UNIV’ T T IR IT V O F CA I J F SA NT A B OR NI i l':J A NA COLLEGE LI BRA R Y
THE LIST OF CHAPTERS
I T HE L S H OPE OF T HE S R S a e . A T TUA T p g 3
I I T HE GR E A VEN R E . AT D TU
N R E IN N B III . PRI CE CHA L S EDI URGH
FR OM D ER BY T o CUL LOD EN
V I H A N W N E N . H s IGHL D A D RI GS
A VAGR A N T P R INCE
T HE SOB ESK S S VII . I I TUART
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
' P R INCE CHAR LI E Fron tiqbzece From a min iature in the possessio n of JEFFR EY
TE E Es . WHI H AD , q — JAMES STUA R T T HE OLD P R ETENDER page 4
m v n Fro an en gra i g. — JAM ES STUA R T T H E OLD P R ET ENDER
B kin d e rm ssi n o f C HA LK ER ’I‘ O N F . S WOO OR y p i o L D ,
E . E r h s d n u . q , i b g
D ISCUSSI N G T HE NEWS
E n m G . O I I R . S . A . B k d er ss n M rs G LVY R D , y i p i io of .
LI N S Edz eil L d e Ed n ur h . D AY , o g , i b g
K ISSI NG T HE D I R K
G O E R . S . A . . I I G LVY R D ,
PRINCE CHA R LI E AT H O LY R OOD
G . O I EI R . S. A . B kin d erm ss n M rs G LVY R D , y p i io of .
BR E HI N Edin ur h . C , b g
T HE ALA R M R A G . O I EI . S. . G LVY R D ,
T HE NEWS OF PR ESTON PAN S AT T HE SMY R NA CLU B
I LVI E R . S. A B kin m G . OG I . d er iss n of A M ES R D , y p io J
R I N E Es . Ed n b ur h . P GL , q i g
’ T HE PRINCE S SECR ETAR Y
G O I EI R . S . A . . G LVY R D ,
D I SBA N DED
OHN ETT I E R . A . B k n d erm ss n the C om J P , y i p i io of
mittee the V c t r a Ga er es D un dee . of i o i ll i , LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
T HE TALK OF T H E TOW N 7 2
E R B k n d rmis ion f A M ES I I . S. A . e s o G . O G LVY R D , y i p J
C C R K SON Es . Edin ur h . . LA , q , b g
LOR D GEORGE MU R RAY
I N TI ME OF WA R
I EI R . S. A . B k n d erm ss on of FR NK G . O G LVY R D, y i p i i A
NSE Es . Ed n u r h . HA LL , q , i b g
B A Y CATERANS AT .
m i n G . O I EI R . S B k n d er ss OHN G LVY R D , A y i p i o of J
T Es . S di h M R S C E n ur . S A , q . b g
D U K E OF CUM BERLAN D
LOC HA BER N O M OR E
B M ON R S . A . B kin d ermissi n J. . ACD ALD , . y p o of W E R R . M I TH s . Ed n b ur h . HA Y S , q , i g
A FUGITI VE E N T ERTA I N ED
. O I EI R . S. A G G LVY R D, .
FLORA M ACD ONALD
T HE R ER OF R ELE SE 1 6 O D A , 7 4
Sir o HN E. M I I S P. R . A . B kin d ermiss o n j LLA , y p i of the T rustees of the N a t on a Ga er of Bri tish A rt i l ll y , L n n o do .
CLEM ENTI N A WAL K I N SH AW
FLORA M AC DONALD
T OM OBER TSON B k n d ermis n the as w R . y i p sio of Gl go n Corpo ratio .
P R INCESS LOUI SE OF STO L BERG .
D UC H ESS OF ALBAN Y CHAPTER THE FIRST LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS ’ B s e wa th e s e th e y yon ca tl , at clo of day,
I e . man s i u his e it was e h ard a ng , tho gh h ad gr y, A n d as h e was s i i th e e s e ng ng t ar down cam , ’ e e e e e e e e Ther ll n v r b p ac till Jami com s ha me . ' cob n f a z te So g. CHARLES EDWARD STUART CHAPTER THE FIRST LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS IL N ’Y A AUCUN E' EMPLE DANS
’ ’ l histoire d une maison Si longtemps in for ” f tun ée o . , remarks Voltaire the Stuarts And he cites in illustration the tragic mis Of fortunes the Stuart princes , from James
I . of Scotland , a prisoner in England for eighteen years , and assassinated by his own subjects , down to Charles Edward Stuart , the defeated and degraded adventurer . The illustration might have been carried even farther back , to the unhappy Robert
III . , father Of the murdered Duke of Rothe r s a o . of y , to David II , the loser Durham and the prisoner of England for eleven of years and the case of James I . England , who won a base security by the sacrifice of every manly and picturesque quality , can hardly be counted an exception to the rule of unvarying misfortune . The causes both of the Stuart misfor — tunes and of their long continuance Oi CHARLES EDWARD STUART the long delay of the hour Of final reckon — ing are no great mystery . The Latin tradition o f decorative and sacerdotal ah s olutism which the Stuarts represented was equally at variance with the tu rb u lent and fanatical individualism of the
Scottish people , and with the stubborn and utilitarian individualism Of the Eng lish . The doom was withheld by Scottish patriotism , by English compromise , and by the loyalty of the devoted minority who Shared the Stuart notions of the div ro ine right Of kings . But the Spell was b ken a t last by that most uncompromis “ ing of Englishmen , Oliver Cromwell , who taught kings that they have a lith in ” their neck . The lesson was not learned
- y . by the eas going libertine , Charles II , who , however , evaded deposition by per sonal popularity and by a premature
fi ou te d sa t death . It was Openly by the
u rn in e . and bigoted libertine , J ames II , who , with no personal following to appeal to , had no alternative but abdication and
’ ‘ w OLD ETEN E JAM ES S I UA R T T HE PR D R
LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
hurried nocturnal flight With h is flight the Stuarts pass from the text to the mar
Of of gin the page history , and become mere pawns in the game of European in o f trigue . But as the dry and dusty light
political history recedes from them , they brighten into a constellation in the violet firmamen t Of romance , and their part on the British stage culminates in an a dv en o of ture worthy f the heroic age Greece . The ring of Highland broadswords almost mingles with the rattle Of Manchester Spinning - j ennies and the clatter Of Clyde
Shipyards . The romance as well as the history o f the Stuarts would have closed with the abdi Oi cation James II . had it not been for
s ix o n I O the birth , months before , June ,
1688 o f o n , the child whose legitimacy vul gar Whig prej udice sought to cast a doubt
- by the absurd story Of the warming pan .
Thirteen years later , when the last Stuart king lay dying at St . Germain , he was
visited by Louis XIV . , the faithful friend CHARLES EDWARD STUART
of his house , who promised to support the claim of the only s on of J ames and Mary of so o n Modena to the British throne . And , ’ his father s death , James Francis Stuart ,
. was the Chevalier de St George , acknow ledged King of Great Britain and Ireland
sa t at Versailles , and at the right hand of
16 ran d M ou ar ue g g , clothed in the imperial
purple robe of mourning . But those who attempted to proclaim him in London had to fly for their lives from a furiously Pro
mob . testant He is said , on fairly good
to authority , to have paid a private Visit his half- sister Anne at the time of her c or
o n a tion , but with what precise purpose it
Of is hard to tell . The star the Whigs and
o f Marlborough was in the ascendant , and its glory was enhanced by the brilliant V ic
tories of Blenheim and Malplaquet . Scot tish discontent with the Unionmay have 1 08 prompted the futile attempt of 7 , when
James , after a delay caused by measles , sailed from Dunkirk in a French ship which managed to reach the Firth of 6
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
plight as James himself . The same day
’ (November 12) had seenthe rout of James s — hopes at Preston and at Sh eriffmu ir for a drawn battle is a lost o n e for revolution — o n 22 aries and when , December , he lan ded with a few attendants from a small
re French ship at Peterhead , nothing main e dfor - him but a dreary , half incognito pilgrimage through a bleak and wintry
o f country , and a series unmeaning mani
O n festoes and proclamations . His w pres ence proved the most discouraging factor .
