LIST of GASES 1) Gases A)
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Analysis of Trace Hydrocarbon Impurities in 1,3-Butadiene Using Optimized Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT Columns by Rick Morehead, Jan Pijpelink, Jaap De Zeeuw, Tom Vezza
Petroleum & Petrochemical Applications Analysis of Trace Hydrocarbon Impurities in 1,3-Butadiene Using Optimized Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT Columns By Rick Morehead, Jan Pijpelink, Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza Abstract Identifying and quantifying trace impurities in 1,3-butadiene is critical in producing high quality synthetic rubber products. Stan- dard analytical methods employ alumina PLOT columns which yield good resolution for low molecular weight hydrocarbons, but suffer from irreproducibility and poor sensitivity for polar hydrocarbons. In this study, Rt®-Alumina BOND/MAPD PLOT columns were used to separate both common light polar contaminants, including methyl acetylene and propadiene, as well as 4-vinylcy- clohexene, which is a high molecular weight impurity that normally requires a second test on an alternative column. By using an extended temperature program that employs the full thermal range of the column, 4-vinylcyclohexene, as well as all of the typical low molecular weight impurities in 1,3-butadiene, can be analyzed in a single test. Introduction 1,3-butadiene is typically isolated from products of the naphtha steam cracking process. Prior to purification, 1,3-butadiene can be contaminated with significant amounts of isobutene as well as other C4 isomers. In addition to removing these C4 isomeric contaminants during purification, it is also important that 1,3-butadiene be free of propadiene and methyl acetylene, which can interfere with catalytic polymerization. Alumina PLOT columns are the most commonly used GC column for this application, but the determination of polar hydrocarbon impurities at trace levels can be quite challenging and is highly dependent on the deactiva- tion of the alumina surface. -
Next Generation PLOT Alumina Technology for Accurate Measurement of Trace Polar Hydrocarbons in Hydrocarbon Streams
Next generation PLOT alumina technology for accurate measurement of trace polar hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon streams Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza, Bill Bromps, Rick Morehead and Gary Stidsen Restek Corporation, Bellefonte, USA 1 Next generation PLOT alumina technology for accurate measurement of trace polar hydrocarbons in hydrocarbon streams Jaap de Zeeuw, Tom Vezza, Bill Bromps, Rick More head and Gary Stidsen Restek Corporation Summary In light hydrocarbon analysis, the separation and detection of traces of polar hydrocarbons like acetylene, propadiene and methyl acetylene is very important. Using commercial alumina columns with KCl or Na2SO4 deactivation, often results in low response of polar hydrocarbons. Additionally, challenges are observed in response-in time stability. Solutions have been proposed to maximize response for components like methyl acetylene and propadiene, using alumina columns that were specially deactivated. Operating such columns showed still several challenges: Due to different deactivations, the retention and loadability of such alumina columns has been drastically reduced. A new Alumina deactivation technology was developed that combined the high response for polar hydrocarbon with maintaining the loadability. This allows the high response for components like methyl acetylene, acetylene and propadiene, also to be used for impurity analysis as well as TCD type applications. Such columns also showed excellent stability of response in time, which was superior then existing solutions. Additionally, it was observed that such alumina columns could be used up to 250 C, extending the Tmax by 50C. This allows higher hydrocarbon elution, faster stabilization and also widens application scope of any GC where multiple columns are used. In this poster the data is presented showing the improvements made in this important application field. -
BENZENE Disclaimer
