Gases Measured by the BGA244
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Chapter 21 the Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Instructor Supplemental Solutions to Problems © 2010 Roberts and Company Publishers Chapter 21 The Chemistry of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Solutions to In-Text Problems 21.1 (b) (d) (e) (h) 21.2 (a) butanenitrile (common: butyronitrile) (c) isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate (common: isoamyl isovalerate) The isoamyl group is the same as an isopentyl or 3-methylbutyl group: (d) N,N-dimethylbenzamide 21.3 The E and Z conformations of N-acetylproline: 21.5 As shown by the data above the problem, a carboxylic acid has a higher boiling point than an ester because it can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds within its liquid state; hydrogen bonding does not occur in the ester. Consequently, pentanoic acid (valeric acid) has a higher boiling point than methyl butanoate. Here are the actual data: INSTRUCTOR SUPPLEMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS • CHAPTER 21 2 21.7 (a) The carbonyl absorption of the ester occurs at higher frequency, and only the carboxylic acid has the characteristic strong, broad O—H stretching absorption in 2400–3600 cm–1 region. (d) In N-methylpropanamide, the N-methyl group is a doublet at about d 3. N-Ethylacetamide has no doublet resonances. In N-methylpropanamide, the a-protons are a quartet near d 2.5. In N-ethylacetamide, the a- protons are a singlet at d 2. The NMR spectrum of N-methylpropanamide has no singlets. 21.9 (a) The first ester is more basic because its conjugate acid is stabilized not only by resonance interaction with the ester oxygen, but also by resonance interaction with the double bond; that is, the conjugate acid of the first ester has one more important resonance structure than the conjugate acid of the second. -
Analysis of Trace Hydrocarbon Impurities in 1,3-Butadiene Using Optimized Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT Columns by Rick Morehead, Jan Pijpelink, Jaap De Zeeuw, Tom Vezza
Petroleum & Petrochemical Applications Analysis of Trace Hydrocarbon Impurities in 1,3-Butadiene Using Optimized Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT Columns By Rick Morehead, Jan Pijpelink, Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza Abstract Identifying and quantifying trace impurities in 1,3-butadiene is critical in producing high quality synthetic rubber products. Stan- dard analytical methods employ alumina PLOT columns which yield good resolution for low molecular weight hydrocarbons, but suffer from irreproducibility and poor sensitivity for polar hydrocarbons. In this study, Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT columns were used to separate both common light polar contaminants, including methyl acetylene and propadiene, as well as 4-vinylcy- clohexene, which is a high molecular weight impurity that normally requires a second test on an alternative column. By using an extended temperature program that employs the full thermal range of the column, 4-vinylcyclohexene, as well as all of the typical low molecular weight impurities in 1,3-butadiene, can be analyzed in a single test. Introduction 1,3-butadiene is typically isolated from products of the naphtha steam cracking process. Prior to purification, 1,3-butadiene can be contaminated with significant amounts of isobutene as well as other C4 isomers. In addition to removing these C4 isomeric contaminants during purification, it is also important that 1,3-butadiene be free of propadiene and methyl acetylene, which can interfere with catalytic polymerization. Alumina PLOT columns are the most commonly used GC column for this application, but the determination of polar hydrocarbon impurities at trace levels can be quite challenging and is highly dependent on the deactiva- tion of the alumina surface. -
Transport of Dangerous Goods
ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Recommendations on the TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS Model Regulations Volume I Sixteenth revised edition UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2009 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ST/SG/AC.10/1/Rev.16 (Vol.I) Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may, for sales purposes, be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the United Nations. UNITED NATIONS Sales No. E.09.VIII.2 ISBN 978-92-1-139136-7 (complete set of two volumes) ISSN 1014-5753 Volumes I and II not to be sold separately FOREWORD The Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are addressed to governments and to the international organizations concerned with safety in the transport of dangerous goods. The first version, prepared by the United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, was published in 1956 (ST/ECA/43-E/CN.2/170). In response to developments in technology and the changing needs of users, they have been regularly amended and updated at succeeding sessions of the Committee of Experts pursuant to Resolution 645 G (XXIII) of 26 April 1957 of the Economic and Social Council and subsequent resolutions. -
Pdf 462.69 K
