Développement De Substrat Compliant À Base De Nanocomposite Graphene –Silicium Poreux Pour L’Hétéroépitaxie

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Développement De Substrat Compliant À Base De Nanocomposite Graphene –Silicium Poreux Pour L’Hétéroépitaxie UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE Faculté de génie Département de génie mécanique Développement de substrat compliant à base de nanocomposite graphene –silicium poreux pour l’hétéroépitaxie Thèse de doctorat Spécialité : génie mécanique Abderrahim BOUCHERIF Sherbrooke (Québec) Canada Aout 2018 MEMBRES DU JURY Richard ARÈS Directeur Serge CHARLEBOIS Rapporteur Maxime DARNON Évaluateur Denis MACHON Évaluateur externe "Discipline weighs ounces. Regret weighs tons." Jim Rohn iii RÉSUMÉ Cette thèse évalue le potentiel d’une nouvelle gamme de substrats virtuels compliants à base de matériaux nanocomposites flexible ralliant le graphène et silicium poreux (GPSNC) pour l’hétéroépitaxie des semiconducteurs. En effet, les propriétés mécaniques améliorées du matériau nanocomposite GPSNC permettent au substrat virtuel de se déformer sous l’effet des contraintes mécaniques et d’accommoder les contraintes mécaniques liées au désaccord en paramètre de maille et/ou de coefficient de dilatation thermique lors de la croissance hétéroépitaxiale de semiconducteurs. Dans ces travaux, le substrat virtuel est développé puis évalué pour la croissance de nitrure de Gallium (GaN). La croissance de GaN de base est calibrée sur un nouveau réacteur épitaxial basé sur la technique d’épitaxie à jet chimique munit d’un concept d’injecteur focalisé permettant une utilisation haute efficacité des précurseurs. La mise en œuvre du procédé de carbonisation permet la croissance de graphène sur l’ensemble de la grande surface spécifique du Si poreux et a permis de débloquer un verrou majeur dans la fabrication du substrat virtuel compliant et de l’utilisation du silicium poreux comme substrat pour l’hétéroépitaxie en lui octroyant une stabilité thermique jusqu’à des températures de plus de 1050°C tout en conservant une grande flexibilité. Des résultats expérimentaux démontrent que le procédé de carbonisation permet d’ajuster le paramètre de maille de la couche GPSNC pour s’approcher du paramètre de maille de la couche épitaxiale. GPSNC répond à l’ensemble des propriétés nécessaires dans un substrat virtuel dont: la simplicité et le faible coût du procédé, mais aussi du fait de la possibilité d'accommoder des déformations de sa maille de plus de 4%. Un modèle pour la conception du substrat virtuel idéal est proposé et démontre un potentiel dans l’augmentation de l’épaisseur critique de relaxation au-delà de la limite conventionnelle tel que décrit dans la littérature. Une étude expérimentale comparative est réalisée par la croissance de GaN simultanément sur le substrat virtuel GPSNC/Si ainsi que sur un substrat de Si conventionnelle. La croissance de GaN révèle une densité de fissure 100 fois plus faible que celle relevée dans GaN/Si et suggère que GPSNC est une solution efficace pour la réduction des contraintes dans l’hétéroépitaxie GaN sur Si et démontre le grand potentiel de ce matériau dans son utilisation comme substrat virtuelle pour l’hétéroépitaxie. Mots-clés : hétéroépitaxie, couche mince, nitrure de gallium, substrat virtuel, substrat compliant, pseudosubstrat, ingénierie des contraintes, silicium poreux, graphene, nanocomposite. v REMERCIEMENT Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a été réalisé au sein du Laboratoire d’épitaxie avancée (LÉA) à l’Institut Interdisciplinaire d’innovation technologique (3IT) de l’Université de Sherbrooke. Je voudrais remercier le professeur Richard Arès, mon directeur de thèse, de m’avoir encadré et pour tous les précieux conseils qu’il m’a donnés, je le remercie particulièrement pour son ouverture et son enthousiasme qui ont été un appui essentiel à la réalisation de ce projet. Je tiens aussi remercier le professeur Hassan Maher, à qui je suis très reconnaissant d’avoir partagé avec moi ses connaissances dans le domaine de la microfabrication au cours des innombrables discussions que l’on a pu avoir tout au long de ce travail. Mes remerciements vont aussi au professeur Serge Charlebois, qui a accepté d’être rapporteur de ce travail, ainsi qu’à Maxime Darnon et Denis Machon pour avoir accepté d’être les évaluateurs dans ce jury de soutenance de thèse. Je témoigne aussi ma vive reconnaissance à tous ceux sans qui ce travail n’aurait pas pu avoir de résultats expérimentaux. Tout d’abord au professeur Andreas Ruediger et à Gitanjali Kolhatkar pour leur collaboration qui a donné lieu à des résultats exceptionnels. À