Mr . Lesly , his Protestant chaplain , had “ described him the year before as tall , ” - straight , clean limbed , slender , with a graceful mien , a growing resemblance to his uncle , Charles II . , and a hygienic belief
fo r in sport , but no love it . Being asked
What he most delighted in , he said it would be to hear wise men discourse upon useful
H fr n t th e u lic . e e u e s b subj ects q p devotion ,
f o but there is no sort O big try about him .
He is always cheerful , but seldom merry ;
n o t thoughtful , but dej ected ; and bears his 8
JAM ES ST UART-“ T HE O LD PRETEN DER
LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS misfortunes with a Visible magnanimity of
h as spirit . He a great application to busi
ness , and I have often admired his critical
ai ness in the choice Of words . He is very
e n a fable , and has something strangely g g
ing in his voice and deportment . This is n o t an ideal testimonial for a leader o f
desperate adventures , and as it is , it puts the best gloss upon some of the results of a rather effete ancestry and of an in c red i l b y meticulous and cloistered education . In the chill of a Scottish winter and a lost
cause , James wilted away into the figure described by an adherent at Perth Tall
n o t and thin ; pale ; speech grave , and very clearly expressing his thoughts I n eVer saw him smile our men began to despise him ; some asked if he could speak ; he cared n ot to come abroad among our sol ”
o u r . O diers , or to see us do exercises N ” wonder the figure he made dej ected us . Poor James The Protestant liberties Of Britain had perhaps but little to fear from
him , but Elector George had even less . 9 CHARLES EDWARD STUART A north wind blows him shivering from on 1 16 Montrose March 4, 7 , and the king
dom Of his ancestors beholds him no more . f The sca fold , the dungeon , and the plan
t a tion s decimate his adherents , and the Cause becomes the toy Of foreign plot
ters . A Swedish plot is hatched in 17 15 and 1 1 blown upon in 7 7 , and with the death Frederic ksh all 1 18 Of Charles XII . at in 7 o t Sweden goes u Of the game . Two years later the Cause emerges again as a very ’ minor part of Cardinal Alberoni s designs for the reassertion of Spanish sea - power ; the Earl Marischal j oins Lord George Mur
ra a n d 600 y some Highlanders at Lochalsh , and the Jacobite force is routed and scat tere d by 120 0 Government tr0 0 ps in Glen
- S . hiel Then comes peace preserving , trade fostering Minister Walpole , and the Cause goes fast asleep for over twenty years .
Meanwhile , the Cause andthe Stuart mis 1 18 fortunes must have an heir , and in 7 the
dashing and accomplished Charles Wogan , wearer of a name illustrious in Jacobite a n 10
CHARLES EDWARD S TUART
derived from her mother , Hedwiga Eliza
was of beth of Bavaria , quickened by a dash
. was fair Cossack blood Clementina , plump ,
with large but good features , and cheek
bones inclining piquantly to prominence .
as of Wogan reported her sweet , amiable , ” an even temper , and gay only in season .
The marriage was duly arranged , and Clem en tin a and her mother set out from Silesia for a Rome . But political complications ’ rose , and by the Austrian Emperor s orders the ladies were arrested at Innsbruck and
detained there in a kind of imprisonment . Wogan found them ou t an d planned a c ar rescue , which in the following April he ried out with the aid o f three other mus ” keteers on e , of whom was John Walkin
B arrowfield Shaw of , afterwards the father ofanother Clementina destined to be Closely On a frost linked with the Stuart fortunes . y night Clementina escaped from Innsbruck
of in the disguise a servant maid , and was escorted in hot haste b y Woga n and hismen
through the passes into Italy . Shewas mar 12
LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
ried by proxy to James at Bologna on May
1 1 Mon tefasc ion e on 9, 7 9, and in person at e 1 Sept mber , the union being blessed by the ’ ' I bride s godfather , Pope Clement . and the happy pair took up residence at once in
the Palazzo Muti , an imposing but rather dreary Palladian edifice in the older ecc lesi
astic al of . quarter Rome There , at five min utes to ten on the night of the last day of 1 20 of 7 , in presence a numerous and distin uishe d of r g company Jacobite courtie s ,
Roman aristocracy , and church dignitaries ,
Clementina gave birth to a male child . Afew
days later the boy , enveloped inconsecrated
- baby linen gifted by the Pope , was baptized by the names of Charles Edward Louis
R ome a Philip Casimir Stuart . w s filled with
rej oicing , and the astronomers announced that the heavens themselves had foretold
the birth of the Stuart Prince , though what newstar itwas thatappeared in the heavens towards the end of 17 20 is unknown to mo d
ern astronomy . Four years and ninemonths
later , amid rejoicings much more moderate , I 3 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
and without any stellar recognition , the Palazzo Muti witnessed the birth of Clem ’ entina s only other child , Henry Benedict , to known history as Cardinal York . of At the time their marriage , James was
- thirty one and Clementina seventeen . The disparity of age would have been nothing i had there been congenial ty of disposition . Clemen tin a wa s predisposed in favour of her husband , and she had a heart inclined to f innocent and a fectionate gaiety . Butin sol emn it y , if not in wisdom , James was older was im than his years , and he perpetually “ ” mersed f of f in a utile maze state a fairs , which involved a prodigiou s amount of
wa s - or o writing . He a born head clerk d c u men tary historian it is something to be thankful for that he did not write memoirs; on e would have had to read them , and they would have been dreadfully dull . He bored his young wife terribly . His political pre occupations , too , had drawn him somewhat away from through- and - through allegiance to the Church o f Rome he dallied with 14
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
I so Charles . , James was not immaculate .
He had had mistresses in France , and there is every reason to believe that in Rome he ’ sought relief from his wife s tantrums in a liaison with the wife o f the Scottish adv en turer , Hay , titular Lord Inverness . When
n or taxed with it , he neither admitted it denied it , and he refused to banish the Hays from his court . Relations grew more and
1 2 six more strained , until , in 7 5 , months after the birth of her second child , Clemen tina , as the result ostensibly of a quarrel ’
about James s Protestant counsellors , with ’ drew to a nunnery , much to her husband s
’ indignation . James s coldness and the dis of mal life the mock court had conspired ,
- f of probably , with the after e fects child
- bearing , to change the light hearted if nar
- row minded girl into a sour , j ealous , hypo
h n ri c al d vote c o d a é . Several reconciliations f of 1 2 were e fected , but most her life after 7 5
wa s . spent in convents Ascetic living , and
long orisons in dank chill chapels , brought on a rapid consumption of which sh e died 16
K ISSI NG T HE DI RK.
O v R e id R . S. A . By G . gil y ,
LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
18 1 - on January , 7 35 , in her thirty third ’ year . Her tomb in St . Peter s is Opposite the monument to her husband and sons
- Of her melancholy , well meaning , labori — ous but ineffective husband on whom
- Jacobite song writers , ere they beheld him , had fastened the pathetically incongruous title of Jamie the Rover—there is no need ’ to say more here than that after his wife s death he gradually lost hold of political ai fairs and followed her shade into a moping and cloistered piety . We have character istic glimpses of him keeping the wine b e side him at dinner and making his parched guests wait till their abstemious host had — drunk or holding didactic conversations in English with his two boys while the rest of the company were talking Italian or — French or appearing ou t of courtesy at parties given in their honour , and slipping to away early his studies and devotions .
He sincerely mourned his wife , and may have perceived a judgment on him for his treatment of her , in the selfish neglectful 17 B CHARLES EDWARD STUART
of ness and disobedience their elder child .
On the other hand , he received a consola tion , greater , perhaps , than he deserved , in f of the devoted a fection Cardinal York . So “ fades away OldMr . Misfortunate , the Old
. on 2 1 66 Chevalier He died January , 7 , having survived the final ruin of his hopes
- twenty one years .
