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America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949. Cultural Relations Programs of the US Department of State: Historical Studies, Number 1

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America's Cultural Experiment in China, 1942-1949. Cultural Relations Programs of the US Department of State: Historical Studies, Number 1 DOCUSENT 8ESUBE BD 150 050 Fe 010 626 AUTHOR . Fairbank, Wilma 4 ` TITLE ',America's Cultural Eiperiment in China', 1942 -1949. CulturalRelations Programs of the U.S. Department of State: tistorical Studies, Number 1. - /INSTITUTION Bureau drEducatioOal and Cultural Aftaiis (Dept. of State)i Washington, D.C. PUB DATE Jun 76 NOTE 243p.; For a related document, see SO 010 627 , .AVAILABLE FROM Superintendent of Documents, M.S. Government Printing ,Office, WashiugUA, b.c. 20402 (Stock No. 4 044-000-01597-8 A5.10, hardbound) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$2.71 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Asiap Studies; Chinese Culture; Cross Cultural Studies; Cultural Differences; *Cultural UchAnge; Culture Contact; Foreign Couhtries; *Foreign Policy; Government .Role; Interco/lora' Programs: *International Education dl 1i:change; *International Relations; Nationalism; Political Influences; r *Program Descriptions; Program Evaliation:Social Change;.Soc.j.al Influences; United States Hxstory IDENTIFIERS ,China; Fulbrigbt Exchange, Program . ABSTRACT The monograph, piesentinga historyoi.cultural exchanges between the United St tes and China from 1942v49, focuses upon the effect of- Departmehi of State cultural* programs on /international cooperation and understanding. BaseduFon primary ' source material in the form of reports and daily correspondence between Washington And the American Embassy in Chungking, the report is presented in 10 chapters. Chapter. I reviews establishment.of the China Program in 1944 with allocation of $150,000 from the Emergency Fund for the President.'Chapter II examines politicaldecisions and actions relating to development of the China Program in Chungking and Washington. Chapter III discusses 'contributions of Individuals and private organizations to cultural exchange yith Ile Chinese. Chapter IV identifies individuals and media (such as icrotilm collect/ons of learned journalh) which conveyed information between the two nations. Chapter V describes locations, approval, appointment, and conveyance of .American technical and cultural leaders to 'Chita. Chapters VI and ,VII' appraise visits of Chinese educators, artists, and students to the United States. Chapters VII! and IX discuss lee phase-out of war emergeriey programs at the end,of World War II and the ttansition to the,Fulbright program of international exchange,. The final chat)ter presents a history .of the Fulbri4ht Exchange 'Program from 1948-49. -- Included in the appendix is 'a directory of Chinese and American individuals who participated in the cultural exchante,program between 1942 and 1.949., (Author/DB) 1 **441*************************************************************.. Reproductions supplied by 'EDRS are the best that can. be made from the ,original document. **i****************************************************************14** 00 Ou-N O Cti.ltur4.1 RelationsPrograms .of the . U.S. Department of State Historical Studies: Number1 US DEPARTMENT OF AAAAA H. 'MT O EDUCATION & WELFARE . NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF 41'6 r 4 EDUCATION 4 /11.41. A -4 el TruS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- YL, OUCEO EXACTLY,AS RECEIVED FIOM THE PERSONOR ORGANIZATION OXIOIN. ATINGHT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE te SENTOFF3CtAL NATIONAL U49TITuTE OF EOUCATIQN POSITION OR POLICY S5 1-Rs Of c . t Buteiu of Educational and Cultural Affairs U.S. Department of State Washington, D.C. O 2 a. SOVIET UNION MONGOLIA MANCHURIA , ,Chavantn ma PAO. The LW -4111:01t Well f 4* 3 g Tanana n."314Ci Lanchow SHENSI `T smart KI GSU AN CH....UPEI Nanki et:* Minima ungking CH Na C61.11Ri River Changsha- KWEICHOW - ChuArokonti 1 ,E,Org KIANGSI K e4o.ohm FUKIEN 11106 Kwailln Sank KWA TUNG TA moo KWANGSI Veneto, River CHI IN THE 1940's LOCATINGrumsCITED IN THE TENT 0 S America's Cultural Experiment in thina 1942-1949 by Wilma Fiirbank # 01, 111 1 1 ' I L\ 41' 444 a DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 8839 International Information and Cultural Sales 108 Released June 1976 For Sale by the SuperinIndent of Documents, III. Government printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 -.Price $5.10 -Stock Number 044-000-01597-8 5- 46. Foreword THIS VOLUME is one of a series of monographs which recount tIN historrvnt4 International Educational and Cultural Exchattge Program of the U.S. Dephrtment of State. -.Recognizing the need, tor a comprehensive history of the role,of the Department in international cultural relationA, the . Btfreau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (CU), on the ini- tiative of Assistant Secretary of State John