. More than reer, Michael S. Dukakis has de¬ any national politician in recent memory, fied attempts to pin him with a Dukakis has sought to highlight the potential Over the past label. As governor of Massachu¬ for a stronger American role in such institu¬ setts, he mixed liberal rhetoric with tough tions as the Organization of American States year, Dukakis budget decisions, displaying instincts that were, or die United Nations. While the United States has been above all, pragmatic. Asked by an interviewer has a role to play in this vision, Dukakis has steadily near the end of his first term whether he was made it clear that he is uncomfortable with part of a new breed of “fiscally conservative some of the unilateral deployments of mili¬ developing his liberals,” the governor snapped: “That’s non¬ tary power, such as the invasion of Grenada, positions on sense, we just don’t have the money.” that have marked the Reagan years. the issues. Campaign aides say he is likely to bring As for the State Department, Albright says the same approach to foreign affairs. “Michael that Dukakis intends to reverse the trend of Dukakis is not an ideologue,” said Madeleine the Reagan administration toward the use of Albright, a Georgetown University professor political appointees for the post of ambassa¬ who has been serving as a senior adviser on dor. In addition, she said that Dukakis would national security. “His approach is that of a not carry with him the instinctive distrust of pragmatist, a problem solver.” Foreign Service officers that characterized some Those who know' him say that Dukakis has of the senior officials in the Reagan admini¬ instinctive distrust of over-arching theories, stration. “Dukakis respects professionals, peo¬ and many of his foreign policy addresses and ple who have devoted their life to a particular remarks have touched on broad themes rather career,” said Albright. “The Foreign Service than specifics. This is not to suggest that the appeals to him and he recognizes a lot has to Massachusetts governor would, if elected, ar¬ be done to restore its morale.” rive at the Oval Office without definite ideas A summit between the president and Latin on how to reshape the State Department and America’s leaders is one proposal aides say American foreign policy. Over the past year would get early attention in a Dukakis ad¬ Dukakis has been steadily developing his po¬ ministration. The economic issues that would sitions on the issues and has met regularly likely be the focus of such a forum, such as with members of Congress as well as academ¬ the debt crisis, form the basis for another broad ics in Boston and Washington. From those foreign policy theme. Dukakis is more likely sessions has emerged a world view that is very to emphasize the frictions—and possibilities— different from that of Ronald Reagan or that arise from the dialogue between North George Bush. and South, rather than the global competi¬ Dukakis would oppose any resumption of tion between East and West, the free world military aid to the contras in Nicaragua. His and “evil empire,” as viewed by President Re¬ aides say his speeches calling for a foreign pol¬ agan. Those who have talked to Dukakis about icy consistent with American values mean that Soviet affairs, however, say that he is by no in a Dukakis administration, there would be means overlooking the importance of U.S.- more pressure on countries like Chile that have Soviet relations. Indeed, they say Dukakis sees poor human-rights records. And the Demo¬ the next president as having a chance to make cratic candidate has gone on record favoring epochal, once in a generation, changes in the the tougher sanctions against South Africa con¬ relations between the two superpowers. tained in a House bill opposed by the Reagan \ administration. He has argued repeatedly in his speeches Stephen Engleberg covers intelligence for The for channeling America’s power and influence Nen> York Times.

OCTOBER 1988 37 HIS LACK OF experience in foreign to the world. “He sees significant opportuni¬ policy has been a frequent focal ties in that relationship, particularly in die arms His point of attacks by his opponents— control negotiations that will be confronting both Bush and his opponents in the next president.” case- the Democratic primary campaign. At one Dukakis has said that the next president by-case point earlier this year, Representative Rich¬ will have the best opportunity for arms con¬ method to ard Gephardt of Missouri complained that trol reductions of any president in recent years. while he knew what the Massachusetts gover¬ But he has described the process as a series international nor opposed in foreign policy, he was having of incremental steps, stressing the value of veri¬ affairs lies in a hard time understanding what he was for. fiable agreements in terms similar to those the experiences More recendy, Bush has charged that a Dukakis used by President Reagan. election would make the world a more dan¬ As described by Hamilton, Dukakis has an that have gerous place. inquiring, probing approach to what has been formed his view Dukakis has been quick to respond. “George nearly a year of studying issues that had little of the world. Bush has never negotiated any treaties,” he to do with his current role in Massachusetts told The New York Times. Aides to the- government. “He is very curious, and he asks Democratic candidate point out that he speaks an awful lot of questions, some of which I French, Spanish, and Greek and has traveled can’t answer,” the congressman said. extensively in South America as well as hav¬ ing visited China, Japan, Hong Kong, Israel, Sweden, Greece, and Ireland. Moreover, Al¬ GIVEN THE CIRCUMSTANCE that bright said that while serving as governor of Dukakis has virtually no previous Massachusetts, Dukakis has had contact with record on foreign issues, predictions a range of international issues, particularly those about how his campaign positions involving trade. would translate into policy are even more un¬ Dukakis has also counter-attacked in the certain than usual. That suggests that die best face of criticism from Bush. At one recent chance of forecasting how President Dukakis campaign appearance, he declared that it was might apply his case-by-case method to inter¬ his opponent who “doesn’t have what it takes national affairs lies in the experiences that have to lead this country when it comes to foreign formed his view of the world. policy.” As for Bush’s assertion that he lacks One of these formative experiences, Dukakis experience on international issues, Dukakis has has said, came at age 20 when he spent several told reporters: “He made the same comment months in Lima, Peru as a student at the Uni¬ about the Republican candidate for president versity of San Marcos. That summer made in 1980 and now he’s trying to succeed him. him fluent in Spanish and it left him with What can I say?” several strong impressions of the region. The In Washington, many Republicans deride year was 1954, and the big news in Latin him as another Jimmy Carter, a state gover¬ America at the time was a coup in Guatemala nor with a lot of ideas about management which was supposedly carried out by a home¬ likely to be over-matched by the complex in¬ grown opposition to the country’s left¬ ternational challenges that will confront the leaning government. In fact, as Dukakis has next president. These critics are fond of re¬ recounted his impression of the event to in¬ minding voters of President Carter’s acknowl¬ terviewers, the rumors of the Central Intelli¬ edgement that it was not until the invasion gence Agency’s involvement in the coup were of Afghanistan in 1979 that he fully under¬ so widespread they reached Peru. Years later, stood the true nature of the United States’ it was disclosed that die CIA had managed Soviet adversaries. the operation from start to finish. Representative Lee Hamilton (D-IN), one It was one of many covert operations by of tiie Congressional Democrats with whom the United States in Latin America, and it Dukakis has been discussing foreign affairs, left a deep impression. Associates of Dukakis dismisses the comparison. “I just don’t see say this incident continues to inform his think¬ it,” said Hamilton. ‘There’s no naivete in him; ing about the perils of American intervention he’s a very pragmatic man.” Hamilton said overseas, particularly when it relies on covert that events will force the next president, Bush means. or Dukakis, to turn more attention to the “Our problem has been that we’ve tended North and South equation. He said that to view, or at least we’ve had some people Dukakis has also talked with him at length who occasionally govern this country who about the implications of the far-reaching tended to view all regional conflict through changes in the Soviet Union and its approach an East-West prism, and it’s one of the rea-

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL sons we’re failing in Central America,” he told Kennedy. Dukakis was a student at The Los Angeles Times. “You support Somoza Swarthmore in the mid 1950s and has spoken for 40 years, you support Batista in Cuba, proudly of his role in recruiting members of you support these people and then you get the campus American Civil Liberties Union. Dukakis has radical revolutions and you wonder why. It’s Dukakis’ aversion to ideology, associates say, sought to one of the reasons why we’ll continue to fail— stems in part from what he believes were die highlight the if we continue to view these kinds of conflicts lessons from that period. as being nothing but a mirror image of the potential for Cold War.” a stronger According to adviser Albright, Dukakis is ANOTHER SET of experiences that have American role uneasy with the idea of using covert action had an effect—and contributed to as a tool in foreign policy. “It’s not something his unease with unilateral inter¬ in such that appeals to him as a general approach, ventions, overt or covert—was institutions as doing something covertly that you could not Dukakis’ reliance as governor on building what the OAS do overtly. But he has talked about the value he calls “partnerships” between government of covert action in gathering drug intelligence,” and industry. He has extended that concept and the U.N. she said. of partnerships to international affairs in his The point is not an insignificant one. Over campaign speeches, praising such efforts as die past eight years, die Reagan administration the Central America peace plan worked out has poured large amounts of money into the by all of the countries in the region under the CIA’s clandestine sendee and has substantially leadership of Costa Rican President Oscar increased the number of operations being used Arias. He has said that the American approach to influence events abroad. The agency has toward South Africa should be worked out also been used to support large-scale paramili¬ in concert with the front-line states in the re¬ tary operations, such as the war waged by the gion. contras in Central America. He was critical of the American reflagging operation of tankers in the Persian Gulf, say¬ ing it should have involved a multilateral force. WITH DUKAKIS having clearly In a letter published in The Nen> York Times, stated his opposition to the con¬ he responded to an assertion that he opposed tra program, it would seem doubt¬ an American military role in the Persian Gulf ful that he would support any by writing: ‘The United States clearly has a aid to the various anti-Communist guerrilla role to play—in cooperation with our allies— movements in the Third World. But it re¬ in maintaining freedom of shipping through mains uncertain how much Dukakis would the Gulf. Unfortunately, the Kuwaiti reflag¬ be guided by his distrust of covert action. ging operation contributes nodiing to that goal Would he, for example, shut down the CIA or our other objectives in the region.” The efforts now underway to build pressure against letter illustrates an important tension in Manuel Noriega, the Panamanian leader? Dukakis’ thinking. While he insists that the Would he work with opposition groups in¬ United States has a role to play in the world, side South Africa on a covert basis? he is reluctant to back any approach that calls One CIA program that Dukakis has made for this country to impose its will. it clear he would cut off is the roughly $ 15 “There are obviously differences region by million annual aid to the Angolan rebels led region,” said Robert Lieber, a professor of by Jonas Savimbi. In his interview with The government at Georgetown University who Los Angeles Times, Dukakis termed that policy has been advising the campaign. Lieber noted “absolutely bizarre” and he said, “We’ve got that Dukakis has left open the possibility of a situation where we’re supporting this group, pursuing unilateral actions in specific circum¬ whose principal patron is South Africa, which stances, such as military attacks against terror¬ attacks American oil companies defended by ist base camps. the Cuban Army. If we’re serious about build¬ When it comes to the Middle East, Dukakis ing the kind of relationship with the front¬ has expressed strong general support for Is¬ line states that I think we must, if we’re get¬ rael and has urged Arab leaders to make the ting tough with South Africa, this policy has type of decisions that motivated the late Anwar got to end.” Sadat to negotiate a peace treaty between Egypt Dukakis himself says in virtually ever}' in¬ and Israel. Dukakis has also said he backs mov¬ terview that the figures who strongly influ¬ ing the American embassy from Tel Aviv to enced his early intellectual development were Jerusalem. Lieber said, however, that the can¬ Senator Joseph McCarthy and President John didate has not yet taken any public position

OCTOBER 1988 39 on how American policy would deal with the tation of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty would uprising in die West Bank, or King Hussein’s make it impossible to unilaterally deploy Star decision to end Jordanian support for that Wars. In interviews, Dukakis has refused to area. endorse the concept of “no first use” of strate¬ gic weapons, an idea put forward by Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Gerard Smith, WHILE DUKAKIS shares the Re¬ and George Kennan. agan administration’s willingness to countenance the use of force against terrorists, some of his SHOULD DUKAKIS WIN, many people other defense policies have drawn protests from will be asking in November and De¬ Republicans and conservative Democrats. He cember who he is likely to appoint to favors spending more money on conventional the senior national security posts. The forces while scaling back research for the Stra¬ campaign has deliberately decided not to put tegic Defense Initiative. He opposes plans for out lists of advisers on particular issues, and production of additional MX missiles and is only two people, Madeleine Albright and also against the Midgetman, a missile pro¬ Robert Murray, hold titles with the campaign. gram supported by many military reformers He is the senior defense adviser, and she is in Congress. the senior foreign policy adviser. Among the Making his case for increased emphasis on other people working with and advising the conventional weapons at an appearance in Cali¬ campaign are Graham Allison, Albert Carne- fornia, Dukakis said that “we are spending sale, and Joseph Nye Jr., all professors at Har¬ billions and billions of dollars on exotic weap¬ vard University. ons systems of very questionable value and Associates of Dukakis say he puts a lot of we are cutting and cutting into the fiber and trust in elected officials, and could well name muscle of our conventional forces. I want to one to the post of secretary of state. Among change that.” Days later, in a speech at the the names mentioned in that connection have Fort Dix, New Jersey Army base at which been Representative Hamilton and Senator he did his basic training before his two-year Bill Bradley (D-NJ). But the Dukakis cam¬ stint in Korea, Dukakis said of the Pentagon paign has been more circumspect than was budget, “We’ve got to use those dollars that the Mondale camp at the same point four years buy weapons that work, and we’ve got to ago, and so predictions about particular posts strengthen our military forces, not line the are little more than guesswork. pockets of dishonest contractors and wheeler- A final and personal caveat about predic¬ dealer consultants.” tions is worth noting. Four years ago, this Dukakis’ support for better conventional reporter interviewed many of the same people weapons, coupled with his proposals on arms involved in die Mondale campaign for an arti¬ control, have worried some military analysts cle on Walter Mondalc’s prospective foreign who say his policies could be both costly and policy. There were many differences, of course, potentially destabilizing. On the one hand, between the Mondale plan and the Reagan Dukakis has made it clear he would like to formula. The central thrust of what the Demo¬ negotiate a ban on accurate missiles that carry crats were saying in 1984 is that there would multiple warheads, based on die view that these be an opening for a new relationship with the sorts of weapons increase the temptation to Soviet Union. And so it has come to pass, in launch a first strike. Thus, Dukakis has said large measure, that President Reagan imple¬ he would delay deployment of the Navy’s D-5 mented the Mondale foreign policy. missile, an accurate long-range weapon that All of which suggests that the most power¬ would earn' multiple warheads. On the other ful force in shaping any candidate’s foreign hand, Dukakis has also expressed opposition policy is ultimately events far beyond control to the Air Force’s Midgetman missile, the only of the occupant of the Oval Office. When one accurate single war-head missile now on the of the Dukakis advisers listed all of the impor¬ drawing board. tant issues the administration might have to It is not clear how Dukakis would proceed confront, an interviewer recently said: “You with modernization of this country’s nuclear realize that the most important thing is prob¬ arsenal, given his opposition to the D-5, the ably dtie we haven’t thought of yet.” Midgetman, and further production. In addi¬ “I hope we have the chance to find out,” tion, Dukakis support for the strong interpre¬ the adviser replied. □

FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL After Reagan: Please, No New Beginnings

The next president should not squander the present momentum of foreign policy with rash promises of “fresh starts’3

SIMON SERFATY

VERY NEW PRESIDENT comes to of¬ of Western governments for die deployment E of Intermediate Nuclear Forces that eventu¬ fice determined to provide the na¬ tion with a foreign policy diat he ally prompted Moscow’s ill-advised walkout can legitimately call his own. Accord¬ from the 1983 arms-control negotiations in ingly, every four years, anticipation of change Geneva. dominates the foreign policy agenda as we Late in 1984, Reagan’s boast, “America is and others around the world get ready for the back,” was sufficiendy credible to earn the presi¬ “new beginning” announced by at least one dent his reward: a landslide victory over his of the presidential candidates. Democratic opponent Walter Mondale. Cen¬ In 1980, Reagan’s promise of a new begin¬ tral to Mondale’s criticism of Reagan’s for¬ ning readily captured the attention (and the eign policy' throughout the campaign had been, votes) of the nation. By evoking the promised of course, the relationship with the Soviet Un¬ land of recovery at home and assertiveness ion: the bellicose rhetoric, the arms-control abroad—without any explicit, or explicidy de¬ deadlock, and the overall irrelevance to die fined, cost—Reagan resurrected images that settlement of specific conflicts that continued America had traditionally held of itself. These, unabated. Early in 1985, therefore, in spite remember, were to be the years of renewal: of growing complaints from some of the presi¬ Reagan’s convincing mix of immoderate opti¬ dent’s closest supporters, arms-control nego¬ mism about the country’s potential and blunt tiations were resumed in search of an agree¬ pessimism about Soviet realities, was aimed ment that Reagan now described as his most at ending a protracted decline that had reached important goal for the balance of his presi¬ its nadir in Iran. dency. Simultanously, broad exploratory talks And it worked, though at a price diat in¬ got under way between Washington and cluded the brutal recession suffered in 1981- Moscow—“to review the bidding,” as Secre¬ 82 and die tragedy of Lebanon in 1983-84. tary Shultz explained—on a wide range of re¬ During Reagan’s first term, his administra¬ gional and political issues. tion restored a dynamic, vibrant, and coher¬ The transformation of the Reagan foreign ent American model that stood in sharp con¬ policy after the 1984 elections—from its in¬ trast with the inert, stagnant, and fractured itial confrontational tone to its new accom¬ Soviet system. It articulated a doctrine diat modating mode—was all too predictable. Over resumed America’s batde on behalf of democ¬ die years, each president has come into office racy in the Third World. It provided for an widi a set of assumptions and priorities about average increase in military spending of eight the world that were developed in opposition percent a year after inflation, which, together to his predecessor’s policies and concepts. But with the Strategic Defense Initiative, boldly in all cases, these early designs have been pro¬ challenged Moscow’s ability to compete. It gressively muted, ignored, and finally reversed. used force decisively and effectively in Gre¬ During his second term, Reagan was true nada, breaking a pattern of apparent Ameri¬ to form. As his administration grew older, its can passivity'. And it gained the commitment foreign policy changed—even though the presi¬ dent and his team could arguably claim, as Simon Serfaty is the Executive Director of the they did, that this evolution was a measure Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute in Wash¬ of their success: the previous years of Ameri¬ ington, D C. His books include American For¬ can steadfastness were now forcing Gorbachev’s eign Policy in a Hostile World: Dangerous Tears. hand.

OCTOBER 1988 41 However, following the first Geneva Sum¬ stead, in 1988, history is smiling again. Ameri¬ mit in November 1985, the foreign policy tran¬ can diplomacy is on a roll that extends most In 1988, sition was stalled, primarily because of the ad¬ pointedly to its two most difficult relationships, ministration’s inability to resolve die many con¬ those with the Soviet Union and Iran. history is tradictions and divisions that prevailed in its In Moscow, after years of embarrassingly smiling again. own midst. The moment of opportunity de¬ weak and corrupt leaders, Mikhail Gorbachev American scribed by Secretary Shultz in early 1985 could has been displaying publicly an extraordinary not be exploited. The sentence for such ste¬ disdain for the very system that made him diplomacy is on rility might be, it was widely feared, a heavy general secretary. The domestic reforms he a roll. burden of unsolved problems for the next ad¬ seeks reflect die disarray of a system whose ministration. As Zbigniew Brzezinski wrote, failures feed the rising attraction of democracy in early October 1986, “an apparently suc¬ for countries and peoples around the world. cessful foreign policy is likely to bequeath to The agreements he signs, die troops he with¬ his successor an ominous global agenda.” draws, and the diplomatic normalization he For, even in a world that had grown less envisions (with China or Israel) hardly reflect hostile to American values, the Reagan ad¬ any new wisdom, but are instead the ultimate ministration was yielding few specific achieve¬ evidence of his predecessors’ failures. ments. Instead, in October 1986, the failed Communist governments in Eastern Europe summit at Reykjavik appeared to end any seri¬ and Asia explore the boundaries of political ous prospects for an arms control agreement. diversity and the new frontier of free enter¬ A few weeks later, congressional elections left prise, even as, in some cases (Cuba and Vi¬ the executive branch exposed to the whims etnam especially), they, too, appear ready to of Congress—over defense spending (now on withdraw from their foreign adventures (An¬ a downward spiral), and over policies in the gola and Cambodia) and seek better relations Third World. Bv the end of 1986, new revela¬ widi the United States. tions and investigations about the follies of In Tehran, after years of sowing the seeds die president’s men seemed to signify die prema¬ of religious fanaticism, an aged Ayatollah pub¬ ture end of the Reagan presidency. licly recognized Iran’s inability to go on with a war that he could no longer win and had already lost. The cease-fire Khomeini sought THE EARLY CLOSE of a popular presi¬ confinned die exhaustion of a revolution whose dency is hardly without precedent. aspirations and terror were said to threaten In the last year of the Eisenhower the region and the rest of the world. presidency, the administration also Elsewhere in the Third World—in Afghani¬ sidestepped many pressing problems and dif¬ stan, in Angola and Namibia, and in Cambo¬ ficult dilemmas, such as the U2 incident and dia—cease-fires have occurred as preludes, how¬ the aborted Summit of May 1960; conflicts ever fragile they may be, to early negotiations, in Laos and throughout Southeast Asia; Cuba; and receive an encouraging assist from the and the anti-ballistic missile system (ABM) United Nations. debate. As Kennedy came to office, this legacy— geostrategic, regional, political, and economic— I STORY’S EAIR disposition can be added up into a dangerous array of impend¬ felt among our allies too. In the ing crises, many of which matured quickly: major capitals of the industrial from the Bay of Pigs fiasco in April 1961 and world, voters no longer throw the heated summit in Vienna, Austria, in June their governments out of office, as used to of that year, to the Cuban missile crisis in be the case during the previous decade. Politi¬ October 1962 and the Atlantic disarray shown cal batdes are being waged over issues of compe¬ in Nassau later that year. These crises forced tence and management: what may be right upon the Kennedy administration a foreign about the left readily merges with what is left policy of confrontation that was in a sense of the right, as in France, for example. Within inescapable and for which the previous ad¬ such a political context, economic policies are ministration shared the blame. being formulated by accountants: theorists have In 1987, once again on the eve of a new become a thing of the past. And, with the electoral season, it was therefore feared that approval of the electorate, the new great de¬ a similar legacy might await the next presi¬ bates are limited to a contest over the most dent. Yet, die fears that the first six years of appropriate balance between the temptation the Reagan administration would leave such of compassion—what is desirable—and the im¬ a legacy did not come to pass after all. In¬ perative of arithmetics—what is feasible.

42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Such a cascade of good news in a presi¬ with the Soviet Union will not endure long At the height of the dential year is clearly unusual. In previous post¬ if the next president does not succeed better Grenada crisis in war cases of orderly presidential turnover, the than the last two in maintaining a proper bal¬ 1983, U.S. Army party in the opposition pointed to war (Ko¬ ance between rhetoric on the limits of the Rangers assembled rea in 1952, and Vietnam in 1968), or to the desirable and actions that acknowledge the at St. George’s decline in American prestige (Kennedy in limits of the feasible. Thus, East-West rela¬ airport to watch a 1960), values (Carter in 1976), and power tions call for continuity (in seeking ac¬ military aircraft take (Reagan in 1980) to move foreign policy to commodation) and prudence (in proceeding off with American the forefront of the political debate and stir with the related agreements). students aboard. up public support on its behalf. Now, how¬ With regard to West-West relations, the ever, Governor Dukakis chooses to applaud— enduring reality of the vital interests that tie at least selectively—the “new” Reagan who, together the countries of the West also argues understandably enough, prefers to stay away forcefully against any illusory new beginning. from an embrace that is not compatible with Yet, apprehensions raised among our allies over his vice president’s political interests. the past 18 months—especially in Western Europe—now call for some adjustments from current policies and attitudes. THIS ABSENCE of vociferous calls for To be sure, apprehensions and strains within “new beginnings” is especially no¬ die Adantic Alliance are not unusual. But many table with regard to East-West re¬ of the events that caused the present malaise lations, where the challenge await¬ in the alliance are truly unprecedented, includ¬ ing the next administration will be to pursue ing the scope of the issues placed on the nego¬ and strengthen the process launched by Re¬ tiating table at the Reykjavik summit in Octo¬ agan. This does not mean that there is no ber 1986, the dramatic collapse of the stock room for improvements, adjustments and the market twelve months later, and the circum¬ like. But adjustments will not be achieved with¬ stances that shaped the negotiation of the INF out a long-overdue consensus within the Ex¬ Treaty last December. ecutive branch and between the Executive and In 1989, the new president ought to waste Congress: this is a task which the outgoing no time in reasserting the steadfastness of the administration has failed to complete, and American commitment to the defense of which the next administration must address Europe. In that context, he should be reminded with no less urgency than that of negotiating that previous presidents who did best in man¬ the agreement proper. aging the allies are also those who went to But whatever consensus may now exist Europe earliest, including Kennedy in 1961 about the desirability of improved relations and Nixon in 1969. But he should also set

OCTOBER 1988 43 in motion procedures that might serve notice wide, the Reagan doctrine has been successful upon our allies that some changes in the West¬ in various areas of the Third World where This absence ern Alliance can no longer be postponed in¬ the “Reagan revolution” stimulated impulses definitely: we are, after all, well into the fif¬ that had already been awakened by Carter’s of vociferous teenth year of the Year of Europe, and the persistent emphasis on human rights. In the calls for “new collegial examination of the changes diat Henry Philippines and in South Korea, the ad¬ beginnings” is Kissinger called for in April 1973 should be ministration played a central role in keeping made a priority of the new administration. democratic revolutions peaceful. Elsewhere in especially As to the Third World—where, not sur¬ Asia, free economic systems are thriving. notable in prisingly, can be found the sharpest and most Throughout Latin America, a large majority East-West serious differences between the two candi¬ of countries are now democratic or in clear dates—especially in Central America and South¬ transition toward democracy. This aspect of relations. ern Africa—die next administration’s policies the doctrine, as distinct from the single- can also find room for both continuity and mindedly anti-communist dimension it occa¬ change. sionally embraced, is worth pursuing, and Initially, the Reagan doctrine appeared de¬ should also be extended to those regions, such signed to help anti-communist resistance move¬ as southern Africa, that have been ignored. ments roll back recent Soviet advances in some But democracy does not come cheap, and Third World countries. Yet, for the diree main the belief that immoderate expectations can targets associated with the doctrine—Afghani¬ be met at moderate cost is self-defeating and stan, Angola, and Nicaragua—its record over even immoral. In this case too, the next chal¬ the years appears uneven. lenge is perhaps less to foster new or better Support to the Afghan rebels began with relations with allies and adversaries abroad than the Carter administration and the flow of aid to promote new and better relations with Con¬ was increased under Reagan at the insistence gress at home. of Congress. Such American assistance harmed During fiscal years 1980-85, the foreign the Soviet war effort, of course, and influenced affairs account of the federal budget grew at Moscow’s decision to withdraw, but it did an annual rate of about eight percent. Since not cause it. In Angola, support of the rebel that time, it has declined at the rate of about forces was weakened by the uncertainty over ten percent a year. With much of the aid ex¬ the consequences that an agreement on Na¬ plicitly earmarked by Congress, funds avail¬ mibia might have on U.S. assistance to Jonas able for programs favored by the State De¬ Savimbi. And in Nicaragua, the administra¬ partment have been squeezed even more. tion’s determination to help the contras against Foreign aid has never been truly popular, the admittedly oppressive and anti-democratic of course, and a consensus on behalf of for¬ government in Managua became so obsessive eign assistance remains difficult to build. Yet as to lead to actions of deceit that ultimately the next administration will have to make its harmed the cause they sought to promote. case in Congress and to the American public In all of these cases (and others as well, more effectively titan its predecessor did if Ameri¬ including Cambodia, Mozambique, and Ethio¬ can values in needy Third World countries pia), the Reagan doctrine failed to define its are to be promoted while U.S. interests are objectives: whether it was aiding anti-com¬ preserved. munist forces, defeating a communist govern¬ Whatever its legacy at home—including the ment and/or replacing it with a new demo¬ inescapable burdens of unprecedented deficits— cratic government, or even gaining additional the next administration is now likely to in¬ leverage for negotiations elsewhere. Accord¬ herit a momentum for peace, resulting, in part ingly, the doctrine failed to gain the resources at least, from the unprecedented activism required to fulfill those objectives, whether shown during the last year of the outgoing money, force, and/or diplomacy. In the mean¬ administration. This momentum will hope¬ time, whatever the concern with die ideological fully not be dissipated by the verbal fancies color of the government in Managua, events of the campaign: denouncing the failures and in Panama, Mexico, and Bolivia have shown errors of the past may help pave the way for that the threats in Latin America are elsewhere; power; rhetoric alone, though, is usually of and whatever the reality of our commitment little operational relevance or utility. Hope¬ to the rebel forces in Afghanistan and in An¬ fully too, the victorious candidate and his team gola, the cease-fires in these two countries are will not squander this momentum with in¬ showing that our interests were elsewhere. tellectual fantasies about new beginnings and More generally understood as a commit¬ the like. For in the end, foreign policy is not ment to the promotion of democracy world¬ about new beginnings. □

