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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR EVERETT DRUMRIGHT Interviewed by: Hank Zivetz Initial interview date: July 27, 1989 Copyrig t 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Ambassador Drumright discusses the various American and foreign personalities he encountered during his service as a nited States Diplomat and Consular Officer in China from 1935 to 1962. He notes particular situations and activities at each post. Shanghai, China: Vice Consul 1935-19,1 -.ith interim assignments else.here in China/ Consul 0eneral -C0/ 1d.in S. Cunningham C0 Nathaniel Davis, later Ambassador to Israel C0 Clarence 1. 0auss4 later Ambassador to China 5Terry6 Terasa7i, 8apanese Consul Chung4 9ayor of Shanghai Hang:hou, China4 Vice Consul/Consul 1931-1932, 1937-1938 C0 Walter A. Adams C0 Paul R. 8osselyn China-8apan War Repatriation of S citi:ens 2an7ing, China: 3rd Secretary 1938 Ambassador Nelson T. 8ohnson Chung7ing, China4 2nd Secretary and Consul 1938-19,1 Ambassador Nelson T. 8ohnson Ambassador Willis R. Pec7 Chinese language officer Ambassador Clarence 1d.ard 0auss Chinese language officer Chiang Kai-she7 9r. Wong Communist representation Ahou 1n-lai 1 Personal relationship 8apanese .ar offensives 9ao Aedong S media reporting 0eneral Stil.ell/ Chiang Kai-she7 relations 0eneral Still.ell/0eneral 9arshall relations Al Wedemeyer Patric7 Hurley Ambassador 0auss recalled Vie.s on .arBs outcome 0eorge Acheson Shanghai, China4 Consul 19,1-19,2 1dmund Club Internment S.iss Consulate Consul 0eneral Fran7 P. Coc7hart 1d.in F. Stanton Chinese language officer State Department 19,2 Chengdu, China 19,3 9issionary community Sian, China 19,3-19,, Operations Chinese commanding general Free-China area 9issionaries 8apanese military offensive 1nvironment Chung7ing, China: 2nd Secretary and Consul 19,, Consul Harry Stephens 9a -Chinese official/ 9ilitary forces Communist/2ationalist Forces Communist buildup Wedemeyer 9anchuria 0eorge 9arshall mission State Department: Chief, China Division 19,5-19,6 8ohn Carter Vincent 2 0eorge 9arshall Communist/2ationalist War Condon, 1ngland: Political Office, Far 1ast 19,6-19,7 To7yo, 8apan: Political Officer 19,7-19,8 0eneral 9acArthur Seoul, Korea: Political Counselor/Deputy Chief of 9ission 19,8-1951 8oseph 1. 8acobs Chinese language officer Ambassador 8ohn 8. 9ucho. 1mbassy opened 9ilitary Advisory 0roup SAID Syngman Rhee Korean Dynasties 1conomic programs S forces .ithdra.n 2orth Korea invasion S policy Truman orders S forces into Korea 9eetings .ith Rhee 38th parallel China enters .ar Ahou 1n-lai 0eneral Wal7er 0eneral 9atthe. Ridge.ay 9ilitary operations Russians S policy 2e. Delhi, India: Political Counselor 1951-1952 8a.aharlal Nehru 1nvironment Dritish legacy SAID programs Relations Dombay, India: Consul 0eneral 1952-195, Relations Parsis 1nvironment State Department: Deputy Assistant Secretary, Far 1ast 1953-195, 3 Chinese Tai.an S policy 5Coss of China6 White Paper on China Personal vie.s of China policy 0eneral Wedemeyer Alger Hiss 8ohn Carter Vincent Dean Acheson policy Ambassador Carl Ran7in Chiang Ching-7uo Chiang Kai-she7 President Cee Teng-hui 9ainland Chinese Hong Kong and 9acau: Consul 0eneral -Personal Ran7 of 9inister/ 195,- INTERVIEW %: Mr. Ambassador, in your original interview wit Lee Cotterman, you traced your diplomatic career starting in S ang ai in 19,5, t roug your last post as c ie. o. mission in Taipei in 1958 t roug 1962. In t e course o. your career, you met and worked wit many fascinating people, figures w o made and moved istory. Could we today discuss some o. t ese people in greater lengt and dept and, in t e process, get a more sub0ective view o. events1 Starting in S ang ai, w o were t e Americans and C inese wit w om you came in contact and w o le.t an impression, positive or negative1 DR 9RI0HT: As for Shanghai, of course, in the consulate general .e had 1d.in S. Cunningham. He had been consul general there for almost 20 years .hen I came onto the post. He .as an old line officer. He came from Tennessee. He .as basically a treaty port type, having lived in Shanghai all those years. I thin7 he .as a hard-.or7ing officer, and he certainly devoted himself to loo7ing after American interests there. He .as follo.ed by Nathaniel Davis, an interim appointee, .ho later .as ambassador to Israel. Davis .as a hard-.or7ing officer, but hadnFt enough time there to ma7e much of a mar7. He .as follo.ed by Clarence 1. 