To outsiders , however , the personality of
a s the young prince seemed , it developed , to j ustify the astral omen . At three years of n ot age he was described , and by either “ of his parents , as the finest child in the world , healthy and strong speaks every
thing , and runs about from morning till ” — night a tendency that seems to have an
noyed his hypochondriacal mother , for in on e of his j uvenile letters he promises to to be very dutiful to mamma , and not j ump ” ’ No to o near her . porter s child in the ” a d country has stronger legs , remarks an
miring visitor . At seven he was remarkable r fo dexterity , grace , and almost super
natural cleverness rode well , was an 18
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
illiteracy . Court j ealousies , and the relig of his fa th eran d ious bickerings mother , had of deprived him , at the age of four , the ex c ellen t o f of tutorship Ramsay , the friend e F nelon and his cousin and governor , Sir
o n Thomas Sheridan (a grandson , the left I L e hand , of James ) , to whom his ducation wa s mainly entrusted , would seem either to have been incapable of his offi ce or to have grossly neglecte d it . Charles could never spell three consecutive English words correctly ; he constantly refers to his Hano v erian rival a s Gorge . His English was e at l ast idiomatic and fairly grammatical ,
n was but his French , though flue t , both ill of H sp elt and barbarous construction . e scarcely ever ventured on writing Italian . He had con siderable mother- wit and a ce r of tain rude sense style , was fond of reading e wh nhe had nothing better to do , and in his French exile became something of a biblio
wa o . s n phile Also , he no mean performer
the . bassViol But , apart altogetherfromthe of he was in faults his education , devoid of 20 LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
tellectu alc uriosity andwasnevera person of
a c om eten t ideas , and p French authorityde clares that his knowledge was scanty and
that he had little conversation . — Prince Charles , in Short and the fact is new to those who have regarded him as a — mere romantic puppet was , down to the
fatal day of Derby , above all things a crea
ture of action . He was early conscious of his mission , and though he took a some what T artarin - like way of preparing him
for . self it , he was very much in earnest The barbaric Sobieski strain in him expressed itself in a healthy and hearty contempt for the lazy and effeminate habits of the young
Roman nobles . He escaped as frequently as possible from the enervating atmosphere
of the Palazzo Muti , or from the languid
of alfresco frivolities Albano , and spent his
time in remote sylvan estates , hunting the k boar , shooting game , and wal ing without stockings in order to inure his feet to long
marches . He affected Highland dress and
Highland fare , though he must have found 21 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
both rather heating in Italian summers . He had a prophetic addiction to the future oc c u ation of p his Scottish subjects , and found the Campagna rich in natural bunkers and of hazards . At the age fourteen he assum ed the travelling name of the Chevalier de — — St . George the Young Chevalier and his accompanied cousin , the Duke di Liria (son of the Duke of Berwick and grandson of James II . and Arabella Churchill) , to the Siege of Gaeta , then occupied by the
Imperial troops , and received his baptism of fire by venturing ou t to a position from 0 0 which the Spanish tr ps had withdrawn . He was complimented and applauded as princes always are under such circum his stances . Three years later father sent him on a tour to the Italian courts , at all of which he was flattered and feted to his ’ heart s content . But sieges were if any thing more to his mind than state recep tions he was British o f the British in his love for an active outdoor existence , and he had really the makings of a good soldier . 22 LAST HOPEO F THE STUARTS
of He was commanding presence , nearly Six feet tall , Slimly but firmly built , muscular , of supple , and robust , and tireless energy and dauntless enterprise . He had a body m ” ade for war , says his bitterest enemy , of Lord Elcho . He was tenacious purpose , and his ability to keep secrets caused diplo matists and has caused historians many a
un pang . That he was wilful , selfish , and
c an was dutiful there be no doubt . He in almost everyrespect a complete contrast to his brother Henry , a conscientious , kind
hearted , religious creature who never caus of ed his parents a p ang , spent much his time and fortuneinrectifying Charles ’s mis
deeds , and was withal j ust a little of a prig .
Most important of all , perhaps , Charles was undeniably handsome and attractive .
He had a broad and high brow , a strong and
shapely nose , a clear complexion , slightly
freckled , a curled andsmiling mouth , sharp a ish chin , y chestnut hair , golden at the tips (he wore it in curl - papers on the night
- se t before a ball) , and well eyes of a rich 23 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
dark brown . The eyes were perhaps the only authentic Stuart feature in general his appearance Charles took after mother , and his physiognomy was Slavonic and
or German rather than British , French , of Italian . Except Mary , Queen Scots , he was probably , in his youth at least , the han dsome st of all the royal Stuarts , and the wanton ladies of the Italian courts were piqued by the coldness of on e wh o seemed for made for love as well as war . Rude in private to those who thwarted or wearied was him , he fascinatingly courteous to
people he liked or whom he chose to , c on ciliate The petulant and merry expres
sion which Mr . Lang remarks in his early
portraits must have been strangely taking . Before he was thirty the merriment had vanished and petulance had hardened into his doggedness . But Prince Charles in early
twenties was still Prince Charming . And now the European waters began to 1 1 2 be troubled . Between 7 3 9 and 7 4 the ’ e of 0 ddy of the War Jenkins s Ears broke , n 24
LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
of the death the Emperor Charles , into the whirlpool o f the War o f the Austrian Suc
a n dB ritain cession , Walpoleresigned , found herself allied with Austria against France o f and Spain and the new Power Prussia .
of destin ed u das Murray Broughton , the J of
in 1 0 a the Cause , hurried to Rome 7 4 , was p i po nted Scottish Secretary , and hurried back to Scotland to join the Jacobite Asso
c iation founded by Lovat , Traquair , and B lh l i Or a a d e . The English Jacobites ,
mond , Watkin Wynne , and the rest , were stirred into a Show of interest suffi cient to of force the hand the French ministry . An ’ invading expedition of7 000 men was equip 1 ped at Dunkirk . In January , 7 44, Charles took what was destined to be the last fare oi well his father , and left Rome on the pre
text of a hunting expedition . He was a o
companied by one of histutors , Murray . At
some distance from Rome , Murray , pre his tending that horse had stumbled , fell
purposely into a ditch , and lay moaning as
if grievously hurt . This was a preconcerted 25 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
of -b plan to divert the attention passers y , which it did and Charles , confident that off the British spies were now the scent , galloped quietly out of sight and changed
his clothes . He rode at great speed and
alone through the snow to Genoa , sailed to f Antibes , and made his way , o ficially incog
nito , to Dunkirk , where he is said to have actually embarked on on e of the French
' transports . The transports were within sight of Spithead when they were met and scattered by a British fleet and by Britain ’s
faithfullest ally , a westerly gale . The ex
edition p was abandoned , and Saxe went to
win laurels in Flanders . All was Virtually
over . Charles was now to play a lone and
desperate hand . He hung in the wind at ” Gravelines for some weeks , goin about ,
his ser he wrote to father , with a single vant b yin gfish and other things and squab ” for re » bling a peney more or less , and then
turned to Paris . There he fluttered about
restlessly for nine months , discouraged by
his — Scotch friends , cold shouldered by the 26 LAST HOPE OF THE STUARTS
French court , and pestered by duns . The adventure had got into his blood and tak wa s en his head , and he determined to go “ ” if he brought only a single footman . The British defeat at Fontenoy Opened the way o to some sort f action . He spurred the inde fatigable Broughton into wringing promises of support (some of which were not fulfilled) out of several of his leading adherents in 000 Scotland , raised about £3 and bought muskets , broadswords , ammunition , dirks , brandy , hired a ship through Mr .
of Walsh Nantes , and curtly informed his fatherand King Louis of his intention to de on 22 1 old part . Finally , June , 7 45 ( style) , this most picturesque of filib u sters set sail
La. B outelle from Nantes in the small brig , — with seven companions including the Ja c ob ite o f ZEn eas Duke Atholl , Banker Mac donald , Governor Sheridan , and Parson “ ” — Moidart Kelly the Seven Men of , whom a Scotch estate - factor afterwards described as old allagrugous- like fellows a s ever I ” s aw T h u s l . e ua Stuart hitchhad tohappen 27 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
- of— Elisa the attendantFrenchman war , the
beth , with most of the munitions on board , was set upon by a British frigate and had to return to France But La B outelle held
o n o n 22 , and July Barra was in Sight , and Charles had his first glimpse of the king om d of his ancestors . A golden eagle flying from the island to the mainland was hailed a s a happy omen . Next day Charles land
on Eriska ed the island of y , where , in a of a o night storm and rain , he began his quaintance with Scotland by helping to cook floun ders he had helped to catch dur
ing the day , and by taking his turn of a bed
‘ in the miserable hovel that ha d b een chosen for his first Scottish residence . And let not Clio forgetwith wh at care he saw to th e airin g of the bed for his elderly tutor and cousin . CHAPTER THE SECOND THE GREAT ADVENTURE e F e h er ssis a e e Wh n ranc had a t nc l nt , O u r a li e u s sh e s en d r ng princ to t . Towards th e north his cou rse h e bent i His name was R oyal Charl e . ’ Oh b u t h e was lang 0 coming e e R a a ie W lcom , oy l Ch rl n j a cobite So g.