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-98-011 Environmental Protection Planning And Standards June 1998 Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 AIR EPA LOCATING AND ESTIMATING AIR EMISSIONS FROM SOURCES OF BENZENE Disclaimer This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation of use. EPA-454/R-98-011 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page LIST OF TABLES.....................................................x LIST OF FIGURES.................................................. xvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................xx 1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT .......................................... 1-1 2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS.............................. 2-1 3.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...................................... 3-1 3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT..................................... 3-1 3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION AND USE ......................... 3-4 3.3 OVERVIEW OF EMISSIONS.................................... 3-8 4.0 EMISSIONS FROM BENZENE PRODUCTION ........................... 4-1 4.1 CATALYTIC REFORMING/SEPARATION PROCESS................ 4-7 4.1.1 Process Description for Catalytic Reforming/Separation........... 4-7 4.1.2 Benzene Emissions from Catalytic Reforming/Separation .......... 4-9 4.2 TOLUENE DEALKYLATION AND TOLUENE DISPROPORTIONATION PROCESS ............................ 4-11 4.2.1 Toluene Dealkylation -
Fast Facts from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2019
Fast Facts 1990–2019 National-Level U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory 7% 3% 10% U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse U.S. Emissions in 2019* Nitrous Oxide (N O) Fluorinated Gases 2 80% Methane (CH4) Carbon Dioxide (CO ) 29% 2 23% 7% 10% 6% 25% Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse Emissions U.S. Total Sector Economic in 2019* by Transportation Electricity Industry Agriculture Commercial Residential 2019 Total Emissions 2018–2019 Change 1990–2019 Change million metric tons of CO equivalent 6,558 2 -1.7% total emissions 1.8% total emissions CO emissions from CO removals by forests 2 2 CO emissions CO emissions fossil fuel combustion: and other lands: -2.2% 2 2.8% 2 CO emissions from fossil CO emissions from fossil 74.1% 12.4% 2 2 of total emissions of total emissions -2.7% fuel combustion 2.6% fuel combustion U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions * Percentages may not add to 100% due to independent rounding and the way the inventory qualifies U.S. territories (not shown) as a separate sector. Emissions from Land-Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry are reported separately and not shown in the figure. To learn more about the inventory, visit www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks, April 2021 or explore the data at https://cfpub.epa.gov/ghgdata/inventoryexplorer. EPA 430-F-21-011 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (MMT CO2 Equivalents) by Gas Gas/Source* 1990 2005 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 CO 6,134.5 5,371.8 5,248.0 5,207.8 5,375.5 5,255.8 HFCs, PFCs, SF6, and NF3 Nitrous Oxide 2 5,113.5 8,000 Methane Carbon Dioxide Fossil Fuel Combustion 4,731.5 5,753.5 5,008.3 4,911.5 4,854.5 4,991.4 4,856.7 7,000 Transportation 1,469.1 1,858.6 1,719.2 1,759.9 1,782.4 1,816.6 1,817.2 6,000 Electric Power Sector 1,820.0 2,400.1 1,900.6 1,808.9 1,732.0 1,752.9 1,606.0 Eq. -
Supplement of Compilation and Evaluation of Gas Phase Diffusion Coefficients of Reactive Trace Gases in the Atmosphere
Supplement of Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 5585–5598, 2015 http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/5585/2015/ doi:10.5194/acp-15-5585-2015-supplement © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Supplement of Compilation and evaluation of gas phase diffusion coefficients of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere: Volume 2. Diffusivities of organic compounds, pressure-normalised mean free paths, and average Knudsen numbers for gas uptake calculations M. J. Tang et al. Correspondence to: M. J. Tang ([email protected]) and M. Kalberer ([email protected]) The copyright of individual parts of the supplement might differ from the CC-BY 3.0 licence. Table of Contents 1 Alkanes and cycloalkanes ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 CH 4 (methane), C 2H6 (ethane), and C 3H8 (propane) ............................................. 1 1.2 C 4H10 (butane, methyl propane) ............................................................................ 3 1.3 C 5H12 (n-pentane, methyl butane, dimethyl butane) ............................................. 5 1.4 C 6H14 (n-hexane, 2,3-dimethyl butane) ................................................................ 7 1.5 C 7H16 (n-heptane, 2,4-dimethyl pentane).............................................................. 9 1.6 C 8H18 (n-octane, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) .......................................................... 11 1.7 C 9H20 (n-nonane), C 10 H22 (n-decane, 2,3,3-trimethyl heptane) and C 12 H26 (n- dodecane) ................................................................................................................. -