Osemi Canada Inc. Avec Christian Dubuc et Hubert Pelletier ainsi qu’à mes amis, coauteurs et voisins de bureau Maxime Rondeau et Philippe Olivier Provost. Je tiens aussi à remercier particulièrement Guillaume Bertrand pour ces innombrables solutions pour résoudre tous les défis techniques ainsi que Benoît Couture pour son prêt de la précieuse bouteille d’acétylène qui a permis de réaliser les toutes premières expériences de synthèse de nanocomposite, une preuvent de concept qui a été d’une contribution majeure dans le développement de ce projet. Je remercie aussi toute l’équipe de la salle blanche du 3IT, Étienne Grondin, Caroline Roy, René Labrecque, Daniel Blackburn, Pierre Langlois, Denis Pelé et Félix pour leurs aides précieuses et dont mon travail a pu bénéficier. Je remercie aussi Maïté Volatier et Guillaume Gommé ainsi que toutes les personnes qui m’ont aidé à la rédaction de ce manuscrit. Je remercie aussi tous mes amis avec qui j’ai tant ri tout au long de ces années. vii Je remercie toute ma famille, tout d’abord mes parents et mes petites sœurs de m’avoir toujours soutenu et encouragé, à Ibtissem pour tous ces délicieux petits plats. Aux petits, Samy et Ines, qui ne me laisse jamais perdre le sourire, ainsi qu’a Soumia pour avoir été à mes côtés. Enfin, je tiens à remercier mon grand frère, mon modèle, mon mentor et mon ami, qui a toujours su me motiver à donner le meilleur de moi-même. ix TABLE DES MATIÈRES 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Mise en contexte..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Épitaxie en phase vapeur ........................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Projet de recherche ................................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Objectifs. ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.1 OBJECTIF 1 : ÉVALUATION ET CALIBRATION DE LA CROISSANCE DE GAN PAR UNE NOUVELLE TECHNIQUE D’ÉPITAXIE « ÉPITAXIE PAR FAISCEAU CHIMIQUE FOCALISÉ » ......................................................................................................... 6 1.4.2 OBJECTIF 2 : ÉLABORATION D’UN SUBSTRAT VIRTUEL À BAS COÛTS POUR LA CROISSANCE DE GAN DE HAUTE QUALITÉ. ............................................................ 7 1.4.3 OBJECTIF 3 : ÉTUDE EXPERIMENTAL DE LA CROISSANCE DE GAN SUR SUBSTRAT VIRTUELLE FLEXIBLE GPSNC. ...................................................................... 7 2. ÉTAT DE L’ART DE LA SYNTHÈSE DE NITRURE DE GALLIUM ............................ 8 2.1 Technique de synthèse du GaN .............................................................................................. 8 2.1.1 PROCÉDÉ DE SYNTHÈSE HAUTE PRESSION DE GAN ........................................... 9 2.1.2 HÉTÉROÉPITAXIE EN PHASE VAPEUR DU GAN .................................................... 9 2.1.3 LE PROCÉDÉ CBE ET SES AVANTAGES POUR LA CROISSANCE ÉPITAXIALE …………………………………………………………………………………………..11 2.1.4 CROISSANCE ÉPITAXIALE DE GAN PAR CBE ...................................................... 12 2.2 Substrats pour l’hétéroépitaxie de GaN ................................................................................ 12 2.3 Défauts structuraux dans le GaN .......................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 LES DISLOCATIONS .................................................................................................... 14 2.3.2 FISSURE À LA SURFACE ............................................................................................ 15 2.4 Techniques de réduction des défauts structuraux en hétéroépitaxie du GaN ....................... 16 2.4.1 TECHNIQUES DE COUCHES TAMPONS .................................................................. 16 2.4.2 TECHNIQUE DE STRUCTURATION DE SURFACE ................................................ 17 2.5 Approche par substrats virtuels ............................................................................................ 19 2.6 Utilisation du Si poreux comme substrat pour l’hétéroépitaxie ........................................... 20 2.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 22 3. TECHNIQUES DE SYNTHÈSE ET DE CARACTÉRISATION ..................................... 24 3.1 Porosification ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Carbonisation ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Épitaxie ................................................................................................................................ 26 3.4 Techniques de caractérisation .............................................................................................. 28 3.4.1
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