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Studies on the Use of Supercritical Ammonia for Ceramic Nitride Synthesis and Fabrication

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Studies on the Use of Supercritical Ammonia for Ceramic Nitride Synthesis and Fabrication NASA Technical Memorandum 102570 Studies on the Use of Supercritical Ammonia for Ceramic Nitride Synthesis and Fabrication Linda Cornell and Y.C. Lin Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Warren H. Philipp Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio April 1990 (_A5 A- l'M-3 025-rt)) 5T_Jr_i r 3 .JU F, -r_,C C, II-ICAL Am_C_NIA r:_n_ C F¢A,'4 IC NIl_ Ir'__ SYNTH=_I$ A_I_; FAjR_ICATI_N CSCt 0 l_ G3125 STUDIES ON THE USE OF SUPERCRITICAL AMMONIA FOR CERAMIC NITRIDE SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION Linda Cornell* and Y.C. Lin* Case Western Reserve Unlversity Cleveland, Ohio 44106 and Warren H. Phillpp National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio 44135 ABSTRACT The extractablIity of ammonium halldes (Including ammonium thiocyanate) formed as byproducts from the synthesis of Si(NH) 2 via ammonolysis of the cor- respondlng sillcon tetrahalldes using supercritical NH 3 as the extraction medium has been investigated. It was found that the NH4SCN byproduct of ammo- noIysls of SI(SCN) 4 can be almost completely extracted with SC ammonia from the insoluble SI(NH) 2 forming a promlslng system for the synthesis of pure Si(NH) 2, one of the best precursors to SI3N 4. In addltion, it was found that Si3N 4, AIN, BN, and Si(NH) 2 are insoluble in SC ammonla. Also discussed are design consideratlons for a supercritical ammonia extraction unit. INTRODUCTION Supercritical flulds (fluids above their crltical temperature and pres- sure) are used as solvents and extraction media because of their near zero sur- face tension and good solvent properties. Very little has been reported on the use of supercritical (SC) ammonia as a solvent or extractant. This paper pre- sents some prellmlnary results on the use of supercritical ammonia at tempera- tures and pressures up to 145 °C and 5500 pslg as a solvent for refractory nitride synthesis. The ability of a supercritlcal (SC) fluid to dissolve low vapor pressure solids was flrst reported by Hannay and Hogarth over lO0 years ago (ref. l). They demonstrated the dlssolutlon of several salts such as cobalt chloride, potassium iodide and potassium chloride in supercritical ethanol (Tc = 234 °C, Pc = 63 atm). In 1896, Villard (ref. 2) published a review of the supercriti- cal solubility phenomena. Carbon dloxide has been extensively investigated as a supercriticaI fluid because of its convenient critlcal temperature, Tc : 31.1 °C, and also because it is nontoxic, nonflammable, environmentally acceptable, and inexpensive. In addltion, it is a good solvent for many organic compounds. SupercritlcaI CO 2 has been used for coffee decaffeination, soybean oii extraction, extractlon of chemotherapeutic agents from plant mate- rial and even ethanol-water separation (ref. 3). A general review of super- critical fluid extractions involving a variety of systems is reported in a recent issue of Reviews in Chemical Engineering (ref. 4). *NASA Resident Research Associate at Lewis Research Center. Supercritical solvents offer four advantages over conventional liquid sol- vents: (I) enhancedsolubilities, (2) near zero surface tension, (3) high dlffusivity and, thus, high mass transfer, and (4) low viscosity. Enhanced solubilities create a greater driving force for extraction. High dlffusivity, low viscosity, and near zero surface tension of supercritical fluids are advan- tageous in extraction techniques because the fluid can easily penetrate small pores of a substrate. Although little information has been reported on supercritical ammonia, supercrltical water has been investigated extensively. For example, the dis- solution of sillcon dioxide in SCwater has been demonstrated by Kennedy (ref. 5). The solubility of silicon dioxide in SCwater is enhancedby the presence of a base such as sodium hydroxide. This system is now used to grow single quartz crystals (ref. 6). Surprisingly, very little has been reported on solvent properties of SCammonia. Basedon an analogy with supercritical water as a mediumin oxide and hydroxide chemistry, supercritical ammoniashould makea good solvent for nitrides and amides. The analogous silicon nitride system would be SC ammonia as the solvent and sodium amide, NaNH2, as the corresponding base. It was this idea that prompted our investigation of the feasibility of using SCammoniafor ceramic nitride processing. Currently, high purity silicon nitride is synthesized via the preparation of the silicon d11mideprecursor. Thermal decomposition of silicon diimide to s111con nitride occurs according to the reaction: 3Si(NH)2 = Si3N4 + 2NH3 (1) The pyrolysis of silicon diimide to silicon nitride is the basis of the Ub_ process (ref. 7) from which high grade commercial silicon nitride is produced. The precursor silicon diimide is madeby the reaction of silicon tetrachloride with dry ammonia. SiCI4 + 6NH3 = Si(NH)2 + 4NH4CI (2) The ammonium chloride is removed by extraction with liquid ammonia, and the insoluble silicon diimide is then thermally decomposed to silicon nitride. Complete removal of the chloride from the dlimide requires numerous extractions with liquid ammonia or long time perlods of Soxhlet extraction with liquid ammonia (ref. 8). The remaining chloride impurity Interferes with the pyrolysis of the slllcon dlimide because a series of reactions occurs requirlng a higher temperature to remove the chlorlne from the final product, silicon nitride (refs. 9 and I0). In order to synthesize pure silicon nitride at a lowered temperature, it is necessary to devise a more efficient way to extract the ammonium chlorlde byproduct. Extraction wlth supercritical ammonia was investigated with thls idea in mind. Other systems of silicon dilmide synthesis may lead to purer silicon nitride product. Our preliminary work showed that in addltion to the ammonoly- sis of silicon tetrachlorlde to produce silicon dlimide, other reactions, equa- tions (3) and (4), also may be used. SIBr 4 + 6NH3 = SI(NH) 2 + NH4Br (3) Si(SCN) 4 • 6NH3 = SI(NH) 2 + NH4SCN (4) Although not demonstrated experimentally, it is assumed that the reaction of silicon tetralodide with ammonia also forms silicon diimide and the correspond- ing ammonium halide, NH41. In contrast to the reaction of SiCl 4, SiBF 4 and Si(SCN) 4 with ammonia, no sillcon diimide forms in reactions of ammonia with silicon tetrafluoride or silicon tetraacetate. The conventional ammonolysis of silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4, leads to the formation of a volatile solid adduct, SiF4.2NH 3, which on sublimation yields no siiicon diimide or silicon nitride. The addition product of silicon tetraacetate, Si(OCOCH3) ¢ and ammonia forms silicon dioxide instead of silicon nitride on thermal decomposition. Because these two compounds do not lead to silicon nitride, they were deleted from our SC ammonia investigation. This paper Includes descriptions of the experimental supercritical ammonia apparatus, procedures for the nitride solubility studies, and the studies of byproduct extraction in the synthesis of pure silicon diimide. The results of the nltride solubility studies are discussed. Then the results of SC ammonia extraction of byproduct ammonium salts (NH4CI, NH4Br or NH4SCN) from silicon dlimide are presented along with those from the extraction of NH4CI from porous alumina beads. In addition, equipment design improvements are discussed. EXPERIMENTAL Nltride Solubility Experiments The apparatus used to determine the solubilities of nitrides in supercrit- ical ammonia (SC ammonia) consists of a modification of a high pressure auto- clave (an Autoclave Engineers 300 cc vessel). A small crystallizing dish is suspended inside, in the top portion of the chamber well above the liquid ammo- nla level. The bomb is heated to 145 °C which is above the critical tempera- ture of ammonia, Tc(NH 3) = 132 °C. Nhen a compound such as NH3 is in its supercritical state, it occupies the complete volume of the container. If any nitride dissolves in the SC ammonia, some of the nitride will deposit in the suspended crystallizing dish when the temperature is lowered below the critical point and the liquid ammonia condenses in the bottom of the bomb. A deposit in the crystallizing dish would represent a soluble species. If none dissolves, then all of the nitride would remain at the bottom of the bomb. SEM and optical microscope photographs of the nitrldes were examined before and after exposure to SC ammonia to detect any changes in particle structure which may indicate solubillty and recrystallization of the nitrides. First, a quantity of the nitride, alpha or beta Si3N 4, AIN or BN Is added to the bomb, the bomb is then closed, and the specified amount of ammonia is condensed on top of the nltride. The solubility of Si3N 4 was also investigated in SC ammonia containing the strong base sodium amide, NaNH2. Thls is accom- plished by addlng about 1 g of sodlum shavlngs to the Si3N 4 already in the autoclave. The chamber is immedlately closed to minimize atmospheric reaction wlth the sodium. By the time supercrltlcal conditlons are reached, the sodlum is converted to NaNH2 according to the reaction 3 2Na + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H2 (5) The conditions of pressure and temperature in the bomb, usually 145 °C at 4000 psig, were obtained by condensing the appropriate weight of NH3 into the bomb, then heating the bombto the desired temperature. For the specified con- ditions of temperature and pressure, the weight of ammoniato be condensed in the bombcan be calculated from the total volume of the container and the den- sity of SCammoniaat that temperature and pressure. At the critical point p(NH3) = 0.235 g/cm3 and at 145 °C and 4000 psig, p(NH3) : about 0.4] g/cm3 (ref. II). The welght of ammoniacondensedin the bombwas determined gravi- metrically by difference. Supercritical AmmoniaExtraction Unit The supercritical ammoniaextraction unit, illustrated in figure I, is a modified version of the Autoclave Engineers supercritical carbon dioxide extraction unit. Ammoniais circulated via a positive displacement liquid metering pump(maximum P = 6000 psig) from the fluid supply cylinder to the system. Instead of the dip tube arrangement shownin figure I, the supply sys- tem consisted of a small inverted cylinder from which liquid flows to the pump via its own vapor pressure.
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