ETHYLENE PLANT ENHANCEMENT (April 2001)
Abstract Process Economics Program Report 29G ETHYLENE PLANT ENHANCEMENT (April 2001) The prospects for ethylene demand remain strong but much of the future increase in production capacity may come from incremental enhancement of existing plants, rather than from new “grass-roots” production facilities. Steam cracking for ethylene originated as early as the 1920s and was commercialized in the 1950s. The importance of ethylene continues to drive research and development of this technology along with the exploration of nonconventional technologies in order to achieve higher yields of olefins and lower capital and operating costs. However, as recently discussed in PEP Report 29F, Ethylene by Nonconventional Processes (August 1998), it is unlikely nonconventional processes will replace steam cracking for ethylene production in the foreseeable future. This study examines potential improvements in conventional steam cracker operations with emphasis on improving the competitive edge of existing plants. Ethane, LPG and naphtha are the dominant steam cracker feedstocks. Natural gas condensate is abundant in North America and the Middle East while naphtha is commonly used in Asia and Europe. Since the 1970s many new ethylene plants have been built with feedstock flexibility. In PEP Report 220, Ethylene Feedstock Outlook (May 1999), SRIC currently projects that generally ethylene feedstocks supply will be adequate over the next decade even considering that the demand for ethylene is increasing twice as fast as petroleum refining (4- 5%/year versus 2%/year). Significant technological developments exist for all sections of the ethylene steam cracker that could be implemented in plant revamps. Examples include new large capacity yet compact and efficient furnaces; coke inhibition technology; larger, more efficient compressors; fractionation schemes; mixed refrigerants; and advance control and optimization systems. -
SENSIT® GOLD Helps Find the Source of Combustible Gases Fast!
SENSITSENSIT®® GOLDGOLD helpshelps findfind thethe sourcesource ofof combustiblecombustible gasesgases fast!fast! Innovative Detection Solutions MADE IN USA www.gasleaksensors.com SENSIT® GOLD VERsatile multiPLE GAS DeteCtion InstRUMENT SENSIT® GOLD is designed to provide personal protection from potentially hazardous conditions and help find the source of combustible gases fast! Whether you need an investigation tool or a confined space monitor, you can depend on the SENSIT® GOLD to provide the safety and accuracy you need. Displays Up To 4 Gases GOLD Standard Features • LEL (PPM Optional) • Internal Pump • Oxygen • Water/Dust Filter • Carbon Monoxide • Push Button Operation • Hydrogen Sulfide • Field Calibration • Hydrogen Cyanide (Optional) • Date/Time Display • Calibration Alert • Operation Memory • Calibration Memory • Infrared Download • Audible/Visual Alarms • Bright LCD Display • Programmable Auto Shut Off INDUSTRY USERS APPLICATIONS PARTIAL LIST OF GASES SENSED* Butane Utilities Gas Leak Survey/Investigations Carbon Monoxide Maintenance Confined Space Monitoring Gasoline Fire Departments Gas Emergency Investigations Hydrogen Sulfide Safety Inspectors Vessel Testing Methane Home Inspectors Natural Gas Water/Sewer Departments Oxygen Heating Contractors Propane Utility Contractors Industrial Plants *Contact Sensit Technologies for more info. Propane Marketers LUER PROBE CONNECTOR WATER / DIRT FILTER LEL / PPM SENSOR INFRARED COMMUNICATIONS BACKLIT LCD DISPLAY ALARM LEDs OPERATION BUTTONS TICK ADJUST FLEXIBLE GOOSENECK STANDARD KIT -
Supporting Information for Modeling the Formation and Composition Of
