Fast Facts 1990–2019 National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory

7% 3% 10% U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse U.S. Emissions in 2019* Nitrous Oxide (N O) Fluorinated Gases 2 80% Methane (CH4)

Carbon Dioxide (CO ) 29% 2

23% 7% 10% 6% 25% Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Emissions U.S. Total Sector Economic in 2019* by Transportation Electricity Industry Agriculture Commercial Residential

2019 Total Emissions 2018–2019 Change 1990–2019 Change

million metric tons of CO equivalent 6,558 2 -1.7% total emissions 1.8% total emissions CO emissions from CO removals by forests 2 2 CO emissions CO emissions fossil fuel combustion: and other lands: -2.2% 2 2.8% 2 CO emissions from fossil CO emissions from fossil 74.1% 12.4% 2 2 of total emissions of total emissions -2.7% fuel combustion 2.6% fuel combustion U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

* Percentages may not add to 100% due to independent rounding and the way the inventory qualifies U.S. territories (not shown) as a separate sector. Emissions from Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry are reported separately and not shown in the figure.

To learn more about the inventory, visit www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks, April 2021 or explore the data at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ghgdata/inventoryexplorer. EPA 430-F-21-011 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT CO2 Equivalents) by Gas Gas/Source* 1990 2005 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 CO 6,134.5 5,371.8 5,248.0 5,207.8 5,375.5 5,255.8 HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 Nitrous Oxide 2 5,113.5 8,000 Methane Carbon Dioxide Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,731.5 5,753.5 5,008.3 4,911.5 4,854.5 4,991.4 4,856.7 7,000 Transportation 1,469.1 1,858.6 1,719.2 1,759.9 1,782.4 1,816.6 1,817.2 6,000 Electric Power Sector 1,820.0 2,400.1 1,900.6 1,808.9 1,732.0 1,752.9 1,606.0 Eq. 2

O 5,000 Industrial 853.8 852.9 797.3 792.5 790.1 813.6 822.5 C 4,000 Residential 338.6 358.9 317.3 292.8 293.4 338.1 336.8

MMT 3,000 Commercial 228.3 227.1 244.6 231.6 232.0 245.7 249.7 2,000 U.S. Territories 21.7 55.9 29.2 26.0 24.6 24.6 24.6 1,000 Non-Energy Use of Fuels 112.8 129.1 108.5 99.8 113.5 129.7 128.8 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Petroleum Systems 9.7 12.1 32.4 21.8 25.0 37.1 47.3 Iron and Steel Production & Metallurgical Coke Production 104.7 70.1 47.9 43.6 40.6 42.6 41.3 Cement Production 33.5 46.2 39.9 39.4 40.3 39.0 40.9 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions/Sinks Natural Gas Systems 32.0 25.2 29.1 30.1 31.2 33.9 37.2 by Chapter/IPCC Sector Petrochemical Production 21.6 27.4 28.1 28.3 28.9 29.3 30.8 Ammonia Production 13.0 9.2 10.6 10.2 11.1 12.2 12.3 Waste Industrial Processes Agriculture Lime Production 11.7 14.6 13.3 12.6 12.9 13.1 12.1 Energy Land Use, Land-Use Change, Incineration of Waste 8.1 12.7 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 and Forestry (sinks) 8,000 Other Process Uses of Carbonates 6.3 7.6 12.2 11.0 9.9 7.5 7.5 7,000 Urea Consumption for Non-Agricultural Purposes 3.8 3.7 4.6 5.1 5.0 5.9 6.2 6,000

Eq. Urea Fertilization 2.4 3.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 2

O 5,000

C Carbon Dioxide Consumption 1.5 1.4 4.9 4.6 4.6 4.1 4.9 4,000 Liming 4.7 4.3 3.7 3.1 3.1 2.2 2.4

MMT 3,000 Aluminum Production 6.8 4.1 2.8 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.9 2,000 1,000 Soda Ash Production 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8 0 Ferroalloy Production 2.2 1.4 2.0 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.6 -1,000 Titanium Dioxide Production 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.5 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Glass Production 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 Zinc Production 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 Phosphoric Acid Production 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9

2019 U.S. CO2 Emissions Lead Production 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 from Fossil Fuel Combustion by Carbide Production and Consumption 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Fuel Type and End-Use Sector Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumptiona 219.4 230.7 317.7 316.6 312.3 319.6 316.2 b Petroleum Natural Gas Coal International Bunker Fuels 103.5 113.2 110.9 116.6 120.1 122.1 116.1 c CH4 776.9 686.1 651.5 642.4 648.4 655.9 659.7 Relative Contribution 2,000 1,817 by Fuel Type Enteric Fermentation 164.7 169.3 166.9 172.2 175.8 178.0 178.6 1,600 1,606 Natural Gas Systems 186.9 164.2 149.8 147.3 148.7 152.5 157.6 Eq.