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL T H E JOURNAL

Fleet Visit

CONSUL GENERAL Michael A Navy ship in port buried. Davidson sat in the cap- The same officials eagerly sought ain’s cabin of the USS is cause invitations to other naval ships, be /Vashavv and sipped the for celebration they Italian, Spanish, German, or Por¬ weak bilge-water that doubled as Navy tuguese. They knew diat popping corks coffee. The young commander who’d and generous libations would soon im¬ welcomed him aboard with the proper pose a friendly, jocular ambience. Even number of side-boys and the shrilling the British—never forgiven for Mers-El- of bosun’s pipes was discussing the HOWARD R. SIMPSON Kebir—always filled their guests with luncheon he planned to host for civic gin, soaked them in claret and topped officials and prominent local citizens. general and almost all the top officials them off with port. Davidson nodded from time to time of the city had decided, long ago, that Davidson had given up trying to to show he was listening but his mind visits to American naval vessels were a explain. All the American skippers who was wandering. Why did these Navy bore; the overeager reception, the lan¬ eased their ships past the breakwater officers think their port visits were an guage difficulties; the inevitable tour expected the ancient and cynical port automatic treat for all concerned? of the ship and the dull food. The fact city to be in ecstasy over their arrival. Didn’t they realize their presence was that the ships were dry was the real Americans still wanted to be loved and a matter of slight concern to most of clincher. It was hard to explain to there wasn’t much he could do about the population . . . with the exception these straight-arrow “black shoes” but it. of some merchants, the bar owners no local official in his right mind— “And we’ll be glad to paint an or¬ and the prostitutes? He stole a glance unless he was having a cnsc de foie— phanage or a church,” the commander out the open cabin door. The Mcditer- would go through his lunch or dinner was telling him. annean sun had reached its zenith, without his aperitif and ration of wine. “Yes,” Davidson said, “One of my bathing the harbor with a white hot It wasn’t that they were all confirmed staff is working on that.” light. A fishing boat, its engines thunk- alcoholics. It was a simple historical- If I let every ship that came into ing like a pile driver, slid past with its anthropological fact, cultural reality. port re-decorate an orphanage they’d hallow of squalling gulls. A stubby Once, during the port visit of the all have collapsed long ago under the Greek freighter was dropping its moor¬ 6th Fleet Flagship, Davidson had man¬ weight of successive coats, Davidson ing lines on the other side of the quai. aged to corral a cross-section of high thought. Somewhere, he guessed, there “Why can’t the mayor come?” the officials for the admiral’s dinner. They’d must be a Navy public affairs manual commander was asking. been served fruit juice cocktails under about winning hearts and minds with “Oh, he sends his regrets,” Davidson an awning on die cruiser’s stern. Once a damn paintbrush! He imagined it all replied. “He’s up to his ears in a politi¬ seated in the wardroom, they’d been dated from Marshall Plan days when cal campaign,” he lied, “but he’ll be asked to raise their crystal glasses to Europe was a mess and paint was diffi¬ sending one of his top men.” Franco-American friendship. The in¬ cult to find. That too was a lie. He surprised vitees had followed the admiral’s ex¬ He glanced at his watch. He had to himself. How easily the half truths slid ample, draining their glasses of. . . ice get back to die consulate before 1300 off his lips. The truth was that the water. If looks could have killed that hours. He wanted to check the incom¬ prefect, the mayor, the commanding night, Davidson would have been long ing cable traffic before he went to

OCTOBER 1988 45 lunch with some Socialist labor lead¬ ers. He reached into his jacket pocket and laid a sheaf of envelopes on the commander’s small metal desk. ‘These are invitations to the recep¬ tion I’m planning for you tomorrow night at the residence. A mix of peo¬ ple: naval, military and civilian offi¬ cials; a few foreign consuls, our own staff and a scattering of media people. You mentioned nine officers. If you want to bring more . . . .” “No, that’s fine, sir,” the commander replied, “I’d be honored if you could join me for lunch. We’re having stuffed pork today.” “No,” Davidson declined, “I have a luncheon appointment. But thanks.” He was piped ashore, pausing at the head of the gangplank to salute the colors with one hand on his heart. Once on the quai, he climbed into his black sedan and sighed. His driver had also been aboard. A translucent bag was on the seat next to him. Davidson surmised it was hill of cigarettes from the ship’s store. It was a perfect evening for the part}'. The sun hung low over the sea like a golden ball and a slight breeze tugged at the terrace awning. A bar agree wholeheartedly with their prac¬ female lawyer, hanging on ever}' word had been set up on the terrace and a tice of drinking only on a full stomach. of her painfully precise English. His long table was laden with hors The commander and his officers ar¬ staff was making every one at home. d’oeuvres. Davidson’s wife had worked rived exactly on time, well before the Davidson felt a firm hand on his arm. long and hard organizing the evening. other guests. They disembarked from Dennis Horgan, the DEA special agent She’d been to the market early to se¬ their grey sedan and van in dress whites. in charge, a wide grin on his Irish lect vegetables and fruit, had swung Some of the older officers wore rib¬ mug, raised his glass. by the bakery for fresh, crisp rolls and bons attesting to Vietnam service. The “Good part}', Mike,” he said. “I had loaded the car with two large sole Marine Corps officer in the group want to talk a little business later.” wicker baskets of selected wines. had three rows of decorations, includ¬ “Fine,” Davidson said unenthusias¬ They always made an effort to in¬ ing the Purple Heart. Good old tically. Horgan always had some deep, vite some young women to receptions burrhead, Davidson thought, remem¬ dark secret to pass along. He made for the Navy. Davidson always grum¬ bering his own service in the Corps, sure Davidson was informed of all DEA bled that it constituted a refined form lie’s about as much at home with those business down to the most inconse¬ of pimping but he had had to admit black shoes as a doberman in a kennel quential wiretap. The consul general that it would hardly be fair to sur¬ of poodles. appreciated the cooperation but often round the young officers with only Beatrice, their Spanish maid, began wished Horgan weren’t so diligent. women of “a certain age.” passing the hors d’oeuvres and her The mayor’s representative arrived, The prefect had confirmed his at¬ husband Carlos was busy at the bar. his rum-blossom nose almost glowing tendance. True to form, the mayor’s The other guests drifted in and were in the evening light. He made a great office had announced he’d be repre¬ duly introduced to the visitors. The ceremony of kissing Mrs. Davidson’s sented by one of his first assistants, a prefect’s Citroen skidded into die drive. hand. He was then introduced to the jovial elderly politician with a rasp¬ He made his statutory one-drink ap¬ commander, a heavy whisky glass was berry nose and an eye for the women. pearance, his bored wife at his side, put in his hand and he began a long Davidson surveyed the arrangements, and was off to another reception. harangue about his own Navy service found them to his satisfaction and Davidson drifted from the recep¬ in “Indo” during World War II. By munched on a tiny pizza from one of tion area to the terrace. Everything now, most of the guests had arrived. the trays. He’d had enough contact seemed to be going well. Two officers The British consul general, a thin, prig¬ with the Soviets during his career to were talking to a young, attractive gish man with an enormous, good-

46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL natured wife, was deep in conversa¬ a pole-axed calf. One minute he’d been walk down the steep stairway with his tion with his Dutch colleague. The standing by the bar, the next he’d departing guest. The Frenchman would British CG was an Arabist. For some gone down flat on his face, hitting the have none of it. Other guests were unknown reason, he had been assigned tile floor with a thud. His shipmates leaving. Beatrice, recovered from her far from the Arab world. To compen¬ leapt to his aid, dragging him up into catastrophy, was busy handing out sate he spent much of his time warn¬ a sitting position. The officer had cut coats. ing French officials of the potential his lip. There was blood on his chin A black-clad chauffer appeared at fifth column formed by the North Af¬ and uniform. He was deathly pale. the door, waving his hands frantically. rican emigrants in their country. From He looked like a child dressed in his The mayor’s assistant had slipped and the look of bored martyrdom on the father’s uniform. He opened his eyes, fallen. He was “wounded.” Davidson Dutch consul general’s face, the Brit focused them on the circle of con¬ hurried down the stairs. The injured must have been on his hobby horse cerned guests and shouted a four-letter party was sitting on a low stone wall again. word. Then he was sick. examining his ankle. It had already It was at this moment that things Davidson, mouthing his own four- ballooned to twice its size. began to go wrong. Beatrice, negotiat¬ letter word, shouted for Carlos to bring “It’s nothing,” he said, “Now I’ll ing die swinging door to the kitchen towels and joined die commander to have to stay for another drink.” with a large tray of hot canapes, mis¬ crouch over the casualty. Consul General Davidson looked up judged her distance. The door caught “Sir, I’m sorry about this,” he said. when someone tapped on his open the tray, spun it out of her hands and “We’ll get him out of here.” door. It was Horgan. He gestured the launched it into the air like a slow- “No,” Davidson replied. “Take him SAIC to a chair and braced himself for moving projectile. The resultant crash upstairs to the guest room. Let him lie a long conversation. and splatter produced a shocked si¬ down.” “That was one hell of a party,” Hor¬ lence. The dress whites of three offi¬ “Yes sir.” gan said, shaking his head, “Nobody’s cers were prime casualties. The commander detailed three offi¬ going to forget it for a long time.” Everyone pitched in to clean up the cers to help. They half dragged the Davidson smiled but his heart wasn’t mess and reassure the penitent Beatrice. limp JG off the terrace. Mrs. Davidson in it. Davidson’s wife caught his eye and paused by her husband’s side. “I don’t “What can I do for you?” he asked. raised her eyebrows. He reassured her believe it,” she murmured. “I wanted to talk about this last with a smile. It was a minor incident “I do,” he sighed. night but things got a little out of but it set the stage for what followed. Most of the guests had drifted off hand The mayor’s representative’s voice had the terrace. Davidson noticed the Ma¬ Davidson waited patiently, tapping increased in volume and he was be¬ rine officer leaning on the railing, look¬ his pen on a stack of messages. coming slightly unsteady on his feet. ing out to sea. ‘The French narcs are going to Davidson became aware of the corpu¬ “Sorry about that,” die officer said, knock over the Griselli lab tomorrow. lent Frenchman’s condition when he gesturing with his head toward Carlos Got enough on the old boy to put him saw him slip his arm around the waist who was busy cleaning things up. away for a long time. I thought you of the vice consul. She was an attrac¬ “All in a night’s work,” Davidson ought to know in advance. You want tive junior officer with a very serious said, taking a deep pull at his drink. to come along?” outlook on life. As Davidson watched, ‘These kids aren’t used to booze,” “Come along?” Davidson asked, sur¬ fascinated, the mayor’s assistant slipped the Marine explained. “At sea they prised. his hand lower until it rested on the OD on milk. It’s not good training for “We’re to be in place at 0500. It vice consul’s bottom. She threw the real thing. I think he also had some would be worth the price of admission Davidson a desperate glance, an obvi¬ innoculations today.” to see the look on old Griselli’s face.” ous appeal for help. “No harm done,” Davidson told “No thanks,” Davidson replied. He stepped forward. “An old friend him. He could see the Marine was ‘Too early for me.” of yours has arrived,” he said, disen¬ older than he’d thought. He indicated He got up to usher Horgan out and gaging the vice consul and propelling the Purple Heart ribbon. saw the vice consul waiting. He waved her across the terrace. The lecherous “Where did you get that?” Davidson her in, expecting some problem about hand dropped innocently to the French¬ asked. an imprisoned American or a lost pass¬ man’s side. Still prattling on, he didn’t “Hue,” the Marine told him. They port. It was neither. seem to notice what had happened. watched the beam of the lighthouse “A message from the 6th Fleet,” she “Did you see . . the vice consul flash on the water. told him, reading from a sheet of telex began. “Mike,” his wife was calling him, copy. ‘The flagship’s coming in on the “Later,” Davidson said reassuringly “the mayor’s assistant is leaving.” seventh. The admiral wants us to set and reached for his first drink of the The mayor’s assistant had found the up a dinner party aboard for local evening. vice consul again and had backed her VIPs.” Davidson slumped into his The next incident was a consider¬ into an alcove by the door. Davidson chair. Somewhere out there, he was able escalation. An officer suddenly got there just in time. They exchanged sure, there must be a better way to passed out. The lieutenant JG fell like pleasantries and Davidson offered to make a living. □