Journal of Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Technology Vol. 5, No. 1 , pp. 63 - 75 6 3 The Investigation of Purity Improvement for the Production of Methyl Propionate in Different Types of Batch Distillation Systems Dhia Y. Aqar * 1 , Hassan H. Al Alak 2 , N. Rahmanian 3 , I.M. Mujtaba 3 1 Ministry of Oil, South Refineries Company, Basra, Iraq 2 Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq 3 Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Received: January 06, 2018 Methyl propionate, also known as methyl propanoate, Accepted: September 08, 2018 is a clear colourless liquid with a characteristic odour (fruity smel l and taste). In this study , the formation of methyl propionate through the esterification o Keywords : propionic acid and methanol was inves tigated in the Methyl propionate reactive distillation system using a conventional (CBD), CBD single feed (SF - SBD), and double feed semi - batch SF - SBD distillatio n (DF - SBD) columns for the first time . The Double feed semi - batch distillation performances measure o f these distillation systems (DF - SBD) were evaluated in terms of min imum batch time for a given separation task. The optimization results clearly * Corresponding author: show ed that the DF - SBD system is a more attractive E - mail: : [email protected] operation in terms of reaction conversion, and maximum achievable purity as compared to the SF SBD, and CBD processes. 64 Dhia Y. Aqar et al. 1. Introduction Methyl propionate is a very important component which has useful applications in a variety of areas in the chemical industry such as solvents for cellulose nitrate, lacquers, plasticizers, chemical intermediates, fragrances, flavors, a raw material in organic synthesis for the production of varnishes, paints, and other chemical compound s such as methyl methacrylate [1] . -
Hydrocarbon Processing Overview
Hydrocarbon Processing Overview Hydrocarbon Processing – The Solutions Start Here Full Spectrum Product Line Other support comes from Praxair R&D, where teams of Today’s hydrocarbon processing industries (HPI) requires scientists are dedicated to the development of specialty high precision measurement, uniform stability, specialty gas products and services. mixes, and reference standards. Praxair’s Spectrum Reliable Production and Distribution products offer a wide range of certified mixes, industry Praxair possesses multiple ISO 9001:2000 certified plants reference standards, and high purity organics. The pro- with 5 specialty gas plants and North America’s largest gas duction of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, engine production facility working to provide the highest quality fuels, and ethane are analyzed to meet process feed and products, product availability, and meeting on time delivery salable product specifications. Spectrum gases and liquid requirements. With over 600 US locations, our distribution mixes are formulated to certifiable references and to meet network accompanied by our ability to supply custom standards for your low sulfur fuels and natural gases, vapor delivery solutions for packaged and bulk products allows pressure, LPG standards, and HVOC requirements. Praxair Praxair to offer packaged and bulk options that may help possesses an extensive portfolio of assayed chemicals to you increase your productivity. customize your requirements. A Complete Range of Gas Delivery Equipment Centers of Excellence Praxair’s offers a wide range of essential equipment to meet To effectively service North America, Praxair has three the demands of today’s hydrocarbon processing facility centers of excellence dedicated for hydrocarbons. These laboratories and process feed monitoring instrumentation centers are located in Geismar, Louisiana; Edmonton, gas delivery solutions. -
Bimetallic Catalyst Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid
materials Article Study on Rh(I)/Ru(III) Bimetallic Catalyst Catalyzed Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid Shasha Zhang 1, Wenxin Ji 1,2,*, Ning Feng 2, Liping Lan 1, Yuanyuan Li 1,2 and Yulong Ma 1,2 1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; [email protected] (S.Z.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 2 State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-135-1957-9989; Fax: +86-951-206-2323 Received: 13 July 2020; Accepted: 3 September 2020; Published: 11 September 2020 Abstract: In this study, a Rh(I)/Ru(III) catalyst with a bimetallic space structure was designed and synthesized. The interaction between the metals of the bimetallic catalyst and the structure of the bridged dimer can effectively reduce the steric hindrance effect and help speed up the reaction rate while ensuring the stability of the catalyst. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results show that rhodium accepts electrons from chlorine, thereby increasing the electron-rich nature of rhodium and improving the catalytic activity. This promotes the nucleophilic reaction of the catalyst with methyl iodide and reduces the reaction energy barrier. The methanol carbonylation performance of the Rh/Ru catalyst was evaluated, and the results show that the conversion rate of methyl acetate and the yield of acetic acid are 96.0% under certain conditions. Furthermore, during the catalysis, no precipitate is formed and the amount of water is greatly reduced. -
Next Generation PLOT Alumina Technology for Accurate Measurement of Trace Polar Hydrocarbons in Hydrocarbon Streams