’ ’ a s th e s ee i e Wh t a t r , k mm r ’ ’ th e s ee What s a. t r h ie h e is a e C arl l nd d , ’ A i ' e s b e h e e nd , fa th h ll oon r ’ T h e win w as a t h is e back, carl ’ T h e win wa s a t h is back ’ ’ I re s in h e s e e ca na , com , carl
W e weren a worth a plack . obi on Ja c te S g.
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
est . Frenchmen Onthe positiveside , little or nothing was to be expected from Eng
land . But in the negative aspect of affairs there were some signs of hope for a band of
bold and conciliatory adventurers . George
o t o II . had n t contrived make himself much moreBritish or anymore b elov edb y Britons é h a dwon than George I . The clat he at Det tingen was obscured by the Hanoverian in
ter t es in which the battle was fought . Pro
testant fervour wa s languishing . The neu tral tendencies of Englishmen had been in creased by theunpicturesque foreign policy of of Walpole , and whenthe theatre foreign war reopened it was conducted more than I I on I . ever the lines initiated by William , who had been the first to make the British people mere paying spectators of their own military history . No nation since Carthage had ever been so profoundly unmilitary as a rm wa s the England of 17 45 . The regular y not much bigger or more efficient than that of America on the eve of the Civil War ; it was a mere police force , badly recruited and 3 2
T HE A LA R M i ' vv R e d R S . lit ( 1. Ofi il ,
THE GREAT ADVENTURE
poorlyorganised , andthe greater and better part o f it was away being beaten by the
French in Flanders . The Militia was a j est . d On the other hand , Irelan , the native ’ country of so many of Charles s most ard
ent (and least useful) adherents , was crush ed and spiritless , and though Scotland still s marte du n der the humiliation of the Union , the newtrading towns of the Lowlandswere more pronouncedly Whig than the towns of
England . But there was one region of the British Isles that had resisted the peddling and utilitarianspirit that had infectedtherest of the country . The Union , while it had pared
of the claws Lowland Scotland , had sharp ened those of the Highlands . Entrenched behind their mountains and morasses , and unharried by any militant and self- depen dent Scottish government , the clans had gone o n practising guerilla warfare with im
un it - p y in their inter tribal disputes , and had gained in confidence and audacity by their successful forays in the defenceless 3 3 C CHARLES EDWARD STUART
Lowlands . The Highlands had been almost o negligible in the days f James VI . they
terrorised Scotland under George II . More o t ver , the Jacobite tradition had amoun ed to a religion with them since the days when Montrose and Dundee threw them
selves uponthe protection oi the clans . The
Celtic Spirit is romantically chivalrous , and is easily awakened to enthusiasm for a los
ing cause . The chiefs were either Catholics or high Episcopalians , and their experience in French military service alienated them
still further from Hanoverian sympathies , and reconciled them to the idea of French —or intervention . Also , though because they held their chiefships higher than En of a s glish dukedoms , some them secretly pire d to a Share in British counsels (n o t to speak of rich English estates) which they saw no h Ope of obtaining under the Hano m veria régime . The ambitions o r sympathies of the chiefs were se c onded by the extraordinary
polity o f the country over which they ruled . 3 4
CHARLES EDWARD STUART factors declare incapable of “ carrying ” a dozen crofters were able to support people in 17 45 is n ot sufficiently accounted for by th e low standard o f life of the culti — v a tors b y their resort to shell - fish and — their winter diet of milk and cheese for their labour had to support not only them selves and their families , but also the lower of a s z emin d gentry tacksmen , who stood ars between the Highland ryot and his raj “ ” ah ; not to speak of the host of ministers and attendants—from b ards and armour bearers down to ghillies and sorners that swarmed about the local courts . On the other hand , the lower rents were all paid
c a t in kind or service , no wealth but a few
was tle exported , the tacksmen and their crofters had not to face the competition o f sheep - farmers or foreign millionaires . and the rulers of lands which now yield their absent possessors a year in sporting rents were content to live among their people on money rentals o f from £3 00 00 to £5 The tacksmen , and the wad 36 THE GREAT ADVENTURE
setters , or larger farmers , lived more plain ly than any Lanarkshire dairy - farmer to day . Gastronomic plenty and variety , and
e occasional foreign travel , were the only p c uliar luxuries of the chiefs and their famil ” ies ; their principal pride was their tail of personal attendants , their principal wealth
o the devotion and numbers f their people .
was ab solu te b u t The power of the chief , the frequent harshness of its exercise was tem pered by its patriarchal character he pun ish ed as head of the family , not as despot of with n oth andthemeanest herd the tribe , ing but a tarred shirt and a pair of brogues his to call own , shared the name of his chief ” as and w addressed by him as kinsman . The devotion of the members of a clan to theirchief was spontaneous andunquestion
was ing he their providence , their consci ence , their father , and in many senses their
f of w god . Di ference rank as in effect marked o n ly b y v ariety of dress and of equipmentfor “ ” military service the gentry of the clan , its who formed front rank in war , and might 37 CHARLES EDWARD STUART amount to about a fifth of its total fighting
e e force , wer arm d to the teeth with gun , tar e istols g , p , Claymore , and skean dhu , and arrayed in flowing tartans , ribboned hose , featheredbonnets , and amodulated amount of - barbaric j ewellery ; the rest , bare legged ,
- h eaded with on l a - off orold bare , y cast plaid f coat to cover their thick sti f shirt , had to look to their dirk or scythe or reaping - hook
fi r - to win them broadswords and e locks . Such was the people on whose aid the heir of the Stuarts threw himself when he landed at Briske y . Had the two chiefs to whom he sent messages from there risen for
a l him , l the rest of the Highlands would o f have followed suit , and the crown Brit
his ain might have been within grasp . But
wa s - Macleod emphatically anti Jacobite , and Sir Alexander Macdonald of Sleat wa s an invalid and held by the reigning govern
o with ou twaitin . S ment , gfor their answers , of which he had received a pretty accurate
forecast , Charles sailed to the mainland and ,
on 2 off B orrodale on th e . July 5 , anchored , 3 8 THE GREAT ADVENTURE
o f o f north side Lochmaddy , in the region
- Arisaig , Inverness shire . Here , at any rate , in the country of the Macdonalds of Clan m ’ ra ald , and within a day s march of the
Mac don n ells of Glengarry and Keppoch , o f the Macdonalds Glencoe , the Camerons ” of A of loyal Lochaber , the Stewarts p of pin , and the Macleans Ardgour and Mull , b r ri n Pos ewas amongfirm and assu edf e ds . sib ly at no other place on the British coast would he have been safe from spies and ene
on e s a mies . The wisest , might almost y the was only wise thing , in the whole expedition
- the choice of a landing place .