OCTOBER 1988 47 FSO Turned Publisher: spite his education—a master’s degree in such a quiet life.” Donald Herdeck Gives American and English literature from the The business seems a natural product University of Chicago, study in Europe, of Herdcek’s life—his background in lit¬ Third World Authors and two years of Ph.D. work at the Uni¬ erature, and perhaps most important, his a Voice versity of Pennsylvania—he still held what time in Africa as a Foreign Service officer. he says are typical Western views of “the “What I’m doing is a carry-on. I wouldn’t dark continent.” even be involved in publishing non- “I had read my Conrad, I had all the Western literanire if I hadn’t been in the stereotypes,” he says matter-of-factly. It is Foreign Service.” those stereotypes he now wants to shatter. The scope of the press has grown over In 1973, eight years after resigning from by STEPHEN DAVIES the years, but its overriding philosophy the Foreign Service, Herdeck started his hasn’t changed much. “We do not publish When Donald Herdeck heard he was be¬ own publishing company, Three Continents creative literature by whites. If we’re doing ing transferred from Rome to Conakry, his Press, to give ignored African and Carib¬ a novel on Morocco, we’re going to do first reaction was, “Where?” It was 1962, bean authors a voice, to “fill gaps, broaden something by a Moroccan. It’s kind of a and economics officer Herdeck, who had perspectives, dig around to find rare and racist thing,” he acknowledges, but says that, served in Palermo, Naples, and Rome, was worthy titles not yet in print or out-of- even if he wanted to publish white authors hoping for a fourth straight Italian post¬ print, and to offer cross-cultural and cross- from, for instance, Africa, he would have ing, in Trieste. Instead, he received a tele¬ linguistic studies.” a difficult time, because “there aren’t many,” gram in January telling him to head to the “Someday, I hope, Con rad’s He an of Dark¬ and many of them—such as South Africa’s Guinean capital in West Africa. “I had never heard of Conakry,” he says. He was not alone. His counterpart in the Italian foreign ministry was similarly puz¬ zled. So, Herdeck set out to learn about the country' in the few weeks before he left. He scoured the bookstores of Rome for something, anything on Guinea, but came up empty-handed—except for a chapter on Guinea in a book by an American—a chap¬ ter Herdeck found snide and patronizing. And then there was Mr. Johnson, a novel that shed some light on Great Britain’s co¬ lonial past in West Africa. The book by Englishman Joyce Cary', published in 1939, focuses on a young Nigerian, the product of a mission school, who goes to work in an upcountry British colonial office. It had been made into a popular Broadway play in the late 1940s, a fact Herdeck vaguely remembered before reading it. Herdeck re¬ called, “I found it a clever book, mildly amusing, but it was a brittle kind of thing.” After three years of living in Africa, Her¬ deck picked the cockroach-frayed copy off Donald Herdeck in the ojfice of Three Continents Press. his shelf and read it again, just before leav¬ ness will be read only by historians,” he Nadine Gordimer—are already being pub¬ ing Guinea. This time it left a distinct af¬ adds. “The ‘real’ books from Africa and lished. He admits, however, that it is a sticky tertaste. elsewhere from the non-Westcrn world, subject, and one which has gotten him in “The book became absurd,” he says. “It south of Lisbon and east and west of the more than one difficult argument about was gross, uniformed, embarrassing. It was Suez, are already there.” publishing and principles. a farce.” Despite being a “wonderful” novel Herdeck started Three Continents Press He has likely violated his own stricture, technically, “when you read it with anv kind while teaching literature at Georgetown Uni¬ in any case, by publishing a collection of of half-ordinary experience of being in Af¬ versity and Howard University. He left Geor¬ Argentine women’s short stories. “It’s the rica, it becomes outlandish.” Re-reading getown last year after 22 years. Now he only book where we deal with people— it was “like scales falling from your eyes.” devotes his time to the Press, without let’s put it this way—who are white.” He Before going to Conakry, Herdeck didn’t which, he says, sitting in his small Con¬ adds that Latin America is a “special case” think he harbored any prejudices. But de¬ necticut Avenue office, “I would have lived since its population includes blacks, Amcr-

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL indians, and Europeans. For example, he pendence from Western colonialism. Strug¬ English translation of Feso, the first novel says that when he was in the Caribbean gles with both politics and poverty have written in Zezuru, Zimbabwe’s major lan¬ working on a bibliography of Caribbean produced a literature more real than that guage, along with English-Zezuru texts of writers, “I don’t think I found a single of the West, Herdeck believes. 26 poems. author who was totally European or to¬ Whether or not one agrees with his Today, works from such disparate places tally African.” With such a group, “I was views, it is a fact that Three Continents has or societies as Morocco, Fiji, Papua, not going to apply an ethnic litmus test.” published works obscure in the West, start¬ Guyana, Ecuador, Argentina, Sierra Leone, His philosophy evolved from originally ing with African and Caribbean authors. Amazulu, India, Syria, Iraq, Nigeria, Tu¬ trying to expose writers who are following Among the first books were Zulu writer nisia, Iran, Egypt, and Israel appear in Three in the footsteps of such writers as Chinua Jordan Ngubane’s Usbaba: The Hurtle to Continents’ catalog, many of them published Achebc and Wole Soyinka, Africans express¬ Blood River, a contemporary novel about for the first time in English. The list in¬ ing themselves in their own words just as, apartheid, and Solomon Mutswairo, whose cludes translations from Arabic, Farsi, politically, their people were forging inde¬ Zimbabwe: Prose and Poetry, contains the Zezuru, Spanish, French, and Portugese; 35 titles by or about women writers; works on music and architecture; critical and cross- Review cultural studies, bibliographies, biographies, and literary' histories. A Tale of Tradition and Change About 40 percent of the publisher’s sales are to universities, 40 percent to wholesal¬ ers, and the rest to scholars, non-academic Driss Chraibi is an excellent example lieving it entertaining fiction. The Chief institutions, and travelers. “In effect, we of the kind of writer being published wrongly interprets it as a moral tale have become a resource for non-Western by Three Continents Press. A Moroccan about the rewards of working for the regional studies programs.” Yet Herdeck whose chosen language is French, State. However, the next morning the admits there’s not much of a market for Chraibi is a product of the cross- Chief is found dead, and the Inspector the books he publishes. f‘If the big pub¬ cultural, global sensibility that has pro¬ leaves the village. He returns in a heli¬ lishing houses could make money doing duced many so-called Third-World writ¬ copter, to find the village deserted.- it, they’d do it. Even if we advertised ten ers. His major theme deals with the con¬ Chraibi is a partisan writer. His sympa¬ times more than we do, we couldn't sell a flict between traditional societies and thies are clearly with the villagers, who lot of books,” Herdeck observes. “Ordi¬ post-colonial modernization and its ef¬ are depicted as simple but subtle and nary persons, in my humble experience, are fect on class relations. noble. The two policemen, on the other really not very interested in non-Western In his most recent work, Flutes of hand, are ugly buffoons, who chatter literature, or any literature, for that mat¬ Death, beautifully translated into Eng¬ in bastard French to reassure themselves ter.” He notes that after dinner parties he lish for the Three Continents Press edi¬ of their superiority, scorning the villag¬ and his wife have given, “We couldn’t even tion by Robin A. Roosevelt, Chraibi ers because they don’t follow American get the guests to carry books out the door. states his theme simply. Two policemen television But I don’t blame them. They’re busy peo¬ have been sent from the city to a small For Chraibi, post-colonial independ¬ ple.” Berber village in the Atlas Mountains. ence causes a whole class of people to Herdeck has sunk a lot of his own money They are seeking a terrorist who is re¬ don the manners and appearance of their into the operation to keep it going. Never¬ ported to be hiding there. colonial rulers, including the condescend¬ theless, it’s obvious that the years of pub¬ The policemen, one called Chief, the ing contempt they feel toward those lishing haven’t cooled his ardor for the other, Inspector, both convinced of their whom they govern. This is fairly old work. Perhaps the main reason for his en¬ greater sophistication and wisdom, treat ground that has been covered by other thusiasm is that without Three Continents the villagers in a contemptuous man¬ writers, but Chraidi’s fabulous style, remi¬ Press, about 300 authors from around the ner, speaking to them as if they are chil¬ niscent of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, adds world might never have had a chance for dren and ignoring traditional forms of a mythic resonance, memorable both in their names to become known to Ameri¬ etiquette and behavior. But when the meaning and in detail. While not sur¬ cans. inspector invokes the "hospitality of Al¬ prising for a Moroccan, the fact that Each year, another 15 to 20 titles roll lah," a huge feast is planned, and the Chraidi writes his fiction in French is off the press. “We believe,” says Herdeck village seems to open up and embrace interesting because it does not obscure one last time, “that the world, or at least the two men. his close affinity with other North Afri¬ our American world, needs us—or ought During the feast a tale of a villager’s can writers, such as Yusuf Idris, who to. The need is there, if not now, then in arrest and torture by the State is told— work in Arabic. the near future.” torture that is avenged when the vil¬ lager later stalks and kills a soldier every —J. F. Smith Stephen Dames is a free-lance writer who night. The policemen enjoy the tale, be¬ grew up in the Foreign Service.

OCTOBER 1988 49 for community' relations. from 1976 to 1980. She was assigned as In Memory In 1983, she founded the Work and Fam¬ a branch public affairs officer in Genoa, ily research council, which is affiliated with Italy, from 1985 to 1988. the conference board. She was council co¬ Among her assignments with the USIA NANCY ECHOLS CHATMAN,wife of retired chairperson as well as program director, in Washington were duties at the Foreign USIA officer Dabney Chapman, died at setting the council’s agenda. She partici¬ Press Center and as desk officer in die Euro¬ home in Shepherdstown, WV, on July 27 pated in many conference board meetings pean Area Office. At the time of her death, after a decade-long bout widi cancer. as a representative of Exxon. Mrs. Modi was a program officer in the Born April 29, 1933 at West Point, NY, At the time of her death Kathleen was Academic Exchanges Branch for Europe. she was graduated from the American manager of organization and development She also was the coordinator of the Co¬ Schcx)l in Tokyo, where her father was Gen¬ for the performances division of Exxon lumbus Quincentenary Jubilee Task Force, eral MacArthur’s chief of public informa¬ Chemical Co. She was recognized as a leader which is coordinating the 1992 celebra¬ tion, and from the University of Virginia and industry expert on human motivation, tions of the discovery of America. with a degree in education. She taught family and child care issues, and diversity An AFSA member, she served as a USIA school and tutored in the U.S. and Ger¬ in the work place. She was a frequent lec¬ representative of the Association’s Com¬ many, Holland, Afghanistan, and Turkey. turer on women’s and child care issues, in mittee on Education, responsible for the A Foreign Service wife from 1956 when the Washington area as well as nationwide. Scholarship Program. her husband joined die Department of State She is survived by a son Sean, father Mrs. Modi is survived by her husband, until his retirement from USIA two years John and Christel McDonald, of Arling¬ Sorab Modi of Washington; her mother, ago, Mrs. Chapman was active in commu¬ ton, VA, mother Barbara McDonald and Betty' B. Lowe Glueck Beedle of Shaker nity' and church affairs in the countries men¬ J. Bradford, of Alexandria, VA, sisters Lynn Heights, Ohio; a brother, James A. Lowe tioned above and in the U.S.S.R. and Yu¬ McDonald and Laura Schneider, brother of Cleveland; and a stepbrother, Dr. Mi¬ goslavia. From 1981 to 1985 she was em¬ James, stepbrothers John and James chael A. Glueck of Newport Beach, Cali¬ ployed bv the National Association of Secon¬ Bradford, of Alexandria, VA, her grand¬ fornia. dary School Principals in Reston, VA. mother Ruth Stewart, also of Alexandria, Contributions may be made to die Susan Mrs. Chapman is survived by her hus¬ VA, and her fiance, Ken Hammill. Lowe Modi Memorial Scholarship Fund, band Dabney, of Shepherdstown. She is do AFSA, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washing¬ also survived by a daughter, Sarah, and son HELEN W. DELANEY, a former Foreign ton, D.C. 20037. Nathaniel, both of Washington, D.C., and Service Officer and wife of retired FSO sons William of Omaha, Nebraska and John Peter H. Delaney, died on January' 9, 1988 J. FREDERICK HARTLEY,a retired Foreign of Colorado. in Oregon. She was 71. Service officer with the USIA died August A resident of West Linn, Oregon, born 28 of cancer at the age of 60 in Bethesda. KATHLEEN ETHEL MCDONALD, daugh¬ and raised in Portland, she attended Reed A native of Miami, Mr. Hartley received ter of Ambassador John W. and Barbara College for two years and then was gradu¬ an undergraduate degree from Rollins Col¬ S. McDonald, died in an automobile acci¬ ated in 1937 from the University of Cali¬ lege in Winter Park, Florida, and a mas¬ dent in Lisbon, Portugal, on her way to a fornia at Berkeley. In World War II she ter’s degree in history from Emory' Univer¬ business conference. She was 39. was in the WAVES and worked as a con¬ sity in Atlanta. Before joining the Foreign Kathleen, a resident of Maplewood, NJ, trol tower operator at Floyd Bennett Field Service in 1963, he served in the Army was born in 1949 in Frankfurt/Main. After on Ding Island, NY, and at the Naval Air and as both a business editor and an edito¬ living with her family in Ankara, Turkey Station in Honolulu. rial writer with the Atlanta Journal news¬ and Cairo, Egypt, she was graduated from She attended Columbia University' in paper. Smith College in 1971. Upon graduating New York City from 1947 to 1949, re¬ As a Foreign Service officer, Mr. Hartley she engaged in a number of volunteer pro¬ ceiving a master’s degree in political sci¬ was posted in Mexico, Costa Rica, Colom¬ jects in the New England area, setting up ence. She later worked as an officer in the bia, the Dominican Republic, and Belgium. several centers for battered women. This Department of State’s United Nations Af¬ In Washington, he worked with Voice of work led her to Baltimore, where she was fairs Bureau. She also was a desk officer America, die international organizations of¬ instrumental in organizing hundreds of work¬ for India in the first postwar Point Four fice of the State Department, and the youth shops at the Reistertown YWCA dealing technical assistance program. When her hus¬ exchange program of the USIA. with women’s issues. band retired from the Foreign Service in A member of St. Alban’s Episcopal In 1979, she received an MBA from the 1967, the couple moved to West Linn. Church in Washington, he worked on a Wharton School of Business, and subse¬ Mrs. Delaney is survived bv husband Pe¬ report about developments in Central Amer¬ quently founded the nationwide MBA ter; a daughter, Sara D. Harmon of West ica with the Commission on Peace of the Women’s Alumni Association. In 1979, she Linn; three brothers, Charles A. Whittlesey Episcopal Diocese of Washington after his joined Exxon Enterprises in New York, of Portland, David Whittlesey ofToIovana retirement in 1986. He also served as a where she worked in employee relations. Park, Oregon and J antes Whittlesey of Ocean- volunteer with Youth for Understanding, In 1981, she transferred to Exxon Chemi¬ side, Oregon; and a grandson. an international student exchange program. cal Co., in Linden, NJ, as senior analyst. Mr. Hartley is survived by his wife, Cath¬ In 1984, she was named die EEO advisor SUSAN LOWE MODI, a USIA Foreign Serv¬ erine M. Hartley of Bethesda; two daugh¬ of Headquarters Group/Exxon. In 1986, ice Officer since 1968, died of cancer August ters, Marie M. Hartley of Bethesda and she became die coordinator for organization 25 in Washington at the age of 46. Catherine E. Hartley of Cambridge, Mas¬ and development for PARAMINS, Busi¬ A native of Cleveland, Ohio, and a gradu¬ sachusetts; and two brothers, Virgil A. ness Group of Exxon Chemical, with world¬ ate of Goucher College in Maryland, Mrs. Hartley of Atlanta and Wiley D. Hartley wide responsibilities. In the spring of 1988, Modi served in Seoul from 1969 to 1970, of Groveland, California. she received the Exxon President’s Award in Bombay from 1970 to 1973, in Rome