2 1,200 O 822 Landfills 176.6 131.4 111.4 108.0 109.4 112.1 114.5 C 800 Manure Management 37.1 51.6 57.9 59.6 59.9 61.7 62.4 337 MMT 400 250 Coal Mining 96.5 64.1 61.2 53.8 54.8 52.7 47.4 0 25 Petroleum Systems 48.9 39.5 41.5 39.2 39.3 37.3 39.1

Industrial Electricity Wastewater Treatment 20.2 20.1 18.8 18.7 18.5 18.4 18.4 Commercial Residential Generation Transportation U.S. Territories Rice Cultivation 16.0 18.0 16.2 15.8 14.9 15.6 15.1

Note: Electricity generation also includes emissions of less than 0.5 Tg CO2 Eq. from Stationary Combustion 8.6 7.8 8.5 7.9 7.6 8.5 8.7 geothermal-based electricity generation. Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells 6.8 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.3 6.6 Abandoned Underground Coal Mines 7.2 6.6 6.4 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.9

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mobile Combustion 6.4 4.0 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.4 Allocated to Economic Sectors Composting 0.4 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.3

Residential Commercial Agriculture Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Industry Electric Power Industry Transportation Petrochemical Production 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 8,000 Anaerobic Digestion at Biogas Facilities + 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7,000 International Bunker Fuelsb 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6,000 c

Eq. N2O 452.7 455.8 468.2 450.8 446.3 459.2 457.1 2

O 5,000

C Agricultural Soil Management 315.9 313.4 348.5 330.1 327.6 338.2 344.6 4,000 Wastewater Treatment 18.7 23.0 25.4 25.9 26.4 26.1 26.4

MMT 3,000 2,000 Stationary Combustion 25.1 34.4 30.5 30.0 28.4 28.2 24.9 1,000 Manure Management 14.0 16.4 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.4 19.6 0 Mobile Combustion 44.7 41.6 21.7 20.8 19.8 18.8 18.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Nitric Acid Production 12.1 11.3 11.6 10.1 9.3 9.6 10.0 Note: Does not include U.S. territories and LULUCF sector. Adipic Acid Production 15.2 7.1 4.3 7.0 7.4 10.3 5.3

N2O from Product Uses 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Composting 0.3 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 with Electricity Distributed to Economic Sectors Caprolactam, Glyoxal, and Glyoxylic Acid Production 1.7 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 Incineration of Waste 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Agriculture Residential Commercial Electronics Industry + 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 Transportation Industry Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 8,000 b 7,000 International Bunker Fuels 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0

6,000 HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 99.7 146.6 179.6 179.1 180.9 180.8 185.7 Eq. 2

O 5,000 HFCs 46.5 127.5 168.3 168.1 170.3 169.8 174.6 C 4,000 Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances 0.2 107.3 163.6 164.9 164.7 166.0 170.5

MMT 3,000 HCFC-22 Production 46.1 20.0 4.3 2.8 5.2 3.3 3.7 2,000 Electronics Industry 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 1,000 0 Magnesium Production and Processing + + 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 PFCs 24.3 6.7 5.2 4.4 4.1 4.7 4.5 Electronics Industry 2.8 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.7 Note: Does not include U.S. territories and LULUCF sector. Aluminum Production 21.5 3.4 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.6 1.8 Substitution of Ozone Depleting Substances + + + + + 0.1 0.1

* Additional sources that do not exceed 0.05 MMT CO2 Eq. in all listed years: SF6 28.8 11.8 5.5 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.9 CO2: Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells, Magnesium Production and Processing, Carbon Electrical Transmission and Distribution 23.2 8.4 3.8 4.1 4.2 3.9 4.2 Capture and Storage. Magnesium Production and Processing 5.2 2.7 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.9 CH4: Carbide Production and Consumption, Iron and Steel Production and Metallurgical Coke Production, Ferroalloy Production, Incineration of Waste. Electronics Industry 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 N2O: Natural Gas Systems, Petroleum Systems NF3 + 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Unspecified Mix of HFCs and PFCs: Electronics Industry. Electronics Industry + 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 + Does not exceed 0.05 MMT CO2 Eq. a Emissions from Wood Biomass, Ethanol, and Biodiesel Consumption are not included Total Emissionsd 6,442.7 7,423.0 6,671.1 6,520.3 6,483.3 6,671.4 6,558.3 specifically in summing energy sector totals. Net carbon fluxes from changes in biogenic carbon reservoirs are accounted for in the estimates for land use, land-use LULUCF Emissions 7.9 16.8 27.8 13.2 26.0 23.4 23.5

change, and forestry. LULUCF CH4 Emissions 5.0 9.3 16.6 7.7 15.3 13.8 13.8 b Emissions from international bunker fuels are not included in totals. LULUCF N2O Emissions 3.0 7.5 11.3 5.5 10.6 9.7 9.7 c LULUCF Carbon Stock Change (908.7) (804.8) (791.7) (856.0) (792.0) (824.9) (812.7) LULUCF emissions of CH4 and N2O are reported separately from gross emissions totals. d Total gross emissions exclude the land use, land-use change, and forestry category. LULUCF Sector Net Total (900.8) (788.1) (763.8) (842.8) (766.1) (801.4) (789.2) Net emissions include this category. Net Emissions (Sources and Sinks) 5,541.9 6,635.0 5,907.3 5,677.5 5,717.2 5,870.0 5,769.1 Note: Totals may not sum due to independent rounding. Global Warming Potentials (100-Year Time Horizon) Carbon Information