Supporting Information for Modeling the Formation and Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Diesel Exhaust Using Parameterized and Semi-explicit Chemistry and Thermodynamic Models Sailaja Eluri1, Christopher D. Cappa2, Beth Friedman3, Delphine K. Farmer3, and Shantanu H. Jathar1 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80523 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA, 95616 3 Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA, 80523 Correspondence to: Shantanu H. Jathar ([email protected]) Table S1: Mass speciation and kOH for VOC emissions profile #3161 3 -1 - Species Name kOH (cm molecules s Mass Percent (%) 1) (1-methylpropyl) benzene 8.50×10'() 0.023 (2-methylpropyl) benzene 8.71×10'() 0.060 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene 3.27×10'(( 0.056 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 3.25×10'(( 0.246 1,2-diethylbenzene 8.11×10'() 0.042 1,2-propadiene 9.82×10'() 0.218 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene 5.67×10'(( 0.088 1,3-butadiene 6.66×10'(( 0.088 1-butene 3.14×10'(( 0.311 1-methyl-2-ethylbenzene 7.44×10'() 0.065 1-methyl-3-ethylbenzene 1.39×10'(( 0.116 1-pentene 3.14×10'(( 0.148 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 3.34×10'() 0.139 2,2-dimethylbutane 2.23×10'() 0.028 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 6.60×10'() 0.009 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 5.38×10'(( 0.014 2,3-dimethylhexane 8.55×10'() 0.005 2,3-dimethylpentane 7.14×10'() 0.032 2,4-dimethylhexane 8.55×10'() 0.019 2,4-dimethylpentane 4.77×10'() 0.009 2-methylheptane 8.28×10'() 0.028 2-methylhexane 6.86×10'() -
Identification of Gas-Phase Pyrolysis Products in A
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 763–776, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-763-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Identification of gas-phase pyrolysis products in a prescribed fire: first detections using infrared spectroscopy for naphthalene, methyl nitrite, allene, acrolein and acetaldehyde Nicole K. Scharko1, Ashley M. Oeck1, Russell G. Tonkyn1, Stephen P. Baker2, Emily N. Lincoln2, Joey Chong3, Bonni M. Corcoran3, Gloria M. Burke3, David R. Weise3, Tanya L. Myers1, Catherine A. Banach1, David W. T. Griffith4, and Timothy J. Johnson1 1Pacific Northwest National Laboratories, Richland, WA, USA 2Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Missoula, MT, USA 3Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Riverside, CA, USA 4Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong NSW 2522, Australia Correspondence: Timothy J. Johnson ([email protected]) Received: 1 October 2018 – Discussion started: 13 November 2018 Revised: 16 January 2019 – Accepted: 16 January 2019 – Published: 1 February 2019 Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted ventive tool to reduce hazardous fuel buildups in an effort to from many sources, including wildland fire. VOCs have re- reduce or eliminate the risk of such wildfires (Fernandes and ceived heightened emphasis due to such gases’ influential Botelho, 2003). Understanding the products associated with role in the atmosphere, as well as possible health effects. the burning of biomass has received considerable attention We have used extractive infrared (IR) spectroscopy on re- since the emissions can markedly impact the atmosphere. cent prescribed burns in longleaf pine stands and herein re- Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is one tech- port the first detection of five compounds using this tech- nique that has been extensively used to identify and quantify nique. -
IVF Guidebook
Design Guidebook Gas Delivery Systems for In-Vitro Fertilization Clinics ® 1 CONTENTS 5 Introduction 6-7 In-Vitro Fertilization Overview - Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection 8-9 Equipment Commonly Using Gases in an IVF Clinic 10-11 Typical IVF Clinic Layout 12 Properties of Patient Care Gases 13 Properties of Cell Culture Gases & Liquid Nitrogen for Cryopreservation 14 Typical Distribution System - Carbon Dioxide 15 Typical Distribution System - Nitrogen 16 Typical Distribution System - Blood Gas 17 Typical Distribution System - Liquid Nitrogen 18 Equipment Specifications - Gas Cylinder Discharging 19 Equipment Specifications - Pipeline Accessories 20 Equipment Specifications - Safety & Annunciation 21 Equipment Specifications - Point-of-Use Control 22 Equipment Specifications - Cryogenic Fluid Handling 23-24 Important Design Criteria - Cell Culture Gases 25-26 Important Design Criteria - Cryogenic System 27 Discovery - Contacts 28 Discovery - Gas Supply to Cell Culture Equipment 29 Discovery - Cryogenic System 30-31 List of Equipment 32 Copyright 33-34 Notes 4 INTRODUCTION INFERTILITY A COMMON PROBLEM OUR ROLE AS GAS DELIVERY SYSTEM DESIGNERS Infertility, a condition characterized by the inability As gas delivery system designers, we have a complicated to become pregnant despite having carefully timed, task ahead of us. Our task is to provide a reliable gas unprotected sex for a year, is experienced by 6% distribution system that performs to expectations and of married women ages 15-44 in the United States, is simple to operate. For the gas distribution system, we according to the CDC’s National Survey of Family must: Growth with data for 2006-2010. Both men and women • supply very high quality gas molecules to keep contribute to the couple’s infertility. -
Guidelines for the Preparation of Safety Data Sheets
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF SAFETY DATA SHEETS EIGA 919/14 Revision of EIGA 919/13 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL GASES ASSOCIATION AISBL AVENUE DES ARTS 3-5 • B – 1210 BRUSSELS Tel: +32 2 217 70 98 • Fax: +32 2 219 85 14 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: www.eiga.eu EIGA 919/14 GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF SAFETY DATA SHEETS PREPARED BY : Joachim Barbe Messer Group Ewoud Beheydt Praxair Gianluigi Colombo Sapio Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno Joachim Eiselt Air Liquide Natalie Kingswood The Linde Group Zbigniew Sokolowski Air Products Ben Valk The Linde Group Pierre Wolfs EIGA Disclaimer All technical publications of EIGA or under EIGA's name, including Codes of practice, Safety procedures and any other technical information contained in such publications were obtained from sources believed to be reliable and are based on technical information and experience currently available from members of EIGA and others at the date of their issuance. While EIGA recommends reference to or use of its publications by its members, such reference to or use of EIGA's publications by its members or third parties are purely voluntary and not binding. Therefore, EIGA or its members make no guarantee of the results and assume no liability or responsibility in connection with the reference to or use of information or suggestions contained in EIGA's publications. EIGA has no control whatsoever as regards, performance or non performance, misinterpretation, proper or improper use of any information or suggestions contained in EIGA's publications by any person or entity (including EIGA members) and EIGA expressly disclaims any liability in connection thereto. -
Steam Cracking: Chemical Engineering
Steam Cracking: Kinetics and Feed Characterisation João Pedro Vilhena de Freitas Moreira Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Chemical Engineering Supervisors: Professor Doctor Henrique Aníbal Santos de Matos Doctor Štepánˇ Špatenka Examination Committee Chairperson: Professor Doctor Carlos Manuel Faria de Barros Henriques Supervisor: Professor Doctor Henrique Aníbal Santos de Matos Member of the Committee: Specialist Engineer André Alexandre Bravo Ferreira Vilelas November 2015 ii The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet. – Aristotle All I am I owe to my mother. – George Washington iii iv Acknowledgments To begin with, my deepest thanks to Professor Carla Pinheiro, Professor Henrique Matos and Pro- fessor Costas Pantelides for allowing me to take this internship at Process Systems Enterprise Ltd., London, a seven-month truly worthy experience for both my professional and personal life which I will certainly never forget. I would also like to thank my PSE and IST supervisors, who help me to go through this final journey as a Chemical Engineering student. To Stˇ epˇ an´ and Sreekumar from PSE, thank you so much for your patience, for helping and encouraging me to always keep a positive attitude, even when harder problems arose. To Prof. Henrique who always showed availability to answer my questions and to meet in person whenever possible. Gostaria tambem´ de agradecer aos meus colegas de casa e de curso Andre,´ Frederico, Joana e Miguel, com quem partilhei casa. Foi uma experienciaˆ inesquec´ıvel que atravessamos´ juntos e cer- tamente que a vossa presenc¸a diaria´ apos´ cada dia de trabalho ajudou imenso a aliviar as saudades de casa.