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Tributes to Arnie Raphel

Ambassador Arnold Raphel was killed in August when the plane he THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE, the For¬ was flying in over Bahawalpur, Pakistan, exploded. The following are eign Service, all of us are lessened by the loss of Arnie Raphel—in so many ways the some thoughts about Ambassador Raphel as expressed by a friend, Leon ultimate diplomat and public servant. But Wieseltier, and by a Foreign Service colleague, L. Bruce Laingen. the 53 of his countrymen and women who were held hostage in Tehran feel a special loss. His work behind the scenes during that long drama, monitoring and helping coordinate die many and ultimately suc¬ I DID NOT WORK WITH Arnie, though I knew about the excellence of his cessful efforts to restore us to freedom, never work. I was not a colleague, I was a friend — a lucky friend. received—certainly not adequately from us— die recognition it deserved. Unassuming, I want to describe my friend. never without an idea, a constant optimist, Arnie was an unsung hero in the best of He was fearless. that tradition in the Service. We salute his He was patient. memory. He was gende. —L. Bruce Laingen He was intelligent. Executive Director He was demanding. National Commission He was funny. on the Public Service (No, he was hilarious.) He was young. ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETARY Mon¬ He was wise. day morning. The sun shone, and I saw He was resdess. the flag. Many hundreds came. The State He was devoted. Department seemed to have lost its favor¬ He was cunning. ite son. The men and women who filled He was tolerant. the chapel at Fort Myer were not ‘bureau¬ He was mischievous. crats.4 They were that thing that almost He was proud. everybody thinks diey are but almost no¬ He was generous. body is: a community. They came to say He was tireless. goodbye, and also, in a kind of professional He was loving. slap in the face of fate, to say, there but He was delicious. for fortune. In the valley of the shadow We will riot in our souls, always, at die thought of what happened last week, of death, they would represent their coun¬ at the memory of this loss. try. Then we followed Arnie to his grave. We are assembled here because this is true, not because this is just. Americanness and Jewishness mingled sub¬ We will accept everything, even as we understand nothing. limely there; the rabbi rent the garments For the rest of our lives, when we remember Arnie, we will wait, in the words of the crushed family, and the soldiers by of a poet, for the absolute to explain. the coffin, in the hard, precise choreogra¬ phy of military mourning, folded the flag; Dear, sweet Arnie, we needed you. Nancy needed you. Your family needed the kaddish was said and the guns were you. Your friends needed you. Your country needed you. fired. But even two traditions could not But we never needed you more than we need you today, because you would contain the sorrow. For a long time we have known how to console us. will wait, in the words of a poet, for the —Leon Wieseltier absolute to explain. Arlington National Cemetary —Leon Wieseltier August 22, 1988 As published in the New Republic

OCTOBER 1988 51 Foreign Service Students Consuelo Barrett, Vietnam Memmial Schol¬ Ruth Alexandra Hirsch, Association of Awarded AFSA/AAFSW arship, University of Lowell American Foreign Service Women, Shenan¬ doah College and Conservatory of Music Scholarships Terrance Michael Barrett, Association of American Foreign Service Women, Curry Thomas Joseph Hohm, Wilbur J. Carr The AFSA Committee on Education has College Memorial Scholarship, Virginia Polytech¬ nic Institute announced the list of Financial Aid Schol¬ Joshua Leitch Bonkovsky, Julius C. Hol¬ arships for academic year 1988/89. Once mes Memorial Scholarship, Harvard Gregory Joseph Hohm, Edward T. Wailes again the Committee expresses deep ap¬ University Scholarship, University of Dayton preciation to all those who have supported the scholarship programs with their gener¬ Glenn Addison Carpenter, Robert Woods Bruce Francis Hoof, III, Association of ous contributions, and in particular the As¬ Bliss Scholarship, Colorado College American Foreign Service Women, Port¬ sociation of American Foreign Service land State University Amy Rebecca Carter, A nne Schmidt Catch Women for their contribution from the an¬ Memorial Scholarship, Juniata College Amanda Katherine Jackson, C. Montagu nual AAFSW Bookfair. and Frances M. Pigott Memorial Schol¬ This year three special AAFSW Scholar¬ D. Malania Chock, Selden Chapin Memmial arship, Radford University ships are given in honor of Susan Don¬ Scholarship, Drexel University nelly, Bente Little-wood, and Jesse and Vio¬ Mark Jefferson, Marcia Martin Moore Me¬ Edward Alan Cottrill, David K. E. Bruce let McKnight for their special services to morial Scholarship, Duke University Scholarship, Mary Washington College the bookfair. The names of the recipients Alexis Jale Johnson, William Benton Schol¬ of these 1988-1989 awards, the individual James David Crowley, Timberlake Schol¬ arship, Lewis and Clark College scholarships dicy have received, and the arship, University of Montana colleges and universities which they will Robin Tsehai Johnson, Timberlake Schol¬ Jefferson A. Dolan, Charles B. Hosmer Me¬ attend are listed below. arship, Reed College morial Scholarship, California State Applications for the two scholarship pro¬ University, Long Beach Candice Alicia Jones, Association of Ameri¬ grams, Merit Awards and Financial Aid can Foreign Service Women honoring grants are available for eligible dependent Stephanie Jayne Marie Dolan, John Susan Donnelly, James Madison children of career American Foreign Serv¬ Campbell White Memorial Scholarship, University ice personnel by writing to the Scholarship University of California, Santa Barbara Programs Administrator, AFSA, 2101 E Karen Lynn Kalla, Landrcth M. Harrison James Mark Farrell, Lowell C. Pinkerton Street, NW, Washington, DC 20037. Merit Memorial Scholarship, Evergreen State Memorial Scholarship, Keene State Awards based on academic excellence are College limited to high school students who will College Heidi Joy Kaurin, Howard Fyfe Memorial be graduating in 1989. The Financial Aid Amy Elizabeth Fitzpatrick, Gertrude Ste¬ Scholarship, Calvin College grants are for full-time undergraduate study wart Memorial Scholarship, Mary Wash¬ in die United States and are awarded solely ington College David Brian Kelly, Association of American on need. The deadline for receipt of appli¬ Foreign Service Women, University of Anita L. Flood, William Benton Scholarship, cations for both scholarship programs is Colorado February 15, 1989. Providence College Terri Lynn Kelly, Betty Carp Scholarship, The AFSA Committee on Education Pauline R. Flood, Jefferson Patterson Schol¬ University of Maine, Machias members include Jack Lydman, chairman; arship, University of Maryland Charles Johnson, AID; Janet Biggs, Joshua Kerr Langen, Mark G. Mattran Jennifer Lynn Frederick, Gertrude Stewart AAFSW; David T. Jones, State; David W. Memorial Scholarship, Texas Tech Memorial Scholarship, Dartmouth Smith, State; and William Weinhold, USIA. University The scholarship programs co-administra¬ College tors are Janet Biggs and Joan McGinley. Douglas Edward Lee, Association ofAmeri- Miyuki Ken Furtado, Timberlake Schol¬ can Foreign Service Women, Eastern arship, The Maryland Institute College of Washington University Art Elizabeth North Lee, Wilbur J. Carr Me¬ Christopher German, Adolph Dubs Me¬ Financial Aid Grants morial Scholarship, University of North morial Scholarship, University of 1988-1989 Carolina Maryland Sarah Fontaine Lester, William Benton Rebecca Maxine Archer, Timberlake Schol¬ Elena Gravelle, Association of American Scholarship, Vassar College arship, University of California at Los Foreign Service Women, Scton Hall Angeles University Christopher E. Lester, Robert E. and Florence L. Macaulay Memorial Allison Jay Aschman, Arthur B. Emmons Reynold Martin Harbin, Harry A. Ha¬ Scholarship, Pratt Institute Memorial Scholarship, Bloomsburg vens Memorial Scholarship, George Un iversity of Pen nsylvan ia Mason University

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL. Carol Jeanne Lincoln, Wilbur J. Carr Me¬ John Patrick Ritchotte, Beirut Memorial Diego R. Vazquez, Oliver Bishop Harriman morial Scholarship, University of Scholarship, University of Pittsburgh Memorial Scholarship, Providence Massachusetts, Amherst College Jon Robert Roth, William Benton Schol¬ Dennis Charles Lincoln, Gertrude Stewart arship, California State University, San Tracy Lynn Villinski, David C. Cuthell Me¬ Memorial Scholarship, Worcester Bernardino morial Scholarship, Macalester College Polytechnic Institute Suzanne M. Russell, Jacq Bachman Jeffrey Theodore Villinski, Edward T. Pamela Marie Lincoln, Edward T. Wailes Siracusa Scholarship, Old Dominion Uni¬ Wailes Scholarship, Macalester College Scholarship, Franklin Pierce College versity Christopher Volciak, Association of Ameri¬ Patrick Walter Loomer, Association of Henry P. Sieloff, Association of American can Foreign Service Women, Pennsylva¬ American Foreign Service Women, Sarah Foreign Service Women honoring Jesse and nia State University Lawrence College Violet McKnight, Old Dominion James Webb, William Benton Scholarship, University Karen Lowe, Association of American For¬ Kilgore College eign Service Women, Asbury College Vanessa R. Silva, Association of American Daniel Alan Webb, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ Foreign Service Women, Mount Saint M. Celeste Marin, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ morial Scholarship, LeToumeau College Mary’s College, MD morial Scholarship, University of Virginia Heather Ruth Wilcox, Association of Ameri¬ April E. Skinner, Association of American Jonathan P. Marin, Theodore A. Xanthaky can Foreign Service Women in memory Foreign Service Women, Medical College Memorial Scholarship, University of of Elizabeth K. DeLisi, Ithaca College of Virginia, VCU Michigan Nicole Wills, Clarke W. Slade Memorial Jalina Ianka Smith, Edward T. Wailes Schol¬ Tanya McKinnon, Wilbur J. Carr Me¬ Scholarship, Georgia Institute of arship, Columbia University morial Scholarship, Tufts University Technology Christopher Taylor, Association of Ameri¬ Dale William McMindes, Association of Michael A. Womack, Association of can Foreign Service Women, Rhode Island American Foreign Service Women, John American Foreign Service Women, Cen¬ College Brown University tral Michigan University Tamara Kaye Thompson, William Ben¬ Duncan Raleigh Miller, Association of Curtis Yarvin, Hope Rogers Bastek ton Scholarship, University of Oregon American Foreign Service Women, Uni¬ Memorial Scholarship, Johns Hopkins Univer¬ versity of Wisconsin Juan Luis Vazquez, John Foster Dulles sity Scholarship, University of Southern Cali¬ Brooks A. Miller, Gertrude Stewart Me¬ Norman Yarvin, Ernest V. Siracusa Schol¬ fornia morial Scholarship, Denison University arship, Johns Hopkins University

Stephen P. Naya, Edward T. Wailes Schol¬ arship, Southern California College

Nicole A. Neuser, Association of American Foreign Service Women honoring Bente Littlewood, Salem College, NC 1988 Christina Liane O’Donnell, Edward T. Legislative Action Fund Wailes Scholarship, Southern Methodist University Tour contribution helps AFSA Matthew Abram Peters, Timberlake Schol¬ • maintain strong relations with members of Congress arship, Seattle University • represent Foreign Service interests on Capitol Hill in Nicholas Benedict Peters, III, Charles C. ways management does not and Jane K. Stelle Memorial Scholarship, Evergreen State College In this election year, it is especially crucial that AFSA Robert Carl Radicevich, Timberlake Schol¬ represent your concerns to the new Congress. Please arship, University of Maryland donate generously to this special aspect of AFSA’s Roger Michael Rhoades, Association of work on your behalf. Send your contribution to American Foreign Service Women, AFSA, 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Auburn University 20037. Checks must be made payable to the George L. Ritchotte, Edward T. Wailes “Legislative Action Fund.” Scholarship, Franklin and Marshall Col¬ lege

OCTOBER 1988 53 A F S A ♦ NEWS

Payroll problems increase as State Department issues new directives

Problems regarding State’s Office of the payments in a timely manner. In the not a negotiable issue. The department Comptroller (M/COMP), such as un¬ meantime, AFSA continues to has been similarly unresponsive to AFSA timely reimbursement of hinds and inac¬ troubleshoot for employees, frequently complaints on a directive stating that curate accounting of employee balances, accompanying them to meetings with employees with travel advances outstand¬ are being brought to AFSA’s attention M/COMP officials. ing for more than 30 days are subject in increasing numbers. In a related development, the depart¬ to payroll deductions. AFSA has informed For example, AFSA recently helped ment has issued a directive stating: ‘Trav¬ the department that this provision does an employee recover funds improperly elers who fail to adhere to department not adhere to 4 FAM 333.2-5, which deducted from his paycheck. M/COMP regulations regarding submission of travel allows for salary deductions only after had begun to make payroll deductions vouchers within 30 days of completion an employee has been notified. The de¬ for a balance of approximately $2,000; of travel may be found deficient in com¬ partment has since acknowledged that at the same time, however, the employee pliance with their internal control re¬ die language of its directive was “incom¬ was owed approximately $6,000 by the sponsibilities. Rating officers, therefore, plete,” but has refused to revise the department. AFSA subsequently got M/ should take this information into con¬ directive to reflect more accurately exist¬ COMP to stop these deductions and sideration in completing the employees’ ing regulations. elicited a promise that he would be re¬ performance ratings.” AFSA does not AFSA is prepared to take legal steps imbursed promptly. believe that employees should be held in opposition to these directives should M/COMP states that it is in the proc¬ liable in their EERs for the submission the department adhere to its current ess of cleaning up all accounts dating of travel vouchers when internal controls position. We will continue to monitor back to 1980; once this is accomplished, in M/COMP remain problematic. the travel reimbursement process and the department hopes to resolve future Management has argued that this is will keep members apprised.