Charles , however , was an unexpected of guest , and the circumstances his coming were distinctly embarrassing . Young Clan ran ald of , and Macdonald Kinlochmoidart , who were the first to visit the pavilion erect on D outelle ris ed board the , were against ing , and counselled delay . While they were discussing the matter , Charles turned sud ’ den l Kin lochmoidart s y to youngerbrother , ou Ronald Macdonald , and asked Will y 39 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
7’ not assist me I will , I will cried the “ gallant young Celt ; though not another
man in the Highlands will draw a sword , I am ready to die for you The flame of his enthusiasm melted away the caution of
Mac the other two Highlanders , and the
o o n e of donalds were w n . Charles told the clan that he did not choose to owe his resto his own ration to foreigners , but to friends, and that if he could get but six trusty men to j oin him he would choose far rather to skulk with them among the mountains than to return to France . Having drawn the sword , he threw away the scabbard by de s atchin B outelle p g the back to France , with a letter informing his father that he wa s prepared to dye at the head of such ” brave people as I find here . It must have been about this time that he doffed the
n ot plain black coat and the plain shirt , ” of overclean , that hadformed part his dis
o i guise an English clergyman , and donned the curious composite garb of a French f o ficer and a Highland chief , in which , or in 40 THE GREAT ADVENTURE
variations of which , he was to figure until
the end of the campaign . Guarded by a T earla c h O hundred Macdonalds , g, a ” Phrion n s re (Young Charles , the Prince) , c eiv e d his new adherents in a large room in
chateau - arin g of B orro dale the f , where he made his first acquaintance with the lan guage and the favourite refreshment of the
Gael . The Macdonald lead was quickly follow
b D on ald ed y Cameron , younger of Lochiel ,
a grandson of the great Sir Evan Dhu , the
heroic companion of Dundee . Donald Ca ’ of - meron , the hero Campbell s well known
poem , and in many respects the most bril 1 liant figure in the whole rising , was in 7 45 of a man in the prime life , and , as Mr . Lang
t o f says , uni ed all the accomplishments a gentleman and scholar with all the courage ” a Hi hla n d and high spirit of g chief . Hewas an ideal landlord and was adored by his
- people . His soldier sense was against the
his rising , but brother , John of Fassifern , had warned him against the fascination of 41 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
was the Prince . The warning justified and forgotten . Charles told him he was deter mined to rise , and said that Lochiel might stay at home and learn from the news ” ” his papers the fate of Prince . No , cried — Lochiel at least in the contemporary j our n alistic il version of the interview , I w l an dso share thefate ofmy Prince , shallevery man overwhom nature or fortune h as given ” was me any power . The die cast , the fiery
o n it cross s way . 1 On August 9, at a spot near the eastern of S end Loch hiel , where the statue of Prince Charles now gazes southward over the de l solate hi ls , the standard of the Rebellion , vaguely described as a large banner of red
was Silk with a white space in the centre , unfurled by the invalid Marquis of T ulli h ardine , to the pibroch music of the Camer 800 ons , who came marching over the hills strong , with some Royal Scots prisoners o taken in thefirst skirmish f thewar . James ’
VI I I . S manifestoes were read , including the one appointingCharles Prince Regent . With 42
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
taken for her and mobbed by an English crowd in a high state of Whiggism and v ir
tue . One is glad to be able to destroy suc h
as a tawdry romance . Jenny Cameron w ’ the elder sister of o n e of Charles s a dh er
ents , Captain Allan Cameron , afterward of r Glen de ssa . y , a relative of Lochiel She was Glen fi n n a n al present not only at , but so a t the court in Edinburgh , and with the
alkirk sh e army at F , where was taken pris
1 sh e oner . But in 7 45 was nearer fifty than forty her probable unmarried state argues a galn st her personal attractions her Visits to the camp are quite accounted for by soli citu de son for her brother and his , Donald and there is no mention of her in any of ’ Charles s correspondence . She was liber ated on bail from Edinburgh Castle in Nov 1 6 1 ember 7 4 , and in 7 49 figures vaguely but innocently along with the traitor Samuel of Cameron , in the mysterious business the
rkai A g treasure . She afterwards bought or fell heir to the small mansion - house of B lac klaw , since called after her Mount Cam 44 THE GREAT ADVENTURE — eron still intact and n ow used a s a poul — try-farm on an eminence about a mile to
o f the south East Kilbride in Lanarkshire , and there sh e died in 17 7 2 and was buried
at an unmarked spot in an adj oining field .
later ears Of her y local rumour saysnothing ,
save that the neighbouring lairds , the Stew arts o i Cru therlan d and the Maxwells of
Calderwood , used to send their servants to the Parish Church to protect her from the
o f - insults true blue Presbyterian hinds . It is not clear that sh e had even a romantic or
maternal interest in the Prince . Charles himself was in no humour for
len fin n a n amorous dalliance at G . The tide
o f his fortunes was rising , and he hastened
to row upstream along with it . The Jacob o n ite army , reinforced the way by some 00 3 Appin Stewarts , marched east to In
v er arr g y , where a messenger brought as surance of support from the veteran c on
s ira tor - sh u ffler p and double , Lord Lovat ,
a madman of genius , a Highland superman
for ou t who plotted dramatic sport , and of 45 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
sheer contempt for his species , rather than from any consistent motive of self- aggran disem n 6 e t . 2 On August , only the steep mountain range of Corry aric k lay between the Highland force and the well - equipped government army of 1400 men with which General Cope had set o u t from Edinburgh the same day o n which th e standard had
l n fi n G e n an . been raised at Cope , however ,
swithered at the mountain wall , and marched aimlessly on to Inverness and
h s Charles , after drinking i health , slipped
on in behind him and to Dalwhinnie , where he took a willing prisoner in the person of fi a government of cer , Ewan Macpherson , o f younger Cluny , who some days after wards Openly j oined the Cause to which he w s o the as to prove loyal . During march Charles won the hearts of the chiefs by his of acquaintance with Highland history , and the whole army by his prowess as a ped
on ostrian and an athlete . He marched foot throughout nearly the whole campaign . At — Blair Castle vacated b v the Whig Duke 46 THE GREAT ADVENTURE
’ o T u llib ardin e s f Atholl , elder brother
was there a review and a general inspection , and at night Charles took part in the first to for of reel , the tune , called by himself , ” This is no my ain hoose .
on At Perth , September 4, James VIII .
was proclaimed King . Here the army wa s j oined by most of the Lowland or semi B ra dward Lowland Jacobites , the Cosmo
ines of the Cause , among them the Duke of
Perth , Lord Ogilvy , Lord Nairn , and Oli of of phant Gask , father the most famous
of Jacobite lyrists , and the auld laird of
- her best known song . These , with their o f followers , raised the army to a strength
nearly 4000 . The most notable acquisition ’ T ullib ardin e s was Lord George Murray , w s old . a younger brother He forty years , “ ” ’ had been o ut in the 15 and at Glen S Shiel, had served in the ardinian army , and had obtained a pardon and been appointed
a Depute Sheriff . His motive in deserting that offi ce to j oin Charles must have been r solely the desire for milita y distinction , 47 CHARLES EDWARD STUART for he had no romantic Jacobitism about him , and was , indeed , a very mundane ,
- mo d hard headed , almost prosaic type of
s on . ern Scots aristocrat , with a at Eton He was appointed milita ry c omman der and “ b ec ame ~ sa s , y Scott , the soul of the under ” was taking . He both admirably cool and desperately brave , and every charge he ordered he led in person . His only Vices were the soldierly ones of blunt pride and passionate imperiousness . Charles always feared and at last hated him : his curious suspicion of him was probably due to the vigorous common sense which made Lord George seem so o u t o f place in the Jacob
is ite galley . But the Chevalier Johnstone curiously wrong in saying that if Charles had slept through the campaign after Perth he would have wakened to find the crown placed o n his head by Lord George . Lord
George , like Montrose or De Wet , was an ideal general for an invaded country . But there was nothing Napoleonic about him
was a l he bold in minor Operations , but 48
THE GREAT ADVENTURE
most puerilely timorous in maj or ones ; an
admirable tactician but no strategist . He
could win a battle but not a war . He was s ac that fatal paradox , a cautious gambler , rificin g the only chance of success by dis oi counting the chance loss . But he was
unswervingly loyal , and , in his later years ,
of . a dignified patience He died abroad , a
- 1 60 broken hearted exile , in 7 , and the line
of wa s son Atholl continued by his eldest , who married the inheriting daughter of the
Whig Duke and succeeded to the title .