0auss, .ho had a long career in China, albeit one that .as limited to the treaty ports. Dy Gtreaty ports,G I mean those cities along the coast of China. 0auss had a legal mind. In fact, he .rote a consular manual, a legal manual, for the Service , that .as follo.ed for years. He .as much onto his consular .or7. He .as conscientious and very hard .or7ing, but he seemed, to me, never to penetrate much into the Chinese mind. He had never made a study of China, as far as I could see, or studied the language or the history of the culture. He .as mostly intent on his .or7 as a consular officer. Cater, of course, as I thin7 I mentioned in my previous intervie., he became ambassador to China in Chung7ing, and spent about three years there. I thin7 he .as a superb consul general, but he .asnFt cut out, in my opinion, for the job of being ambassador because of his limitations in 7no.ledge of the Chinese and .hat made the tic7. %: In terms o. contact in t e consulate general, in addition to taking care o. American interests, I believe t is was t e time t at t e Japanese were intruding t emselves into C ina. Did you ave occasion to come in contact wit any o. t e Japanese w o ad an impact on C inese istory at t is time1 DR 9RI0HT: I 7ne. a consul in the 8apanese consulate general, and IFve forgotten his name Hed. note: GTerryG Terasa7i .ho later served as interpreter in the meeting bet.een 9acArthur and 1mperor HirohitoI. ItFs been a long time ago, ,0 or 50 years ago. He .as married to an American girl, by the .ay, and I thin7 it .as his idea to try to resolve differences bet.een the 8apanese and the Americans. Dut, of course, later he .as reassigned to the foreign ministry in To7yo, and I thin7 he .as onto that 7ind of .or7. Dut as you 7no., the 8apanese are not a people you get to 7no. very .ell. They live unto themselves mostly, and I didnFt have many contacts .ith 8apanese. %: 2 at about t e di..erences between t e C inese factions1 2as t is apparent in S ang ai in t is period, and was t ere any contact wit 3uomintang leaders or communist leaders1 DR 9RI0HT: We, in the consulate, had, through our position, contact .ith the mayor of Shanghai, .ho at that time .as a man named Chung. Chung later became Secretary 0eneral of the Kuomintang, so he .as a party man. Dut I could say that Shanghai .as some.hat out of the center of political happenings and events in those days. %: T at4s interesting. 2 at appened in Hangz ou1 2 at was t e situation t ere, and w o were some o. t e personalities t at you came into contact in t at position1 DR 9RI0HT: I had t.o assignments to Hang:hou. When I .ent there first in 1932--that is more than 57 years ago--Walter A. Adams .as the consul general. He .as not .hat .e .ould call an old China hand, even though he spent some years in China. He did not pursue the language or seem to ma7e much of a study of China, and, in fact, .hen I had a chance to go to Pe7ing to study Chinese, I as7ed him .hat his vie. .as, and he suggested it .ould be better if I didnFt do it. As a consular officer, I thin7 he .as a good one. He .as not married at that time, although he did get married later. He played a lot of bridge and he .ent to the club. He enjoyed himself in his post there. 5 For the second assignment there, .hen I .ent to the consulate general, .e had Paul R. 8osselyn. Paul .as a China language officer and .as a good officer, but he suffered from ill health and .as not, therefore, very active. As for activities in Hang:hou, there .erenFt very many during my first assignment, .hich lasted less than one year. I .as actually onto economic .or7 mostly there, submitting reports monthly and, in bet.een, interim reports to the commercial attachJ, .ho had his office in Shanghai. 9y second assignment there came as the 8apanese .ere stepping up their activities in China, and, in fact, .ithin a fe. months of my arrival there in 8uly of 1937, the .ar started. From then on, our .hole activities .ere devoted in one .ay or another to .artime efforts, such as repatriating our citi:ens and reporting on conditions bac7 there in the .est and so forth. %: 5rom Hangz ou, you moved to C ungking for a t ree-year period. DR 9RI0HT: I .as in Hang:hou--.ell, I .ent there in 9arch of F37 on a temporary assignment, by the .ay, that time. I expected to go bac7 to Shanghai. Dut, of course, the .ar came and my assignment .as made permanent. I continued to serve there and joined the embassy. I .ent over from the consulate general to the embassy, I thin7 about February of 1938, on the recommendation of the ambassador, Nelson T.
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