Hollings endorses AFSA plan for USUN housing allowances The annual As reported in the September AFSA of the housing program is a better an¬ News, Foreign Service employees posted swer. This idea is supported by Senator meeting of at the State Department’s United Na¬ Ernest Hollings (D-SC). tions mission (USUN) may soon face a In a letter to Deputy Secretary John AFSA members significant hardship resulting from the Whitehead, Senator Hollings expressed IRS’s recent decision to tax the housing his hope that a suitable plan could be is Tuesday, allowance that many of them currently worked out between his congressional receive. This allowance is crucial, given staff and officials at the State Depart¬ November 15, the extremely high cost of housing in ment for action by Congress when it the New York metropolitan area. Taxing reconvenes after Labor Day. "Something 1988, this allowance will place a severe finan¬ needs be done to strike a balance be¬ cial burden on many USUN employees tween [the Chiles Amendment] and what 12 - 2 p.m., and intensify the Department’s problem we should be doing to maintain a top¬ in recruiting quality personnel for this flight staff at USUN," he asserted. Dean Acheson essential post. As a means of achieving the needed Causing further concern is legislation balance, Senator Hollings has forwarded Auditorium, proposed by Senator Lawton Chiles (D- AFSA’s plan for restructuring of the FL) which would completely eliminate housing allowance system to officials at Department the USUN housing allowance. AFSA the department. AFSA is enthusiastic agrees that any mismanagement in im¬ about the possibility of a new policy of State plementing the housing program must that would prevent abuse of the allow¬ be corrected. However, elimination of ance system while maintaining a strong the entire program is an imprudent course U.S. presence in the United Nations. of action. We believe that restructuring

54 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A F S A ♦ NEWS

FS-1 group grievance D.C. tax case to be heard by Grievance Board gains momentum In late 1987, approximately 43 FS-1 ance Board held that the issues raised On August 4, AFSA’s General Counsel, officers filed common individual griev¬ are grievable. The department then Susan Holik, appeared in U.S. District ances against the State Department. They moved to dismiss the grievance. AFSA Court to discuss the case schedule for alleged, inter alia, that misleading de¬ and the affected employees opposed the AFSA’s lawsuit challeging the elimina¬ partmental statements concerning pro¬ department’s motion, and the Board de¬ tion of the D.C. income tax exclusion motion opportunities led many FS-l’s cided in favor of AFSA. for Foreign Service officers. The judge- to elect to compete for promotion into Final briefs will soon be filed in the granted a 60-day discovery period so the Senior Foreign Service before the case. FS-l’s subject to involuntary retire¬ that the parties may obtain further fac¬ expiration of their time-in-class. AFSA ment for failure to be promoted by the tual background information. intervened in the case on behalf of all senior threshold boards may still join the AFSA has decided to consult with a FS-ls. In December 1987, the depart¬ group grievance until October 1988, constitutional law expert at the law firm ment denied the grievance, holding that when die statute of limitations will ex¬ of Covington & Burling regarding this the issues raised were not grievable, and pire. Anyone who wishes to join the important case. Because the case only that even if grievable and timely, the grievance should contact AFSA or afreets Foreign Service officers who re¬ issues were without substantive merit. Jackson & Campbell, P.C., the FS-1 side in the District of Columbia but arc- On appeal the Foreign Service Griev- legal counsel. domiciled elsewhere, AFSA is seeking contributions from concerned individu¬ als to defray legal expenses incurred. Anyone interested in contributing to this Precepts for Promotion Agreement fund should send their contribution to die “Legal Action Fund” at AFSA, and An agreement between the Department change should provide greater opportu¬ indicate that the contribution is spe¬ of State and AFSA on Precepts for Pro¬ nity' for generalists in the administrative- cifically for the D.C. tax case. motion was reached just in time to brief cone, which is frequently in deficit, to Until this case is settled, all Foreign the selection boards meeting this sum¬ gain out-of-cone experience which would Service officers who reside in the Dis¬ mer. The agreement will be valid for two make them more competitive for DCM trict of Columbia are obligated to pay years with the next negotiations sched¬ and other managerial positions. D.C. income tax for 1988. AFSA sug¬ uled to be concluded at the beginning • FS-1 specialists shall be eligible for gests that employees request that the of the rating period. This should enable consideration for LCE’s. This change Department withhold D.C. taxes from employees and rating officers to shape should enable the department to retain their pay in order to comply with cur¬ their work during the year with the needed specialists. rent law. This tax may be withheld each precepts in mind. • Qualified senior Foreign Service, pay period or paid on a quarterly basis. Some highlights of the changes in the FS-01 and FS-02 officers may apply for According to the D.C. Department of agreement are: competition for promotion in a separate Finance and Revenue, it may not be • FS-01 generalist officers who have generalist occupational category for sci¬ paid annually without incurring a sub¬ opened their window will compete for ence and technology officers. stantial penalty. promotion both in a multifunctional com¬ • Secretaries appointed or promoted We encourage individuals who reside¬ petition group and within their cone; to class FS-4 prior to July 1, 1987, but nt the District of Columbia but are domi¬ they will not have to elect to compete who are ineligible for consideration for ciled elsewhere to contact the elected in one or the other. All officers will be promotion, may be considered for a meri¬ representatives from their home state to reviewed classwide without regard to torious within-grade increase. seek the repeal of this legislation. cone for multifunctional promotion first. AFSA did not accept three major Those not reached for promotion will changes proposed by the department: be reviewed functionally. 1) that the number of meritorious step • There are substantial changes in the increases be limited to 20 percent of the jected the department’s proposal because language of qualifications members number promoted, 2) that a criticism we believed the proposal would have should have for both functional and mul¬ of the review panel chairman’s failure disadvantaged consular and administrative- tifunctional promotions across die thresh¬ to note inadmissible comments be placed cone officers. old. These changes are specified in State in the chairman’s personnel file 3) that AFSA withdrew a proposal that would 213884 and will be incorporated into mid level boards refer to the multifunc¬ have required language proficiency at a the Foreign Affairs Manual. The changes tional board only those files that were 3, 3 level or the equivalent in hard should provide for greater consistency not reached for promotion. Comments language for promotion across the thresh¬ in developing multifunctional experience from members were particularly strong old because it feared that the require¬ throughout a career and should encour¬ against item two above. AFSA and the ment would have disadvantaged employ¬ age all officers to develop managerial Bureau of Personnel will meet to find ees who have already opened their win¬ and leadership skills. The changes more other wavs to limit the number of inad¬ dow. AFSA remains committed to the realistically reflect career patterns of the missible comments. Several AFSA chap¬ principle that Foreign Service employees four cones. ters overseas have contributed useful sug¬ must be language qualified and will con¬ • Administrative officers will not be gestions. Concerning a change in the tinue to urge the department to provide expected to have successful experience procedure for consideration of mid-level opportunities for language training to in all sub-functions. The effect of this multifunctional promotion, AFSA re- all employees.

OCTOBER 1988 55 A F S A NEWS

State Standing Committee

Use it or Lose it By Evangeline Monroe, Vice President

In the early 1970s the Economist, in is to gain information. For dtis purpose commenting on a study of the British a good dinner party can be a far more Foreign Service, said with characteristic efficient use of taxpayer funds than ex¬ wit that “eating and drinking for their pensive intelligence apparatus or net¬ country abroad” appeared to be high works. on the list of duties of the British For¬ Entertaining can take many forms, eign Service. and not many of us can or should at¬ The same criticism cannot be made tempt formal dinners that are best suited of the American Foreign Service. By to an ambassador’s residence. Most of many accounts Foreign Service officers our guests do not live lavishly and those are using their homes for representational who do will still welcome American hos¬ purposes with decreasing frequency. pitality in whatever form. Not all repre¬ There are several reasons for this trend— sentational activity takes place at home, inadequate representational allowances, of course. The business lunch, member¬ changing life styles, long hours. ship in organizations, attendance at pub¬ If decreasing use of the home for lic events all are legitimate representa¬ representation signifies a decline in rep¬ tional activities. resentational activities, then we arc per¬ Management is reviewing the use of mitting a significant diplomatic skill to representational housing. Not everyone atrophy. The purpose of representation needs quarters large enough to host large is not to cat and drink at public expense receptions regularly, but representational but to build the personal ties that are space should be appropriate to reflect necessary to promote a greater under¬ the status of the United States as a major standing of U.S. interests among foreign power as well as the place of the home leaders. Without these personal links the in the American dream. It would be job of gaining support for U.S. policies unfortunate if representational housing will be longer, more complicated and in were to be provided only to ambassa¬ the end result short of the mark. An¬ dors and their deputies. We should bear other reason to invite host-country na¬ in mind that if we are provided represen¬ tionals, other diplomats, and members tational housing abroad we should use of the local communin’ to your house it for that purpose or risk losing it. AAFSW BookFair BOOKFAIR 88, sponsored by the Association oh American Foreign Service Women, will open for Fam¬ ily Night, Friday, October 14, at 5:00 p.m. The location is the 23rd Street entrance to the Department of State, upper and lower levels. Entrance will be through C Street. More than 100,000 hard cover and paperback books in over 70 categories will be on sale, as well Ambassador Richard Melton, who was as close to one million stamps and recently expelled from Nicaragua, spoke art work from around the world. at an off-the-record AFSA “Professional The cafeteria will be open and a Issues” lunch at the Foreign Service Club, children’s program starts at 5:30 August 11, 1988, on “Professionalism p.m. in Dean Acheson Audito¬ and Political Pressure: The Nicaraguan rium. BOOKFAIR is open to the Example.” He is now a deputy assistant public October 15-17 and 20-22, secretary' in the Bureau of Inter- from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. American Affairs.

56 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A F S A NEWS

AFSA proposes modifications to State Department's guidelines for sale of personal property AFSA has prepared comments regarding jurisdiction of a chief of mission from als be permitted to retain an amount of die department’s interim regulations on retaining any profit from the sale of the sale that is equal to the tax liability the disposition of personal property by personal property. incurred by their unrealized capital gain. Foreign Service employees abroad. Un¬ Although AFSA believes that this prob¬ This would relieve the unreasonable tax der our collective bargaining agreement, lem has been greatly exaggerated, we are burden created by this legislation. die department is obligated to consider making specific suggestions to make the We also believe that the eligibility of our recommendations prior to imple¬ regulations as fair as possible. These rec¬ non-U.S. charities should be clarified. menting the final version of the regula¬ ommendations are based on numerous Many individuals would like to donate tions. However, the department is not comments from Foreign Service employ¬ their “profits” to local charities within compelled by law to specifically incorpo¬ ees in response to an AFSA cable sent the community to which they are posted. rate any of our suggestions or to negoti¬ to all posts in June. However, donations to many of these ate this issue because die legislation man¬ Because the political and economic organizations do not entitle the individ¬ dating the regulations is government¬ conditions that influence buying and sell¬ ual to a tax deduction under current wide. ing decisions vary greatly in different regulations. If the new legislation is in¬ As reported in the April AFSA News, countries, we suggest that specific regu¬ deed motivated in part by the desire not diis legislation was proposed by Repre¬ lations be negotiated at each post. Gen¬ to adversely affect the local economy, it sentative Jack Brooks (D-TX) at the re¬ eral regulations cannot possibly antici¬ makes sense to allow Foreign Service quest of the State Department. Moti¬ pate the diverse conditions encountered personnel the opportunity to aid the vated by the perception that “profiteer¬ at each post and should therefore serve local economy through monetary assis¬ ing” abroad is widespread, die legisla¬ only as basic guidelines. tance. tion prohibits all individuals under the We further recommend that individu¬ As to interest expense, AFSA suggests that it be included in the basis or pur¬ chase price of the item. The finance charges associated with a major purchase such as a car add significandy to the final cost. Because this cost is unavoidable for a majority of individuals who cannot afford to pay cash, it should be calcu¬ lated as a part of the purchase price. Finally, AFSA recommends that a grand¬ father clause be incorporated in the regu¬ lations to allow individuals a reasonable amount of time to dispose of personal property prior to implementation of the new regulations so they do not incur substantial monetary losses. An additional recommendation from die field suggests that individuals be permitted to retain proceeds from the sale of personal property that represent fair replacement cost of the item. The differing regulations governing big ticket items like automobiles often necessitate the sale of a relatively new automobile that cannot be used at the individual’s New Staffers next post. Because this additional sug¬ gestion was received after the depart¬ AFSA welcomes three new staff ment’s deadline for comments, AFSA members: (upper left) Patty Meier has written to the Office of Accounting has been appointed assistant and Financial Management Policy re¬ editor and advertising manager of questing amendment of our comments. die Journal; (upper right) Bruce These recommendations reflect the com¬ A. Henock is a member services ments and concerns of Foreign Service representative; (left) Adam G. personnel. AFSA hopes that the depart¬ Spiegel is a part-time law clerk. ment will consider them carefully before drafting the final version of the new regulations.