Next generation PLOT alumina technology for accurate measurement of trace polar hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon streams Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza, Bill Bromps, Rick Morehead and Gary Stidsen Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, USA 1 Next generation PLOT alumina technology for accurate measurement of trace polar hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon streams Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza, Bill Bromps, Rick More head and Gary Stidsen Restek Corporation Summary In light hydrocarbon analysis, the separation and detection of traces of polar hydrocarbons like acetylene, propadiene and methyl acetylene is very important. Using commercial alumina columns with KCl or Na2SO4 deactivation, often results in low response of polar hydrocarbons. Additionally, challenges are observed in response-in time stability. Solutions have been proposed to maximize response for components like methyl acetylene and propadiene, using alumina columns that were specially deactivated. Operating such columns showed still several challenges: Due to different deactivations, the retention and loadability of such alumina columns has been drastically reduced. A new Alumina deactivation technology was developed that combined the high response for polar hydrocarbon with maintaining the loadability. This allows the high response for components like methyl acetylene, acetylene and propadiene, also to be used for impurity analysis as well as TCD type applications. Such columns also showed excellent stability of response in time, which was superior then existing solutions. Additionally, it was observed that such alumina columns could be used up to 250 C, extending the Tmax by 50C. This allows higher hydrocarbon elution, faster stabilization and also widens application scope of any GC where multiple columns are used. In this poster the data is presented showing the improvements made in this important application field. -
United States Patent Office Patiented Jan.5, 1963 2 Evaporation of the Solvent, to Leave Behind a Thin, De 3,073,794 Posited Film of the Polymer
3,073,794 United States Patent Office Patiented Jan.5, 1963 2 evaporation of the solvent, to leave behind a thin, de 3,073,794 posited film of the polymer. Basically, a suitable poly SPRAYABLE, ANHYDROUS SOLUTION OF -V. mer is a “1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone polymer" and this is the NYL-2-PYRERODONE POLYMER IN CHELOR principal component. However, the term is also defined FLUORO HYDRO CARBON PROPELLANT George G. Stoner, Easton, Pa., assignor to General herewith to include not only the homopolymers but also a Aniline & Film Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corpor wide range of heteropolymers, copolymers, interpolymers, ration of Delaware terpolymers (three-component polymers) and, in general, No Drawing. Fied May 22, 1959, Ser. No. 814,999 polymers in which vinylpyrrollidone is either the sole com 6 (Cais. (CE. 260-33.8) ponent, a major component or a substantial component. O In the latter two instances the vinylpyrrollidone is copolym This invention relates to film-forming compositions, erized with such substances as vinyl acetate, isopropenyl and relates more particularly to sprayable film-forming acetate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl oleate, vinyl compositions which are non-flammable and non-alcoholic benzoate, and other vinyl and isopropenyl esters; vinyl and which are eminently suitable for therapeutic pur chloride, 2-chloropropene, and other vinyl and isopropenyl poses. 5 halides; methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, isopropyl This application is a continuation-in-part of my ap vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, 2-ethoxyethyl vinyl ether, plication Serial No. 580,443, filed April 25, 1956 and now phenyl vinyl ether and other vinyl ethers; acrylic acid and abandoned. -
Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology : a Guidebook
USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A Guidebook USE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN HYDROLOGY A GUIDEBOOK 2005 Edition The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PANAMA ALBANIA GUATEMALA PARAGUAY ALGERIA HAITI PERU ANGOLA HOLY SEE PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HONDURAS POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOLIVIA ITALY SEYCHELLES BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOTSWANA JAPAN BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHAD LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE OF THE CONGO MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DENMARK MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND ECUADOR MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EGYPT MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC EL SALVADOR MOROCCO ERITREA MYANMAR OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NAMIBIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS URUGUAY FINLAND NEW ZEALAND UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NICARAGUA VENEZUELA GABON NIGER VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGERIA YEMEN GERMANY NORWAY ZAMBIA GHANA PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. -
PAPERS READ BEFORE the CHEMICAL SOCIETY. XXII1.-On