Global warming potential (GWP) is defined as Conversion Factors to Energy Units and Carbon Contents by Fuel Type Gas* GWP the cumulative radiative forcing effects of a gas The values in this table provide conversion factors from physical units to energy equivalent units and from energy units to carbon contents. CO 1 over a specified time horizon resulting from These factors can be used as default factors, if local data are not available. 2 the emission of a unit mass of gas relative to a CH 25 4 reference gas. The GWP-weighted emissions of Carbon (C) Content Carbon Dioxide (CO ) Fuel Type Heat Content 2 direct greenhouse gases in the U.S. Inventory Coefficients per Physical Unit N2O 298 are presented in terms of equivalent emissions HFC-23 14,800 Solid Fuels Million Btu/Metric Ton kg C/Million Btu kg CO2/Metric Ton of carbon dioxide (CO ), using units of million 2 Anthracite Coal 24.88 28.28 2,579.9 HFC-32 675 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MMT CO Eq.). Bituminous Coal 26.33 25.41 2,453.2 HFC-43-10mee 1,640 2 Sub-bituminous Coal 18.89 26.49 1,834.8 HFC-125 3,500 Conversion: Lignite 14.19 26.75 1,391.8 6 9 HFC-134a 1,430 1 million metric tons = 10 metric tons = 10 kg. Coking Coal 31.56 25.59 2,961.3 The molecular weight of carbon is 12, and the Gas Fuels Btu/Cubic Foot kg C/Million Btu kg CO /Cubic Foot HFC-143a 4,470 molecular weight of oxygen is 16; therefore, the 2 Natural Gas 1,038 14.43 0.0549 HFC-152a 124 molecular weight of CO is 44 (i.e., 12 + [16 × 2 Liquid Fuels Million Btu/Petroleum Barrel kg C/Million Btu kg CO /Petroleum Barrel 2]), as compared to 12 for carbon alone. Thus, 2 HFC-227ea 3,220 the weight ratio of carbon to carbon dioxide is Motor Gasoline 5.05 19.27 356.8 HFC-236fa 9,810 12/44. Distillate Fuel Oil 5.83 20.22 432.2 CF 7,390 Residual Fuel Oil 6.29 20.48 472.3 4 Conversion from gigagrams of gas to million Jet Fuel 5.67 19.70 409.6 C2F6 12,200 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents: Aviation Gasoline 5.05 18.86 349.2 C F 8,830 3 8 Gg MMT HGL 3.89 17.47 249.2 C F 8,860 MMT CO Eq. = × (GWP) × 4 10 2 (of gas ) (1,000 Gg ) Kerosene 5.67 19.96 415.0

c-C4F8 10,300 Still Gas 6.29 18.20 419.8 Source: Petroleum Coke 6.13 27.85 626.0 C5F12 9,160 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007) Pentanes Plus 4.64 18.24 310.3 C6F14 9,300 * See Annex 6 of EPA's Inventory report for Propane 3.84 17.15 241.5 SF 22,800 6 information about the full list of gases in the NF 17,200 Inventory. Note: For fuels with variable heat contents and carbon content coefficients, this table presents 2019 U.S. average values. All factors are presented in gross 3 calorific values (GCV) (i.e., higher heating values). HGL=hydrocarbon gas liquids.

Energy Units Unit Conversions

1 pound = 0.454 kilograms = 16 ounces Btu British thermal unit 1 Btu 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds = 35.27 ounces MBtu Thousand Btu 1 × 103 Btu 1 short ton = 0.9072 metric tons = 2,000 pounds 1 cubic foot = 0.02832 cubic meters = 28.3168 liters MMBtu Million Btu 1 × 106 Btu 1 cubic meter = 35.315 cubic feet = 1,000 liters BBtu Billion Btu 1 × 109 Btu 1 U.S. gallon = 3.78541 liters = 0.03175 barrels = 0.02381 barrels petroleum 1 liter = 0.2642 U.S. gallons = 0.0084 barrels = 0.0063 barrels petroleum TBtu Trillion Btu 1 × 1012 Btu 1 barrel = 31.5 U.S. gallons = 119 liters = 0.75 barrels petroleum QBtu Quadrillion Btu 1 × 1015 Btu 1 barrel petroleum = 42 U.S. gallons = 159 liters 1 mile = 1.609 kilometers = 5,280 feet 1 kilometer = 0.6214 miles = 3,280.84 feet 1 square mile = 2.590 square kilometers = 640 acres For more information on calculating CO2 emissions per kWh, download eGRID data at www.epa.gov/energy/egrid. 1 square kilometer = 0.386 square miles = 100 hectares For other related information, see www.epa.gov/ghgemissions and 1 acre = 43,560 square feet = 0.4047 hectares = 4,047 square meters https://unfccc.int.