OCTOBER 1988 57 A F S A NEWS

Federal Health Benefits Insurance: Storm Clouds Ahead?

By Robert Beers, Congressional Liaison

Two recent developments have raised begin until age 65, why would this Cata¬ sobering questions about what the fu¬ strophic Care legislation be of any con¬ ture holds for the Federal Employees cern to active and retired Foreign Serv¬ Health Benefits Program (FEHBP). The ice personnel who have not yet attained first of these was the enactment by Con¬ this age? The answer: most active and gress and signing into law by President retired Foreign Service personnel are en¬ Reagan of the Catastrophic Health Care rolled under the FEF1BP and the addi¬ Act. The second was the release of a tion of the catastrophic care provisions comprehensive study and critique of the to Medicare benefits—at considerable ad¬ FEHBP prepared by a firm of expert ditional cost to many Medicare enrollees— consultants under a contract widi the surely will result in basic changes in the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). FEHBP. Why? Because more than 40 First, the Catastrophic Health Care percent of all persons enrolled under Act. This legislation represents the most FEHBP, government-wide, are annui¬ significant revision of Medicare since the tants (either retirees or their survivors). program’s inception in 1965. By way of background, the FEHBP Medicare coverage consists of two program began operation on July 1, parts: Medicare “A,” which applies to 1960. Initially, Blue Cross-Blue Shield costs related to hospital care; and Medi¬ and the Aetna Life Insurance Company care “B,” which applies to costs related were authorized, respectively, to estab¬ to treatment by physicians and other lish a government-wide service benefit health care providers. At present, Medi¬ plan and a government-wide indemnity care “A” coverage is available to all social plan, each offering a high and low op¬ security beneficiaries without charge. Be¬ tion. In addition, a small number of ginning January 1, 1989, however, all Health Maintenance Organizations persons enrolled under Medicare “A,” (HMO’s) and employee organization mem- after an annual one-time co-payment of bers-only plans were authorized to par- approximately $570, will be entitled to cipipate in the program. Initially only an unlimited number of hospital admis¬ those federal employees who retired sub¬ sions and unlimited days of hospital care sequent to the July 1, 1960 start-up date each year. This Medicare “A” catastrophic were eligible for FEHBP coverage, but benefit will be financed and paid for in 1961 legislation was enacted to allow (concurrently with their income taxes) employees who retired prior to 1960 by an estimated 40 percent of those with at least 12 years’ government serv¬ Medicare beneficiaries having the high¬ ice to enroll also. est incomes. Each enrollee’s Medicare In the 28 years since its inception, “A” premium payment will be calculated FEHBP has experienced a dramatic in¬ under a formula related to his/her federal crease in the number of its beneficiaries, income tax liability, up to a maximum and in the number and the cost of the of $800 per year per person for 1989, plans participating in the program. To¬ increasing to $1,050 per person in 1993 day FEHBP covers 3.9 million persons (or $2,100 per couple.). (plus their dependents) each of whom An expansion of other health care has elected coverage under one of some benefits, including partial payment for 460 options, of which 427 are offered prescription drugs, will be phased in by HMO’s. Approximately 1.5 million under Medicare “B” during 1989 and of all FEHBP enrollees arc annuitants, 1990. The increased cost for this cover¬ of whom it is estimated that almost 80 age will be paid by all Medicare “B” percent are Medicare-eligible. Before enrollees. It may ultimately level off at 1983 only those persons eligible for so¬ about $40 per month by 1993. cial security benefits were eligible for Since Medicare eligibility' does not Medicare, but now all federal employees

58 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL A F S A NEWS

who retired subsequent to 1983 will be In evaluating the principal factors now Medicare-eligible at age 65, irrespective If the program is to portending fundamental changes in the of their social security status. Conse¬ avoid encountering federal health insurance field other con¬ quently, we may anticipate a steady in¬ siderations must be taken into account. crease in the percentage of FEHBP- truly serious First, neither the Catastrophic Care enrolled annuitants who are also eligible Bill nor the FEHBP makes any provi¬ for Medicare coverage. problems in the sion for the medical catastrophe which Beginning in 1989 participation in everyone—especially the elderly—fears. Medicare (at least in Medicare “A” will near future, it This is the devastating cost of long-term be mandatory for all who are eligible. home health care or confinement in a Since most of die new benefits provided seems clear that nursing home which can amount to up¬ under the Catastrophic Care Bill are wards of $25,000 annually, thus threat¬ already available to most FEHBP partici¬ corrective measures ening bankruptcy to all but die affluent. pants, this means that those who are Legislation to address this problem was Medicare-eligible will be obliged to pay both legislative and recendy introduced in the House by an additional premium for coverage they Rep. Claude Pepper (D-FL). Hearings already have. The Catastrophic Care Bill administrative, to were held, and sympathetic views were seeks to offset this to some extent by expressed. Since the Catastrophic Care directing that OPM require all FEHBP realign the program bill was proceeding through die legisla¬ plans to reduce their premiums to corre¬ are urgently needed. tive process at the time however, it was spond with the reduction in risk result¬ decided to postpone action on Rep. Pep¬ ing from eliminating their own cata¬ per’s proposal until this legislation was strophic coverage provisions. Preliminary enacted and further study could be de¬ reports indicate that die initial reduction voted to how best to devise an afford¬ may approximate no more than $4.00 sponsored study, over the years “the able program. per month, or about $50 a year.. While enrollment pattern of federal annuitants, In the face of soaring health care costs the reduction in FEHBP premiums is combined with the multiple choice struc¬ and escalating health insurance premi¬ calculated to correspond to the savings ture of FEHBP, has undermined the ums, the word that has assumed key resulting from the elimination of the very purpose of group insurance—i.e., importance is the word “affordable.” catastrophic care provision, as already the spreading of risk across a group of How much can federal employees and pointed out, the amount of an individ¬ people.” The study points out that high- retirees be expected to pay for health ual’s Medicare “A” premium is not re¬ risk employees—elderly persons (annui¬ care insurance coverage at present bene¬ lated to the estimated additional cost of tants) and those with chronic health fit levels? providing this benefit, but rather to one’s problems—have tended to remain en¬ In addition to requiring a report with ability to pay, i.e., die level of one’s rolled in a small number of plans provid¬ recommendations from OPM on the income tax liability. ing high benefit levels. FEHBP, the Catastrophic Care legisla¬ The annual FEHBP open season dur¬ In contrast, younger, healthy employ¬ tion establishes a United States Biparti¬ ing which enrollees can switch plans is ees have been attracted away from the san Commission on Comprehensive almost at hand. Obviously there has not traditional plans to lower-cost plans, in¬ Health Care. This body has six months been time for the insurance carriers to cluding HMO’s. The exodus of healthy to submit a report with recommenda¬ adjust to the impact of the new level of persons from a plan thus has a spiralling tions to Congress on comprehensive long¬ Medicare benefits, but the Catastrophic effect: as the proportion of high-risk term care services for the elderly and Care Bill requires OPM to submit by enrollees under a plan increases, the plan’s disabled, and one year to submit an April 1, 1989 a report to die Congress premiums also increase, thereby driving additional report with recommendations “regarding changes to [die FEHBP] that out more of the healthy participants. for comprehensive health care services may be required to incorporate plans The resultant fragmentation and stratifi¬ for “all individuals in the United States.” specifically for Medicare-eligible individu¬ cation of risk levels that has taken place Out of all of these studies and recom¬ als and to improve the efficiency and in recent years has led to die present mendations, it may not be too much to effectiveness of the program.” condition of “adverse selection” within hope that there may finally be a coordi¬ The incorporation of catastrophic care FEHBP. If the program is to avoid nated approach within our government into the structure of Medicare benefits encountering truly serious problems in to defining the health needs of our citi¬ is not the only problem now confront¬ the near future, it seems clear that cor¬ zens, together with some practical sug¬ ing FEHBP. Another important prob¬ rective measures, bodt legislative and ad¬ gestions as to how the cost of meeting lem is referred to as that of “adverse ministrative, to realign the program arc these needs might be financed. selection.” As stated in the OPM- urgendy needed.

OCTOBER 1988 59 REAL ESTATE HOME LEAVE IN TEXAS HILL TAX RETURNS COUNTRY. Fully furnished three bed¬ THINKING OF A VACATION HOME room, two-bath house. Central heat and or other property in coastal South Caro¬ AFSA TAX COUNSELING: Problems air, 25 miles from Austin. Walk to Lake lina? Now is the time. Call or write ERA of Tax and Finance: Never a charge to Travis. Weekly rate. Stew MacDonald, Dozier Realty, 442 Main St. North Myr¬ AFSA members for telephone guidance. 18411 Austin Dr., Jonestown, TX 78645. tle Beach, S.C. 29582. (803)249-4043. R.N. ‘Bob' Dusscll (ex-AID) enrolled ROSSLYN/WARRENTON Short/Long since 1973 to Tax Practice. At tax work PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Term apts. or houses. Fully furnished, since 1937 and now still in practice solely all sizes, all lovely, all convenient. Hits to assist Foreign Service employees and MARKET HOMES PROPERTY of high-tech extras. Write for reservations their families. Also lecture “Taxes” MGMT.: Expertise and personal atten¬ monthly at FSI in Rosslyn, VA. Office tion to detail arc the hallmarks of our 8c details. S. Oper, 9 Laurel Dr., Port Jefferson, NY 11777; (516)473-6774; or located across from Virginia Square Metro established Northern Virginia firm. Call DC Area (703)922-5846 Station, 3601 N. Fairfax Dr., Arlington, or write for a description of our pro¬ VA 22201. (703)841-0158. fessional services. References provided. Jim WASHINGTON D.C. APARTMENTS. Fahey, 425 West Maple Avc., Vienna, Short or long term. Decorator furnished, Attorneys specializing in tax planning and VA 22180. fully equipped: microwave, cable, phone, return preparation for the Foreign Serv¬ pool, spa. Two blocks FSI and Metro, 5 ice Community available for consultation PEAKE PROPERTIES LTD.: Broker min. State, Georgetown. Photos. on the tax implications of investment de¬ with experience in overseas living will give cisions, business related deductions, sa- careful attention to the management of (703)522-2588 or write Adrian B.B. Tem¬ plar, 1021 Arlington Blvd., PH1214, Ar¬ rate maintenance allowances, real estate your home. Specializing in McLean, Vi¬ lington, VA 22209. Member AFSA. purchases and rentals, home leave deduc¬ enna, N. Arlington, etc. 220B, 1350 Bev¬ tions, audits, etc. Contact Susan Sanders erly Road, McLean, VA 22101. Tel: 448- WILL YOU NEED A FULLY FUR¬ or Paul Clifford—Clifford, Farha, Stamey, 0212. NISHED apartment, five minutes walk and Sanders, 1606 New Hampshire Ave., from FSI 8c Rosslyn subway? We have NW, Washington, D.C. 20009 (202)667- WASHINGTON MANAGEMENT SER¬ 1st class efficiencies 1 bedrooms 8c some 5111 VICES: Use our TELEX service to in¬ 2 bedrooms 8c penthouses in River Place. quire about professional services for the They are completely furnished incl. cable TAX PREPARATION BY AN ATTOR¬ FS community serving overseas. Imme¬ TV, telhone, all utils, linens 8c parking. NEY who is a retired Foreign Service of¬ diate response to your property manage¬ ficer and is familiar with Foreign Service ment needs. Residential property man¬ Short term leases of 1 to 6 mos. avail. Write Foreign Service Associates. PO Box problems. M. Bruce Hirshom, Esquire, agement is our only business. Call, write, Suite E, 307 Maple Ave. West, Vienna, or TELEX Mary Beth Otto, Washington 12855, Arlington, VA 22209-8855. Chil¬ dren welcome, please send us your dates. VA 22180. (703)281-2161. Management Services, 2015 Q St. NW, Washington, DC 20009, (202)483- CONDOMINIUM located in Arlington. FREE TAX CONSULTATION for over¬ 3830. TELEX 350136. Minutes to Rosslyn, Metro, and D.C. seas personnel. We process returns as re¬ Nicely furnished; fully equipped. Call ceived, without delay. Preparation and- representation by Enrolled Agents, avg. SHORT TERM RENTALS (703) 435-8553 or write James Butler, 1707 Sadlers Wells Drive, Herndon, VA fee $195 includes return and ‘TAX Trax‘, 22070. unique mini-financial planning review BACK FOR TRAINING? HOME with recommendations. Full planning avail¬ LEAVE? D C. TOUR? We are THE able. Milton E. Carb, E.A., and Barry Washington Metro Area Short-Term RENTALS B. Dc Marr, E.A. CFP, FINANCIAL Rental Specialists. Excellent locations. FORECASTS, metro location 933 N. Wide price range. In Virginia - walk to Alexandria Luxury high-rise apartments Kenmore St. #217 Arlington, VA 22201 FSI. In D.C. and Maryland - walk to 1,2,3 bedrooms including utilities 8c many (703)841-1040. metro. Large selection of furnished and amenities. The Summit, 260 S. Reynolds, equipped efficiencies, 1-bedrooms, 2- TAX PREPARATION AND ADVICE Alexandria, VA 22304. bedrooms and some furnished houses. by T.R. McCartney (cx-FS) E.A., and Many welcome pets. Toni Cooper, E.A., and staff. Enrolled EXECUTIVE HOUSING CONSULT¬ to practice before the IRS. Business Data ANTS, INC., Short Term Rental, 7315 Corp., P.O. Box 1040, Lanham, MD Wisconsin Avc., Suite 1020 East, Be- 20706-1040. (301)731-4114. thesda, MD 20814. (301)951-4111. Re¬ serve early! Avoid disappointment!