View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue 773 PAPERS READ BEFORE THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY. XXII1.-On Tetrabromide of Carbon. No. II. By THOMASBOLAS and CHARLESE. GROVES. IN a former paper* we described several methods for the preparation of the hitherto unknown tetrabromide of carbon, and in the present communication we desire to lay before the Society the results of our more recent experiments. In addition to those methods of obtaining the carbon tetrabromide, which we have already published, the fol- lowing are of interest, either from a theoretical point of view, or as affording advantageous means for the preparation of that substance. Action of Bromine on Carbon Disulphide. Our former statement that? bromine had no action on carbon disul- phide requires some modification, as we find that when it is heated to 180" or 200" for several hundred hours with bromine free from both chlorine and iodine, and the contents of the tubes are neutralised and distilled in the usual way, a liquid is obtained, which consists almost entirely of unaltered carbon disulphide ; but when this is allowed to evaporate spontaneously, a small quantity of a crystalline substance is left, which has the appearance and properties of carbon tetrabromide. The length of time required for this reaction, and the very small relative amount of substance obtained, would, however, render this Published on 01 January 1871. Downloaded by Brown University 25/10/2014 10:39:25. quite inapplicable as a process for the preparation of the tetra- bromide. Action of Bromine on Carbon Disdphide in, presence of Certain Bromides. -
"Fluorine Compounds, Organic," In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of
Article No : a11_349 Fluorine Compounds, Organic GU¨ NTER SIEGEMUND, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany WERNER SCHWERTFEGER, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany ANDREW FEIRING, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States BRUCE SMART, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States FRED BEHR, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States HERWARD VOGEL, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States BLAINE MCKUSICK, E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware, United States 1. Introduction....................... 444 8. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids and 2. Production Processes ................ 445 Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 470 2.1. Substitution of Hydrogen............. 445 8.1. Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids ......... 470 2.2. Halogen – Fluorine Exchange ......... 446 8.1.1. Fluorinated Acetic Acids .............. 470 2.3. Synthesis from Fluorinated Synthons ... 447 8.1.2. Long-Chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids .... 470 2.4. Addition of Hydrogen Fluoride to 8.1.3. Fluorinated Dicarboxylic Acids ......... 472 Unsaturated Bonds ................. 447 8.1.4. Tetrafluoroethylene – Perfluorovinyl Ether 2.5. Miscellaneous Methods .............. 447 Copolymers with Carboxylic Acid Groups . 472 2.6. Purification and Analysis ............. 447 8.2. Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids ...... 472 3. Fluorinated Alkanes................. 448 8.2.1. Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids -
Fast Facts from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2019
Fast Facts 1990–2019 National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory 7% 3% 10% U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse U.S. Emissions in 2019* Nitrous Oxide (N O) Fluorinated Gases 2 80% Methane (CH4) Carbon Dioxide (CO ) 29% 2 23% 7% 10% 6% 25% Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Emissions U.S. Total Sector Economic in 2019* by Transportation Electricity Industry Agriculture Commercial Residential 2019 Total Emissions 2018–2019 Change 1990–2019 Change million metric tons of CO equivalent 6,558 2 -1.7% total emissions 1.8% total emissions CO emissions from CO removals by forests 2 2 CO emissions CO emissions fossil fuel combustion: and other lands: -2.2% 2 2.8% 2 CO emissions from fossil CO emissions from fossil 74.1% 12.4% 2 2 of total emissions of total emissions -2.7% fuel combustion 2.6% fuel combustion U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions * Percentages may not add to 100% due to independent rounding and the way the inventory qualifies U.S. territories (not shown) as a separate sector. Emissions from Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry are reported separately and not shown in the figure. To learn more about the inventory, visit www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks, April 2021 or explore the data at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ghgdata/inventoryexplorer. EPA 430-F-21-011 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT CO2 Equivalents) by Gas Gas/Source* 1990 2005 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 CO 6,134.5 5,371.8 5,248.0 5,207.8 5,375.5 5,255.8 HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 Nitrous Oxide 2 5,113.5 8,000 Methane Carbon Dioxide Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,731.5 5,753.5 5,008.3 4,911.5 4,854.5 4,991.4 4,856.7 7,000 Transportation 1,469.1 1,858.6 1,719.2 1,759.9 1,782.4 1,816.6 1,817.2 6,000 Electric Power Sector 1,820.0 2,400.1 1,900.6 1,808.9 1,732.0 1,752.9 1,606.0 Eq.