Richardson, Jr.,' established the CU History Project in the fall of 1972 tocoor- dinate the preparation of these studies. In view of themany dimensions Of the Department-sponsored program to increase mutual understanding and cooperation between.the people of . the United, States and other peoples through constructive pat- terns of two-way communication, numerous aspects of which have not been fully studied in historical perspective, itwas decided to approach the task throUgh a series of separate monographs. \. In planning an develoRing this series, the Bureau of Edu- cational and Cultural Affairs has consulted with three scholars and educators long associated with the program for advice and guidance: Ben M. Cherrington, first chief of the Department's cultural relations program, and for tutu years director of thp Social Science Foundation of the University of Denver; John Hope Fianklin,lprofe.ssor of American History, University of Chicago; and Frank Freiclel, Charles Warren .Profe,ssor of American History, Harvard Univer. Tbough these studies are being published under the spon- sorship of the Department of State, they do not in any sense embody _official U.S. Government views or policy. The author of each monograph is responsible for the facts and their inter- / pretationas well as for the opinions expressed. J. MANUEL ESPINOSA CU History Project Bureau of Educational and CultureAffairs U.S. Department of State Preface CHINE>E4INICAN GOVERNMENTAL RELAVIONS in the 1940's have been the subject of a number Of interesting books in recent years. .A well-known example is Barbara Tuchman's study of General Stil- well's vain efforts to lead the Chinese armies into renewed action against the,Japanese.* Another is the) publication pf the astute des- patches to the Stale Department written by China language officer John S. Servicecior which' he was subsequently victimized in the, *McCarthy era.f Both Stilwell and Service were men of long experience in China' who were deeplS, attacheOto the country and the people. Like those dther American officials assigned there at the time who had similar backgrounds and sentiments, their motivation was to press for *hat- 'ever constructive m9ves could be made by our'Government to help the ' Chinese people. But despite their hopes. the necessary fundamental changes could not be accontplished from outside. Their efforts red suited in frustrations, failures and, for scar, wined careers. Perhaps t- it wag Lrfvititible that these should be the corollaries of the profound .4 collapse of American governmental relations. with China in 1949 as the COmmunist-led-revolution defeated the Nativalists with whom we were persistently allied. In this context, however. attention must be drawn to the little- \known fact that the,U.S. GOVernment did cdnduct for eight years, in the 1940's a constructive program_ aimed directly at offering assistance to the aine,se people in education, public health, sanitation, agri- culture, engineering, and the like' Such was the U.S. progiram of cultural exchanges with China, initiated '1;y the Department of State in 1942, administered by the Division of Cultural Relations, and con- tinued up to the 1949 severance of relations., this program wa' a Tiumeer effort in,severalways. It was, first of all, an'experiment in the unaccustomed field of governmental cul- tural activity. It was also the first such official program to,,be tried outside the Western Hemisphere. It was aAirect forerunner of the prdent-day technical assistance programs, and many of the experi- ences recounted here will, F dare say, be found to be still relevant. 'It Biirbara.Ttichman. Stilwell and the American Experience in CM 11-- 1045 (New York : Macmillan 1971). t Joseph W. Esherirk. Eflitor. Lost Chance in China: The World War H Despatches of John S. Service (New York Random Flame, 1974). 7 . .. % . , ---,- viii AMERICA'S ULTURALEXPERIMENT IN CHINA I ... ' ' ,included the first Fulbright p ogram of educationalexchanges any- .N. where. Most important. it involved relatiOnsof a special kind with our longtirhe fr.iend,.recent enemy, .and current concernchina.. The period 1942-49 was one of .almost unremittingwarfare in China. The program was initiated just after the PearlHarbor attack had cataphlted us into World War II. Itwas terminated seven years' later4by the Communist victory in the Chinesecivil ,war And- the establishment of the People's Republicof China which excluded the.-, -'-/American presence for more than two decades.Between the .end of World War II and the resumption of the civil cohflict,only a few months of uneasy pea'ce had intervened. Therewas never a quietly "normal" stretch of time in 'which culturalrelations might be ex- pected to flourish. Whatever was accoftiphshed hadto be achieved' between crises or in the face of harassing obstacles. Nat wasundertaken andmore importantwhatwas achieved? The attempt to het at the truthafter 25 years is not.easy; The documpnts now in the National Archives in Washingtonare the principal source but they have two
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