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL Foreign Exchange

SHOPPING SERVICE BRACES/SUSPENDERS VIDEO ENTERTAINMENT

Serving U.S. government employees as¬ FINEST, HARD-TO-FIND FASHION I WILL TAPE TV programs for you. signed overseas. Whatever you want, let BRACES/SUSPENDERS! Free bro¬ VHS only. Free information. BRUTON, us find it for you. Automotive parts and chure. BERNARDO, 2400 Westhcimer, 8703 S.E. Jardin, Hobe Sound, FL supplies, household goods, hardware, #108W (FSJ), Houston, Texas 77098. 33455. cosmetics, toys, small appliances parts and (713)526-2686. rairs, etc. Buy at retail plus shipping and handling. Fast and reliable service. Just TRANSCRIPTION SERVICES one place to contact. Write to us for prices: ATTORNEYS U.S. Military Buying Service, PO Box TECHNI-TYPE guarantees outstanding 7205, Gaithersburg, MD 20898-7205, Former Foreign Service Officer now prac¬ quality in oral history/technical tran¬ Dave Wallace, Mgr; Retired U.S. Park ticing law in D.C./Maryland, general prac¬ scriptions. Computer diskette storage. Ex¬ Police officer. tice, estate planning, real estate, domes¬ cellent references. 403 Edgemere Dr., An¬ tic. Gregory V. Powell, Furcv, Doolan napolis, MD 21403. 8c Abell, 8401 Connecticut Ave., PH-1, INVESTMENTS Chevy Chase, MD 20815. (301)652- 6880.’ EXCHANGE RATES INVESTMENTS, FINANCIAL PLAN¬ NING, Long Distance Management when Classified advertising in the FOREIGN necessary'. Margaret M. Winkler, CFP, As¬ WELLS EXCHANGE is open to any person who soc. V.P., Legg Mason Wood Walker, wishes to reach the professional diplo¬ Inc., 1747 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Wash¬ HAVE YOUR WILL REVIEWEDand matic community. The rate is 75 cents ington, DC 20006. (202)452-4000, in updated by an attorney who is a retired per word per insertion. Telephone num¬ U.S., (800)792-4411. FSO. M. Bruce Hirshorn, Esquire, Suite bers and zip codes count as one word E, 307 Maple Ave. West, Vienna, VA each. To place a classified ad or to receive INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT/RE¬ 22180. (703)281-2161. our rate card for regular display advertis¬ TIREMENT PLANNING/Insurance & ing, write or call the Foreign Service Jour¬ Annuities: G. Claude Villarreal, Vice Presi¬ PROFESSIONAL SERVICES nal, 2101 E Street NW, Washington, DC dent, Ferris 8c Co. Inc. 1720 Eye St. NW, 20037, (202)338-4045. Checks should Washington, DC 20006. (202)429- SCHOLARSHIPS AVAILABLE. De¬ accompany all classified insertion orders. 1 3579. 1-800-227-0308. tails: ‘EARS , Box 1664, Manassas, VA The deadline for FOREIGN EX¬ 22110 CHANGE ads is approximately 5 weeks before the publication date. BOOKS BIOGRAPHIES YOUR PERSONAL BOOKSTORE MAIL ORDER ITEMS AWAY FROM HOME: Order any U.S. PRESIDENTIAL BIOGRAPHIES Send book in print. Store credit available. Sal¬ $.25 stamp for monthly listings of avail¬ CUSTOM-MADE emblem dial WRIST- magundi Books Ltd. 66 Main Street, Cold able titles. American Political Biography, WATCH with great seal of the United Spring, NY 10516. 39 Boggs Hill Rd. Newtown, CT 06470. States and inscription—Department of State, United States of America—around LOVE A MYSTERY? Send for our free the great seal. Made by Hamilton, yel¬ catalog. Cliffhanger Press, P.O. Box FLAG PRESENTATION CASES low, gold-tone case, stainless steel back, 29527, Oakland, CA 94604-9527. quartz calendar movement, mineral crys¬ RETIREMENT SHOWCASES, CAS¬ tal, water resistant. Genuine black leather KET FLAG CASES, AWARD strap. Must see to appreciate. Price $83.25 PLAQUES, mahogany, walnut, cherry, includes shipping charges. Send check or oak. Gallion Woodworks, 3005-B Par¬ M.O. to: L.J. Scioli, 1005 Barberry Rd., tridge Dr., Pensacola, FL 32506-2707. Reading, PA 19611. (904)455-7297.

OCTOBER 1988 61 Domestic Postings

A Veteran Foreign Service Officer and Professional Realtor ready to assist with your real estate needs and pro¬ jects. Call or write — no ob¬ ligation.

WILLIAM W. STRUCK 1311 Dolley Madison Boulevard McLean, Virginia 22101 Office: (703) 893-1500 Residence: (703) 356-7635

(703) 356-6520

Laughlin Inc., Realtor

For Personalized Property Management Call the Experts. Were in Business to be the Best!

1388 Chain Bridge Road Post Office Drawer 550 McLean, VA 22101 McLean, Virginia 22101 Worried About LEASING AND PROPERTY MANAGEMENT BY Selling Your Home? Stuart & Maury, Inc. Realtors Selling a home in today's competitive market can Ire a very Results since 1956 unsettling experience. With all the wild claims and promises, For over 30 years we have professionally it's hard to know which way to turn. MANAGED AND LEASED thousands of residential & condominium properties. Consider Lewis & Silverman Realtors when you're looking for quick results. Our experience—Personal Inspections, Monthly Statements and In-house Guidance— For four decades, w'e've been providing results for TAKE THE WORRY OUT OF RENTING Washington's most successful builders and thousands of families. With more than 75.000 satisfied homeowners, our If you are considering renting your record speaks for itself. HOME OR APARTMENT Call Susan Bader today for more information Our Research Department alone is bigger than our whole (202) 244-1000 company used to be. We've built a Resale Division with the 5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. capability to do everything it takes to sell a house: marketing „ „ , r Washington, D.C. 20016 and advertising, calling in plumbers and painters, advancing Excellent references upon request money for repairs, advice on mortgage financing and even advancing a seller the equity before the sale. We have the resources, the experience and the people who Returning To Washington? can make the difference. If you're selling a house this year, make the right choice. Let us show you how we turn Write Ann Gomez For A Free promises into results. We have an agent that specializes in your neighborhood, ready to service your every need. Welcome Kit With No Obligation!

Anne Gomez As an Associate Broker and wife of a Elect The Best. Foreign Service Officer, Anne can better For more information: assist you with buying a home or investment property Joanne Pernick Lewis & Silverman or in the marketing of a property you already own. 4801 Mass. Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20016 WRITE TO: 202-363-9100 M.B. KIRN Real Estate Assoc., Inc. Attn: Anne Gomez 4620 Lee Highway • Suite 210 • Arlington, VA 22207 St 03 (703) 527-8500 or (703) 970-1040 Domestic Postings

Chandler & Chandler Call us House and Garden Service with your f Post Office Box 110 real estate { ^ Kensington, Maryland 20S95 questions... • Specialists in landscape maintenance for we have residential rentals • Keep your yard up to your standards while the answers. you’re away JAMES E. CHANDLER (301) 942-7662 Linda Wilson Hurley INSURED • BONDED • MHIC #25846 Linda specializes in Foreign Service relocation. A Foreign Service wife herself for 15 years, Linda’s ex¬ pertise in overseas moves comes from the personal New Homes — SALES — Brokerage experience of having lived in The Philippines, Zambia, Property Management — Leasing Malawi, Ghana, and Uganda. She is a member of the Association of American Foreign Service Women. CALL US FOR A FREE HOME EVALUATION

WC. & A.N. MILLER REALTORS EVERS & COMPANY Established 1912 REAL ESTATE INC.

1400 Jenifer Street. N.W. • Washington, D.C. 20015 4910 MASSACHUSETTS AVE. FAX 4701 SANGAMORE RD. 364-1700 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20016 (301) 229-4015 BETHESDA, MD 20816 (202) 362-1300 (301) 229-4016

RELOCATING? Sales, Rentals, Investments To the Washington, D.C. Metro area or any¬ and where in the USA? We can provide you with Careful, Expert Property Management complete information about your new commu¬ D.C., Maryland, and Virginia BARBARA ABEILLE nity. Ask our relocation department for a free MECHTH1LD BIRZNIEKS PATRICIA GARRISON BOORMAN relocation package. KEVIN CAULFIELD BETTY GELDARD CHRISTINA GRIFFIN WENDY GUILLOU RENTAL MARY HANSTAD CAROLE B. HERSMAN JOSEPHINE HOLLIDAY* MARIELLA LEHFELDT MANAGEMENT? ISABELLE MACKIE LYNN MOFFLY MAGRUDER* MARILYN J. MANGAN We can find the best tenants for your home JOHN Y. MILLAR* MARGARET MOSELEY DIANE NOBLE and provide a variety of management services SUZY H. NORTH SUSAN RAEHN tailored to your needs. Ask our property man¬ CAROLINE RAYFIELD EDWARD ROBINSON* agement department for an information pack¬ DOUG SCHOCKE ROBERT W. SKIFF* JOHN TURNER* age. ALFRED ULMER ALEX ULLRICH Trust all your housing needs to RICHARD S. WILLIAMS VERA WILLIAMS the real estate team backed by Better Homes and Gardens. MGMB, inc. Realtors 362-4480

FRAZEE, - B A A REALTORS® ™ ™ and Gardens Foxhall Square • 3301 New Mexico Avenue Sales • Rentals • Property Management • Relocation Washington D.C. 20016 1801 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852 (301)881-9000 CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-842-MOVE •Foreign Service Tap a world market

America’s diplomats—a global need. And when posted back to Washington audience of untapped potential they look for the people whose services will make their next overseas tour easier. No From Oslo to Ouagadougou, the Foreign- other magazine gives you this entire market Service Journal reaches the diplomatic —well educated, affluent, select and community like no other medium. Our influential. When you advertise in the audience of Foreign Service members and Foreign Service Journal, you have the their families is spread around the world at world on tap. more than 250 posts in 134 countries. In most cases, they find themselves isolated from the American goods and services they FOREIGN SERVICE

The Magazine for Professionals in Foreign Affairs • 2101 E St. NW, Washington, DC 20037 • (202) 338-4045 As you pull into the driveways of various consulates, By designing each individual component and feature to you’ll have them wondering where, exactly, did your new be easier and better for you to use, the result is a better- Ford Taurus come from. Some may even insist it’s a product designed vehicle overall. of their country-that is, until they see the familiar blue The result is a line of front-wheel-drive sedans and oval on the back. wagons that combine advanced technology with human need. Even its aerodynamic shape is part of its dedication to Taurus: An American design philosophy. function. Which means you can judge Taurus not only by Even as the first engineers began work, over 400 how good it looks, but how well it works. specific objectives were being established for Taurus. So if your aim is to please just about everyone, and still The list was based on how you drive an automobile... please yourself, consider the Ford Taurus. Avery diplomatic what you want from it...what you need from it. The list solution to your transportation needs. included: How comfortable the seat belts are to wear; the effort required to open and close the doors; the FORD INTERNATIONAL convenience of checking the oil. EXPORT SALES

Please send me information to purchase a new -

WRITE TO: DIPLOMATIC SALES NAME - FORD MOTOR COMPANY ADDRESS- 815 Connecticut Avenue, N.W Washington, D.C. 20006 CITY -STATE. Tel: (202)785-6047 COUNTRY. AS A MEMBER OF THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS, YOU ARE ENTITLED TO SPECIAL PRICING THROUGH CHRYSLER’S 1988 DIPLOMATIC PURCHASE PROGRAM. You can choose from a complete line of Chrysler, Plymouth and Dodge cars, as well as Dodge trucks, vans and wagons. For your consideration, we present here the new 1988 Chrysler LeBaron Coupe, Plymouth Sundance and Dodge Caravan. Arrange for delivery in the U.S. and most overseas locations. CHRYSLER LeBARON COUPE PLYMOUTH SUNDANCE DODGE CARAVAN Here is beauty...with a passion for driving. CAD/CAM-designed to be the highest quality If you’re looking for the only family wagon Available beneath that svelte, aerodynamic car Chrysler ever built, the new Plymouth with front-wheel drive, available overhead skin is a high-torque, fuel-injected turbo Sundance provides the best value in its cam V-6 power and seating for up to engine that unleashes 146 spirited horses. class* You get 47 standard features plus seven!..it’s gotta be a 1988 Dodge Caravan. Add advanced front-wheel drive, road liftback versatility in two and four-door With car-like ride and handling. Sliding touring suspension, and quick-ratio power models. Choose from three fuel-injected side door for easy entry. Low step-in height. rack-and-pinion steering and you have engines: standard 2.2-liter, optional 2.2 And 125 cubic feet of cargo space. Dodge what it takes to tame the most with turbo, or optional 2.5. It all proves, the Caravan: a touring sedan, a family wagon demanding roads. Pride’s Inside Plymouth Sundance. and a spacious van. All in one. For full details of these or any model in the Chrysler line, Foreign Service Personnel in the U.S. should contact: Diplomatic Sales Office, Chrysler Motors Corporation, 38111 Van Dyke, Sterling Heights, Ml 48077. Those stationed overseas, Telex 961320 MCSNEWCAR WDBY, Attn. Diplomatic Sales. In the U.S. only, simply mail the postage-paid reply card in this magazine. * Based on a sticker price comparison of comparably-equipped competitive compact cars. tWith optional Seven-Passenger Seating Package. CHRYSLER W MOTORS INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS