AP Chemistry Summer School: Writing Ionic & Covalent Formulas
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Theoretical Study on the Molecular and Crystal Structures of Nitrogen Trifluoride and It’S Adduct with BF3
J. Chem. Sci. Vol. 127, No. 8, August 2015, pp. 1491–1496. c Indian Academy of Sciences. DOI 10.1007/s12039-015-0857-3 Theoretical study on the molecular and crystal structures of nitrogen trifluoride and it’s adduct with BF3 HONGCHEN DUa,b,c aSchool of Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Linan, 311300, China bZhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Utilization of Forestry Biomass, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, 311300, China cPresent address: Weifang University of Science and Technology, Jinguang Street 1299, Shouguang, 262700, China e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] MS received 30 April 2014; revised 30 October 2014; accepted 27 January 2015 Abstract. The molecular and crystal structure of the adduct NF3·BF3 was studied computationally using density functional theory. It shows that the adduct exists in the form of a complex but is not ionic. The heats of formation in the gas and the condensed phase of the adduct are −1266.09 and −1276.37 kJ·mol−1, respectively, which indicates that it is stable under atmospheric conditions. The crystal form belongs to P 21/c space group. The calculated large band gap (Eg) of the crystal proves that it is stable. The conduction band (LUCO) is mainly contributed by the p orbital of N atom and the valence band (HOCO) from the p orbital of F atom. Keywords. Molecular; crystal; structure; property; theoretical study. 1. Introduction investigation even though there is limited information on the structure–property relationship, especially on the Molecular complexes containing boron trifluoride as a crystal structure of NF3 with BF3. -
Environmental Protection Agency § 117.3
Environmental Protection Agency § 117.3 (4) Applicability date. This paragraph TABLE 117.3—REPORTABLE QUANTITIES OF (i) is applicable beginning on February HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DESIGNATED PUR- 6, 2020. SUANT TO SECTION 311 OF THE CLEAN (j) Process waste water means any WATER ACT—Continued water which, during manufacturing or Cat- RQ in pounds processing, comes into direct contact Material egory (kilograms) with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate Ammonium benzoate ...................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Ammonium bicarbonate .................. D ...... 5,000 (2,270) product, finished product, byproduct, Ammonium bichromate ................... A ....... 10 (4.54) or waste product. Ammonium bifluoride ...................... B ....... 100 (45.4) Ammonium bisulfite ......................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) [44 FR 50776, Aug. 29, 1979, as amended at 58 Ammonium carbamate .................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) FR 45039, Aug. 25, 1993; 65 FR 30904, May 15, Ammonium carbonate ..................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) 2000; 80 FR 37112, June 29, 2015; 83 FR 5208, Ammonium chloride ........................ D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Feb. 6, 2018] Ammonium chromate ...................... A ....... 10 (4.54) Ammonium citrate dibasic ............... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Ammonium fluoborate ..................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) § 117.2 Abbreviations. Ammonium fluoride ......................... B ....... 100 (45.4) NPDES equals National Pollutant Ammonium hydroxide ..................... C -
1. Hydrogen Forms Compounds with Most Non-Metallic Elements and with Some Metals
PMT 1. Hydrogen forms compounds with most non-metallic elements and with some metals. (a) Calculate the empirical formula of the compound used in the manufacture of artificial rubber which has the following composition by mass. Hydrogen 11.1% Carbon 88.9% (3) (b) The boiling temperatures of hydrogen chloride and hydrogen iodide are: Hydrogen chloride ±85ºC Hydrogen iodide ±35ºC Explain why hydrogen iodide has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride. ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... ............................................................................................................................. ... (2) (c) Draw and explain the shapes of: (i) the PH3 molecule; .......................................................... ............................................................ ...................................................................................................................... (2) 1 PMT ± (ii) the AlH4 ion. ...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... (2) 3 (d) Calculate the number of molecules in 8.0 cm of gaseous phosphine, PH3, at room temperature and pressure. (The molar volume of -
The Strange Case of Dr. Petit and Mr. Dulong
The strange case of Dr. Petit and Mr. Dulong Roberto Piazza Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 - 20133 Milano Abstract Petit (DP) limiting law for the (vibrational) specific heat was one of Boltzmann’s great achievements. The Dulong-Petit limiting law for the specific heats On the other hand, evidence of the crushing failure of solids, one of the first general results in thermo- of the DP law at low temperatures, besides giving dynamics, has provided Mendeleev with a powerful support to Nernst’s Third Law of thermodynamics, tool for devising the periodic table and gave an im- motivated Einstein to introduce quantum concepts portant support to Boltzmann’s statistical mechan- in condensed matter physics and Debye to develop a ics. Even its failure at low temperature, accounted consistent vibrational theory of the heat capacity of for by Einstein, paved the way to the the quantum solids [2]. Even today, the study of the anomalous mechanical theory of solids. These impressive con- behavior of the specific heat close to a quantum sequences are even more surprising if we bear in critical point has granted the DP law a “second mind that, when this law was announced, thermal wind” [3]. phenomena were still explained using Lavoisier’s The accomplishment of Dulong and Petit is even concept of caloric and Dalton’s atomic theory was more remarkable when framed within the histori- in its infancy. Recently, however, bitter criticisms cal and geographical context in which it was ob- charging Dulong and Petit of ‘data fabrication’ and tained. -
BGA244 Binary Gas Analyzer User Manual
BGA244 Binary Gas Analyzer User Manual Revision 1.10 Certification Stanford Research Systems certifies that this product met its published specification at the time of shipment. Warranty This Stanford Research Systems product is warranted against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of shipment. Service For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a Stanford Research Systems authorized service facility. Contact Stanford Research Systems or an authorized representative for a RMA (Return Material Authorization) Number before returning this product for repair. These are available at www.thinksrs.com under Support, Repair/Calibration. All users returning a BGA244 back to the factory for repair and/or service must submit a correctly completed “Declaration of Contamination of Equipment” form, available as part of the RMA process. The SRS personnel carrying out repair and service of the BGA244 must be informed of the condition of the components prior to any work being performed. Warning All returns to SRS must be free of harmful, corrosive, radioactive or toxic materials. Dedication In memory of Jim Williams, 1948 - 2011: Legendary Author and Analog Design Guru Information in this document is subject to change without notice. Copyright © Stanford Research Systems, Inc., 2016-2018. All rights reserved. Stanford Research Systems, Inc. 1290-C Reamwood Avenue Sunnyvale, California 94089 Phone: (408) 744-9040 Fax: (408) 744-9049 Email: [email protected] www.thinksrs.com Printed in the -
United States Patent Office
United States Patent Office 3,330,620 Patented July 11, 1967 2 3,330,620 aqueous solution is used and this base is selected from METHOD FOR OXEDZNG AMMONUMSULFTE TO AMMONUMSULFATE the group consisting of pyridine, picolines, lutidines, col Angel Vian-Ortino and Vicente Martin-Municio, Madrid, lidines, quinoline, pyridic coal-tar bases, pyridic bases Spain, assignors to Empresa Auxiliar de la Industria, derived from petro-chemical processes, bases containing S.A., Madrid, Spain 5 pyridinic condensed rings and derivatives thereof. No Drawing. Fied Apr. 22, 1963, Ser. No. 274,806 The method of the present invention of converting am Claims priority, application Spain, Apr. 23, 1962, monium sulfite into ammonium sulfate may also be car 276,718 ried out by forming a dispersion of an organic, nitro 15 Claims. (C. 23-119) gen-containing base in an aqueous solution of ammonium 10 sulfate and ammonium sulfite, the organic base being in The present invention relates to a process for the soluble in the aqueous solution and being present in an quantitative oxidation of ammonium sulfite and, more amount equal to between 10% and 80% of the volume particularly, for the oxidation of ammonium sulfite which of the dispersion, passing air through the dispersion while has been formed by absorption of sulfur dioxide in aque the same is maintained at an elevated temperature of be ous ammonia solutions. Thus, the present invention is also 5 tween 40 and 140 C. and at an absolute pressure of be concerned with the recovery of sulfur dioxide from waste tween 1 and 11 atmospheres so as to substantially com gases in the form of ammonium sulfate. -
CFNP TAP Report for Urea January 2004 SUMMARY of TAP
CFNP TAP Report for Urea January 2004 SUMMARY OF TAP REVIEWERS’ ANALYSES1 Urea is being petitioned for use as an insect (fruit fly) attractant in sticky traps in order to prevent extensive damage to olive and fruit crops. Urea slowly and progressively breaks down to ammonia and carbon dioxide inside the sticky traps. Ammonia is a volatile compound that lures fruit flies into the sticky traps. The size and placement of the openings leading into the sticky traps are designed to favor the trapping of fruit flies with minimal trapping of other insects. Ammonium carbonate, a substance already approved for use as bait in insect traps, also breaks down to produce ammonia over an extended period of time. The petitioner is requesting that urea be permitted on the National List of synthetic substances allowed for use in organic crop production since its mode of action is similar to that of ammonium carbonate. All three reviewers concluded that urea, as petitioned, is a synthetic substance. Two of the reviewers recommended, without hesitation, that urea should be included on the National List. The other reviewer had concerns about allowing urea on the National List since it has not historically been allowed for use in organic crop production and since other acceptable substances are available for insect control. However, this reviewer also recommended that urea be allowed on the National List since it will only be used as an insect attractant in sticky traps. Synthetic or Non-synthetic? Allow without restrictions? Allow only with restrictions? (See reviewers’ comments for restrictions) Synthetic (3) Yes (3) Yes (0) Non-synthetic (0) No (0) No(0) IDENTIFICATION Common Name: Urea CAS Registry Number: 57-13-6 1 This Technical Advisory Panel (TAP) report was based upon the information available at the time this report was generated. -
Effects of Post-Manufacture Board Treatments on Formaldegyde Emission
Effects of post-manufacture board treatments on formaldehyde emission: a literature review (1960-1984) George E. Myers treatments. At present I suggest that impregnation of Abstract boards with aqueous solutions (Method 1) is likely to be This paper reviews the literature dealing with the the most reliable because it should permit the use of a many post-manufacture board treatments used to re large scavenger excess and also allow neutralization of duce formaldehyde emission from urea-formaldehyde board acidity to reduce resin hydrolysis. bonded boards. Such treatments have almost solely used one or more of five chemical or physical principles: 1) formaldehyde reaction with NH3, 2) formaldehyde reaction with oxygenated sulfur compounds, 3) formal This is the fifth in a planned series of six critical dehyde reaction with organic -NH functionality, 4) pH reviews of the literature on different aspects of the adjustment, and 5) physical barrier. I have categorized problem of formaldehyde emission from adhesively the available reports according to four primary board bonded wood products. The series was initiated at the treatment methods that use the five principles in differ Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., in response ent ways. The four primary treatment methods are: to a need expressed by industry representatives for an 1. Application of scavengers as solids or aqueous independent evaluation and summation of data from solutions. Ammonium bicarbonate and carbonate have diverse sources. The six aspects being reviewed concern been used as solid powders, while the solutions involved the effects of formaldehyde-to-urea mole ratio (F/U) a variety of ammonium salts, ammonium and alkali (48), ventilation rate and loading (49), temperature and metal salts with sulfur-containing anions, and urea and humidity (51), separate additions to wood furnish or other compounds having -NH functionality; veneer (52), post-manufacture treatments of boards, 2. -
WO 2013/089962 Al 20 June 2013 (20.06.2013) W P O P C T
(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2013/089962 Al 20 June 2013 (20.06.2013) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every B01J 31/04 (2006.01) B01J 31/18 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, B01J 31/14 (2006.01) B01J 31/22 (2006.01) AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, (21) Number: International Application DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, PCT/US20 12/065285 HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, (22) International Filing Date: KR, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, 15 November 2012 (15.1 1.2012) ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, (25) Filing Language: English RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, (26) Publication Language: English TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (30) Priority Data: 13/323,328 12 December 201 1 (12. 12.201 1) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): CHEV¬ GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, RON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL COMPANY LP UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, [US/US]; 10001 Six Pines Drive, The Woodlands, Texas TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, 77380 (US). -
Chemicals Found in Pool Water Can Be Derived from a Number of Sources
CHAPTER 4 CChemicalhemical hhazardsazards hemicals found in pool water can be derived from a number of sources: the source Cwater, deliberate additions such as disinfectants and the pool users themselves (see Figure 4.1). This chapter describes the routes of exposure to swimming pool chemi- cals, the chemicals typically found in pool water and their possible health effects. While there is clearly a need to ensure proper consideration of health and safety issues for operators and pool users in relation to the use and storage of swimming pool chemicals, this aspect is not covered in this volume. Chemicals in pool, hot tub and spa water Source water-derived: Bather-derived: Management-derived: disinfection by-products; urine; disinfectants; precursors sweat; pH correction chemicals; dirt; coagulants lotions (sunscreen, cosmetics, soap residues, etc.) Disinfection by-products: e.g. trihalomethanes; haloacetic acids; chlorate; nitrogen trichloride Figure 4.1. Possible pool water contaminants in swimming pools and similar environments 4.1 Exposure There are three main routes of exposure to chemicals in swimming pools and similar environments: • direct ingestion of water; • inhalation of volatile or aerosolized solutes; and • dermal contact and absorption through the skin. 60 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE RECREATIONAL WATER ENVIRONMENTS llayoutayout SSafeafe WWater.inddater.indd 8822 224.2.20064.2.2006 99:57:05:57:05 4.1.1 Ingestion The amount of water ingested by swimmers and pool users will depend upon a range of factors, including experience, age, skill and type of activity. The duration of ex- posure will vary signifi cantly in different circumstances, but for adults, extended ex- posure would be expected to be associated with greater skill (e.g. -
Orca Corrosion Chart
Unsaturated Polyester Vinylster (Epoxy Acrylate Resins) CHEMICAL Conc Resins NO ISO BIS Novolac Bromine ENVIRONMENT % 511/512 301 585 570 545/555 A 1 Acetaldehyde 20 NR 40 40 40 2 Acetic Acid 10 80 100 100 100 3 Acetic Acid 15 60 100 100 100 4 Acetic Acid 25 60 100 100 100 5 Acetic Acid 50 - 80 80 80 6 Acetic Acid 75 NR 65 65 65 7 Acetic Acid, Glacial 100 NR NR 40 NR 8 Acetic Anhydride 100 NR NR 40 NR 9 Acetone 10 NR NR 80 80 10 Acetone 100 NR NR NR NR 11 Acetonitrile 20 - 40 40 40 12 Acetyl Acetone 20 - 40 50 40 13 Acrolein (Acrylaldehyde) 20 - 40 40 40 14 Acrylamide 50 NR 40 40 40 15 Acrylic Acid 25 NR 40 40 40 16 Acrylic Latex All - 80 80 80 17 Acrylonitrile Latex Dispersion 2 NR 25 25 25 Activated Carbon Beds, Water 18 - 80 100 80 Treatment Adipic Acid(1.5g solution in 19 23 - 80 80 80 water at 25℃, sol in hot water) 20 ALAMINE amines - 65 80 65 21 Alkyl(C8-10) Dimethyl Amine 100 - 80 100 80 22 Alkyl(C8-10) Chloride All - 80 100 95 23 Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid 90 NR 50 50 50 Alkyl Tolyl Trimethyl 24 - - 40 50 40 Ammonium Chloride 25 Allyl Alcohol 100 NR NR 25 NR 26 Allyl Chloride All NR 25 25 25 27 Alpha Methylstyrene 100 NR 25 50 25 28 Alpha Oleum Sulfates 100 NR 50 50 50 29 Alum Sat'd 80 100 120 100 30 Aluminum Chloride Sat'd 80 100 120 100 31 Aluminum Chlorohydrate All - 100 100 100 32 Aluminum Chlorohydroxide 50 - 100 100 100 33 Aluminum Fluoride All - 25 25 25 34 Aluminum Hydroxide 100 80 80 95 80 35 Aluminum Nitrate All 80 100 100 100 36 Aluminum Potassium Sulfate Sat'd 80 100 120 100 37 Aluminum Sulfate Sat'd 80 100 120 100 -
List of Lists
United States Office of Solid Waste EPA 550-B-10-001 Environmental Protection and Emergency Response May 2010 Agency www.epa.gov/emergencies LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right- To-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act • EPCRA Section 302 Extremely Hazardous Substances • CERCLA Hazardous Substances • EPCRA Section 313 Toxic Chemicals • CAA 112(r) Regulated Chemicals For Accidental Release Prevention Office of Emergency Management This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................................................................................................ i List of Lists – Conslidated List of Chemicals (by CAS #) Subject to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air Act ................................................. 1 Appendix A: Alphabetical Listing of Consolidated List ..................................................................... A-1 Appendix B: Radionuclides Listed Under CERCLA .......................................................................... B-1 Appendix C: RCRA Waste Streams and Unlisted Hazardous Wastes................................................ C-1 This page intentionally left blank. LIST OF LISTS Consolidated List of Chemicals