There was no time for loitering at Perth . COpe had not yet been reckoned with ; he
had only been evaded . His army was whi marching from Inverness to Aberdeen , ther transports were being sent to convey them to Leith to j oin the English dragoons that had been marched up from Berwick and Dunbar under Colonel Gardiner . If
was Edinburgh to be won without a siege , it.
. on must be done before Cope arrived So , ’ 11 September , the Prince s army resumed their march southward . The river Forth , 49 D CHARLES EDWARD STUART l no onger bridling the wild Highlandman , was crossed at the Fords of Frew , about m eight iles above Stirling , and the army advanced without Opposition to the anci ent town of Linlithgow , whose grey , crowd
- ed , quaintly gabled houses , fine old Parish
- t Church , ruined Palace , and swan do ted
on loch , attract the eves of passengers the express trains between Glasgow and Edin
burgh . Here Charles was welcomed by the
Provost and his wife and daughters , all in their best attire and Sporting white cock
ades . He was conducted in state to the
massive quadrangular building which , as h as Scott reminded us , was the Scottish Windsor Of all th e pa la ces s o fa ir B uilt fo r th e roya l dwelling In Scotland far beyond compare I s e x e i Linlithgow c ll ng .
1 In 7 45 , Linlithgow Palace , like the fami l o n of y that built it , was the eve its final
doom . But it was still entire and habit
a able , unique blend of the grim old feudal castle and the ornate palace of the early 5 0 THE GREAT ADVENTURE
Renaissance period . Within its strong high
walls , if he had leisure for historical retro
spect , Charles could conjure up the figures of some of the most distinguished of his
: ancestors the first builder of the Palace ,
the fatally cultured James III . , who had sought refuge here from his rebellious and art - hating subj ects ; the gay and gallant IV James . , most typical of the Stuarts in his his Vices , charm , and his tragic fate
S - al- ao the cottish Haroun Raschid , the V complished James . , in his character of ” of gude man Ballengeich , the hero of
many a sculduddery ballad , and him self the reputed author of two of the best
of Scottish genre poems . Charles cannot at any rate have forgotten that in Linlithgow
Palace , two centuries before , was born the V girl of whom her father , James . , had said , when the news of her birth was brought to ’ - c am him on his death bed at Falkland , It wi’ wi’ ” a lass , and it will gang a lass , and to whom Scottish ballad and French drama had already given a place in literature that 5 1 CHARLES EDWARD STUART was to rank higher than that of Cleopatra ’ ’ o r c am wi was Helen . What a lass the French alliance that placed the Stuarts on the throne ; and Charles wa s now to test the ’ f V s truth o James . prophecy . old Meanwhile , the echoes of the walls wakened to the heart- stirring réveille of was the pibroch , the tartan plaid waving wide ” amid cheering citizens in their Sun
day clothes , and the claymores glittered in the yellow September sunrise that warmed the old town to a rosy flush and wa s reflec t ed in ruby sparkles from the French wine of V bubbling from the fountain James . in ’ the Palace courtyard . And with Charles s first sight of the grey rock and thin blue smoke - plume that masked the high - built
capital of his ancestors , came the first easy of of laurels victory , the earnests an epoch - making triumph that seemed
near at hand . CHAPTER THE THIRD CHARLES IN EDINBURGH ’ T h e w e are e wud om n a gan , ' O I that h e had bidden a wa ' He s u e ei ei s th e la d t rn d th r h d , , And ruin will bring on u s a - n A nti j a cobin S o g.
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
Netherb ow old l , by the city wa l , which , running west along the southern slope of of the Castle Hill , had until the end the fifteenth century fairly represented the a of ol - ctual dimensions the d hill city . A wider area had been enclosed by the ten to twenty - feet wall hastily constructed by the panic - stricken citizens when the news came
of : of the defeat Flodden this wall , the 1 nominal boundary of Edinburgh in 7 45 , took in a good deal of the level ground to ’ ~ the south , and encompassed Heriot s Hos pital before turning north- westward to the
of . foot the precipitous Castle rock But , despite the notorious compressibility o f
S - cottish town dwellers , a barrier made for purposes of immediate defence was bound to have been overleapt here and there b e yond the Netherb ow a row of isolated mansions ran down the Can on gate towards
Holyrood , and there was a considerable ’ - o - on group of houses about the Kirk Field ,
- the south east . But all the plebeian and of trading classes the city , and a great part 56
T HE PRI NCE‘ S SECRETA R Y
B G . O v R e d K. S. A . y gil y i ,
CHARLES IN EDINBURGH
c on of its aristocratic element , were still tain ed within the walls . An incredibly crowded mass of the loftiest tenements in Europe clung along the sloping backbone on of the Castle Hill . With its shopkeepers the ground floor , its dives in the cellar i age , and its nobil ty , gentry , j udges , law ers su y , tradesfolk , workmen , and gangrels perimposed in dizzying storeys served by a
- common outside winding stair , every tene me nt was a social microcosm . It was well said that the streets of Edinburgh ran up rather than along . The noisome wynds and vennels that barely divided the tenements
- were dark and dank , and thick carpeted with the filth and rubbish thrown from the windows ; for the streets were the only ’ to Smollett s sewers , and down time Edin burgh was a byword in Europe for dirt and
— was smells . As a compensation though it none to the inhabitants—Edinburgh was
the most picturesque city in the world . The only diffic ulty c an have been tofind any place within the walls from which to en jov 5 7 CHARLES EDWARD STUART the superb effects of ornate and chaotic ally piled masonry . The High Street , with Lawn market its upward continuation , the , was the only thoroughfare corresponding to a modern street . The High Street , with
St . Giles in the centre , seems nowadays 1 for none too wide in 7 45 , and many years after , it was split longitudinally by the grim old Tolbooth and by a line of high crazy tenements stretching from the T 01 booth to the east gable of St . Giles ; while th e church itself, on the Sides not masked by the tenements , was surrounded by a huddle of ramshackle Shops known a s the
old a s Krames . Had Edinburgh been light ly touched by the improving hand as or stu Amiens Chartres or Avignon , British dents oi Chiaroscuro would not have needed to go to the Continent for subj ects . In this remarkable little canyon - city were crowded some inhabitants . Though the hated Union of the Parlia men ts in 17 07 had Shorn Edinburgh o f much of its metropolitan glory , the city 5 8
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
of lower Classes , many whom were drawn from the Jacobite regions of Scotland . The t resident gentry , and the more aris ocratic or less successful among the legal frater n it y , were secretly Jacobite , their woman
so kind openly . But the Presbyterian min isters , and the merchants and shopkeepers who formed the main body of their congre ation tolidl hi s s W . g , were cosily and y g The relative effectiveness of these various ele ments was quickly made manifest when the news came that the Prince had crossed the
Forth and was advancing on Edinburgh . To stand a Siege seemed hopeless the f only safety lay in o fensive action . For this T of the own Guard , a small body armed
police , mostly superannuated Highland
e rs , was obviously useless equally useless
a v a u el were theTrainedBands , g y organised of 1200 body some citizens , drawn together
merely for festal or convivial occasions . The only immediate h Ope lay in two de of plete d regiments dragoons . To support
these there had been raised , mainly by the 6 0 CHARLES IN EDINBURGH
o f ministers and the University , a body “ ” 1000 about Loyal Volunteers , most of them divinity students and serious - minded young shopkeepers , with a few lawyers as 1 officers . On Sunday , September 5 , news ’ came o f Charles s advance to Kirkliston . The dragoons marched o u t to Coltb ridge and at the sound of the fire - bell about 400 of the Loyal Volunteers , amid the wails and expostulations of their female friends , par a ded in the Lawn marke t and loaded their n t pieces for the first time . Does this o re ” o n e of mind you , said them to his compau
Fab ii ou t o f ion , of the Gens marching
Rome to meet the Gauls , while the matrons and Virgins were wringing their hands '
. omn es You must recollect the end , Mr Hew , ” ad un um eriere Un dersuc h disma l p . appre h e n sion s did the gallant band of devoted
Whigs march slowly westward , their ranks thinning as youth after youth wa s drawn or away by a weeping sister aunt . The few who reached the West Port tamed their hearts of fire o n the entreaty of the Princi 61 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
U set sen pal of the niversity , and were as
u n tries round the city wall . Next day the supported dragoons came in touch with the
Highlanders and fled incontinent , in sight of the trembling Volunteers , along the west ’ ern shore of the Nor Loch and o n by Leith to Prestonpans . This was the Canter of ” Coltb ridge . It left Edinburgh naked to the
Highlanders , and the armsof the Volunteers were given up to the Castle . The Provost , whose name was Stuart and who was s us
ec te d p of being a Jacobite , received a letter “ signed Charles , demanding surren
o u t a sk der . Two deputations were sent to
time for consideration . The second one was
n ot . received Close behind it , on its return , 00 came 5 Camerons , with orders to force an
entrance . As they hung about the foot of
N e th erb ow the walls , they noticed the Port Open the coach that had brought back the second civic deputation wa s being taken to
its stables outside the city . The Camerons
instantlyslipped in , overpoweredthe guard , to and marched quickly up the City Cross , 62
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
a neat-fittin gtartan coat and embroidered
waistcoat , with a blue sash , wrought with
erru ke gold , over his Shoulder , and a p matching the chestnut - gold hair that well c d from beneath a gold - laced bonnet of green velvet in which was stuck a white ’ of cockade in the form a St . Andrew s cross . i He rode well , and the d gnified melancholy that tempered his smiles was calculated to win the hearts of the loyal young ladies of who Edinburgh , waved their kerchiefs to
of him , and paid him the tribute many a tear . The men , too , were enthusiastic , and it was amid heartening cheers that Prince
o n A s Charles rode to Holyrood . he entered he was dramatically saluted by a veteran
Jacobite , James Hepburn of Keith , who came forward with a drawn sword and re newed the allegiance that had cost him his social rights and many years o f liberty Undeterred by the omen o f a fall of Slates and Chimneys , said to have been brought down by a shot from the Castle , Charles
o n passed into his apartments , to appear 64
CHARLES I N EDINBURGH
a few moments later at an open window , from which he bowed his acknowledgments o f the continued cheers .
Meanwhile the Heralds , in their antique
-Ca n o n a te finery , marched up the g and High
Street , and proclaimed King James III . and
Charles Prince Regent from the City Cross . A prophetic observer might have seen b e of side them that ghostlyHerald doom who , 1 1 in a still night of 5 3 , had summoned by name the flower of Scottish chivalry to c om pear before their Maker within forty days .
th e su n o f But shone brightly , and the eyes the spec ta tors we re all for the beautiful and
- . sat ill fated Mrs Murray of Broughton , who o n horseback distributingwhite cockades to young gentlemen eager to shine as gallant t knigh s in the eyes of their own fair ladies . They could receive the first earnest o f their reward that evening a t th e great ball given by the Prince in Holyrood . The old grey
o f S building , a mere palace hadows since 1 0 7 7 , woke up to such light and life and gaiety as it had not known since Queen 65 E CHARLES EDWARD STUART
’ Mary s French fillocks targeted their ” tails and impregnated the chill Calv in is tic atmosphere with a warm - scented whiff
old - o f Parisian frivolity . The half Celtic
S - cotland , martial , proud , Splendour loving to though poor , seemed have risen from the sh e 160 tomb where had lain since 3 , when ’ a patriotic noble appeared at James VL S
- off ob send in funeral costume , as at the sequies of national life . wi’ Holyrood had come a lass , and it had gone through the means of the same
- lass . Beside the twelfth century Augus tinian Abbey where the Stuart kings had lodged when the Castle was uninhabitable
or V . untenable , James I had built the of Palace for the reception his Queen , Mar VII garet Tudor , the daughter of Henry his VI through descent from whom James . to had succeeded the English throne . Save that the A b b eyh ad fallen into disrepair and
the pleached gardens into rankness , the royal abode was very much a s it had been
when James VI . left it . The surroundings 66
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
’ - o - who , by the tragedy of Kirk Field , and her marriage here to the cowardly swash
B o thwell wa s buckler , , soon to let the world know how well and how badly she could ” study revenge . And here , a ludicrously
so n contrasting figure , was her Changeling , “ ” the Scottish Solomon , rushing about in ” panic terror with his breeks in his hand , or sitting at his desk forging new weapons of casuistry and torture against the poor , friendless old women in Whom he saw the agents of the arch - enemy of mankind and
the particular enemy of James VI . That Charles seldom Spoke about his an c es tors does not argue indifference concern ing them royalties take their descent very
a s much a matter of course . But in the meantime his communings with the Stuart shades were interrupted by business of a
m r r in a t u n o e p ess gsort . Copehad landed D
wa s bar , and advancing towards Edinburgh 000 at the head of about 3 men . Charles found Edinburgh as indefensible agains t Cope as the Whigs had found it against 68 CHARLES IIN EDINBURGH
himself . So the city was left in charge of ajmy thic al concealed garrison of 5 00 High his landers , and on the second day after ar rival in Edinburgh , Charles drew up his ’ army in the King s Park , placed himself at
S their head , and , drawing his sword , hout “ c d , Friends , I have thrown away the scab bard . Cheered and cheering , the army
in o n marched back to camp at Du dd gst . Next day th ey a dv a n ce d eastward along the high ground and halted o n a slope in full ’ of View Cope s army , which , misled by some
fu young student scouts , among them the
o n ture Jupiter Carlyle , had encamped a stubble field near the sea . The relative positions o f the two armies were curiously similar to those they were to occupy before é Culloden . But Cope had neither the lan t of nor the ve erans and guns Cumberland , and the Highland army was fresh and c on
fi n de t . Cope foolishly hesitated either to attack the Highlanders or to advance past b them to Edin urgh , and the day passed in mutual feints and reconnaissances . The 69 CHARLES EDWARD ST UART a rmie s b iv oua c kedfor the night in full hear ’ in gof each other s drums , the English in orb th eir their tents y fires , the Highlanders wrapped in their plaids and pillowed upon
of - bundles new cut pease . Charles shared
his d the bed of soldiers , and slept untrouble by the thought that the ground where he
lay was Carberry Hill , where Queen Mary had begun the long dreary progress that A af ended at Fotheringhay . bout an hour ter midnight he was roused by Lord George with the news that a volunteer named A n derson could guide the army by a dry path
throughthe morass that divided the forces .
Charles gave orders for an instant advance . From the frosty starlight the Highlanders I of descended softly into the mist the plain ,
the Camerons and Macdonalds in front , the
Princeleadingthe second column . The mist
cleared away , the pale dawnbegan to break , ’ andanalarm - gunfromCope s a rmy b rought rustics from their cottages to the walls of a of of park in rear Cope , and the soldiers an
Englishfrigate inthe Forth to the yards , and 7 0
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
ness with which the wounded were treat ed roused the indignation o i the Highland ’ ers , as did also Charles s quixotic refusal to apply at once for a cartel for exchange of prisoners while the Cameronians o f the West Country were contemptuously aston ish ed that he did not extirpate those v er ” min of hell , as they designated the English regulars . Though the aspirant to a throne ’ o n b eh av iou r Ch arles S is naturally his best , conduct here and throughout his campaign ’ j ustifies Mr . Lang s remark that the con trast between Charles and Cumberland was that of a civilised and chivalrous c omman der against a foe as treacherous and cruel ” a s a Huron or an Iroquois . Charles returned to Edinburgh a c on quering hero . But he wisely forbade any rej oicings over the disc omfitu re and death of British subj ects . The citizens were pleas of ed with this , and with his toleration Pres b teria n y worship , andCharlesflatteredthem by his promise that James III . would make
Edinburgh his Herrenhausen . State balls 7 2
CHARLES IN EDINBURGH were given nearly every evening at Holy
a s en rood , and the Edinburgh ladies were th u sia stic as ever , thoughCharles paid them but little attention , and hardly ever danc
- wh o ed . Their men folk , however , had been pleasedwith the invasion aslongasit seemed amere ploy , began to grumble at the serious effects upon banking and commerce . Bil
also wa s leting , , a novel and disagreeable ex
erien c e c lan smen wh o p , and the , had seemed amusing enough when they strutted about in looted finery and sold watches for a trifle because ta cratur was deid , began to be more than a nuisance when they presented pistols at the heads of sober burgesses and ” demanded a bawbee .
Scotland , in short , was at too delicate a stage in her economic development to be f able to a ford the luxuryofwar . Charleswas intelligent enough to realise this , and also that the weakness of his rising was that it wa s dynastic merely and had no political significance . His attempts tomake political c a italwere n eu tralisedb his p y Irish advisers , 7 3 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
whose political n o tion s we re those of France
and Rome , and who were detested by the
Scots . France had awakened to interestand
Hi hlan dran ks hadsent men and stores , the g en were filling , and fervour was lent to the t erprise by the advent of such men as the
o ld gallant Lord Pitsligo , the highest type
of Scottish cavalier . Lord Lewis Gordon
was active in the north , and in spite of the
Hanoverian companies , Scotland could eas
ilybe held by force of arms inthe meantime , and perhaps ultimately b e reconciled to the new régime by j udicious playing on anti
Un i n in o feel g. But if the movementbecame
n o toriou sl Sc ottish En la n dwa s . y , g lost And b e in v a ded if England was tobewon , it must before the whole Hanoverian armyhad been
brought back from Flanders .
V iews u r e d These , g morningafter morning
- by Charles at his war council , were at last
found unanswerable , and the march into
Englandwasresolvedupon . Charles , against Geor his better j udgment , agreed to Lord ’ ’ ge s proposal to avoid Wade s army in the 7 4
CHAPTER THE FOURTH FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN s a M a rn in Twa on ond y mo g , R i ea in t h e e a r ght rly y , When Cha rli e ca me to o u r tou n h e u e r T yo ng Ch va lie . a r ie is a r n Oh , Ch l my d li g , T h n er e you g Cheva li .
A s h e a e r in u th e s re e c m ma ch g p t t , T h e pipes playe d lou d a n d clea r ’ And a th e folk ca me ru n n ing o u t ” —~ ee th e e a ie LA D Y N R N E. To m t Ch v l r . AI
’ N o e e s ee su ee s a ai mor w ll ch d d g n , D ese r e is e a Hi a en t d ch ghl nd gl , ’ A n d lonely ca irns a re o er th e men u a n d ie r Who fo ght d d fo Cha rlie .
M R S . OR N M EO EN E N M S . A ACL D ,
CHARLES EDWARD STUA R T
wa s But Lancashire apathetic , and supplied 00 only 3 men , who were formed into the ill fated Manchester regiment under Colonel ” Townley , with the Jemmy Dawson of
- f the heart rending ballad among the o ficers .
ol And the greetings of devoted d Mrs . Sky
h o w I I . rig , had seen Charles land at Dover and wh o n ow pronounced the Nunc Dimit tis over his grandnephew and gave him all her possessions (sh e died of grief on learn
o f ing the retreat from Derby) , did not make up for the indifference of Cheshire
and Wales . The Duke of Cumberland , too , reputed the best general in England , had taken over Ligonier ’s command and was at L ’ ichfi eld . , only a few days march distant Charles had still Spirit enough to quarrel t b ro with Lord George . But his Spiri was ken by the result of the final quarrel at
Derby , on December 4, and he realised the hopelessness of winning a throne with an army whose commissioned ranks were
a merely an unruly trib l council . That he had been able to control them so far , and 8 0
FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN to bring them against their will within a ’ — week s march o f London farther south than any Scottish army had ever been b e fore—argues not only great personal mag
n etism , but also a tact and generalship for
which Charles has barely got credit . Mon trose and Dundee had never attempted s o much Napoleon could hardly have done
more . What Lord George saw was that if he went o n he would be hemmed in by the
armies of Wade and Cumberland , and by the militia force that was being formed in
s aw London . WhatCharles was that if Lon
don was reached , the many Jacobites there ,
in the west , and even in the two Hanoverian
so armies , would declare themselves ; and good an observer as Smollett thought that w wa s . s a Charles right Also , Charles that
London wa s his only chance . But the coun
o sels f the cautious gambler prevailed . The lastvalid stake of the Stu arts wa s withdrawn 6 from the table . On December the retreat
wa s b e from Derby begun , and the Rising 8 1 F CHARLES EDWARD STUART came what Horace Walpole thought the of feeblest things , a rebellion on the de ” fensive . The decadence of the gay and light Spirited Prince dates from the fatal day o f
Derby . He became taciturn and morose , and consoled himself by private outbursts of temper fo r his dull outward compliance with the counsels of his officers . He had led the advance o n foot he led the retreat
- f o n horseback . In the brilliant night a fair o f Clifton , where Lord George , with a rear of 1000 000 guard less than , routed 4 of ’ Cumberland s dragoons , Charles had less than no part . Either in sheer desperation , or encouraged by the news o f Lord Lewis ’ Gordon s successful advance to Perth , he supported the proposal to leave Townley ’s regiment garrisoned in Carlisle— tobe snap or ped up a few days later , reserved for leis
o ur ly devouring , by the Butcher Cumber
wh o . land , thereupon returned to London
’ It was o n Charles s birthday that the High
E5 1: landers forded the swollen and , on 8 2
CHARLES EDWARD STUART ating the export trade —and respecting the
s on Peers , because the Lord Chancellor its a ’ woolsack - Saw no congenial symbolism in “ the faded port , and regal aspect wan of
a distressed Prince . Our very ladies j ustifying the character afterwards given them byGeneral Wolfe “ had not the curi
osit y to go near him , writes Provost Coch
rane , and declined going to a ball held by
his chiefs . Very few were at the windows
a s when he made his appearance , and such were declared him not handsome A citi zen of more sympathetic vision than the purse - proud Glasgow dames was struck by
his princely aspect , its interest much heightened by the dej ection which appear ed in his pale fair countenance and down ” ’ o n cast eye . A review held the Flesher s
- o n e Haugh , at the Clyde side , gained only “ ” - recruit , ane drunken Shoe maker . It may
have been another drunken shoemaker , but
hi o wh o a W n e . g , shot at Charles inthe street But the cosy burgesses were made to re
clothe the ragged army , and Charles carried 84 FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN
off - as two arms and printing presses , well as
livebailies , assecurityforbalance of tribute .
Marching to Stirling , Charles was j oined by the northern Jacobite forces and the
b e French auxiliaries , and found himself ginning 17 46 with a well - equipped army of
nearly men . Much good time was wasted by the army over the futile siege of
Stirlin c o n duc ted g, by avapouringanddrun ’ ken French engineer . Hawley s advance from Edinburgh with 7 000 troops broke the
Jacobite inaction . Onawet , stormyevening
armies me t o rrath erb lu n deredu on the two , p
each other , on a broken piece of moorland
to the west of Falkirk . The wind and rain and their keener sight favouredthe Highlan
ders , and a short but incredibly confused battle resulted in Hawley ’s retreat on Edin ” burgh My heart is broke , wrote Hawley ’ to Stair . But Charles s healing heart was f broken too when his o ficers decided , on
a d account of desertions , not to push the
vantage but to retreat north . He struck his head against the wall of his room and 85 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
exclaimed God , God have I lived to see this day But in council he contented himself with declaring , I take God to witness that it is with the greatest reluct of ance I yield , and that I wash my hands the fatal consequences , which I foresee but ” cannot help . He consoled himself , at Sir ’ Hugh Paterson s house of Bannockburn , by ’ - flirting with Sir Hugh s black eyed niece ,
Clementina Walkinshaw , of whom more ” anon . A fortnight later , Cumberland , who had been appointed Commander of the ’ Forces in Scotland , was occupying Charles s rooms in Holyrood , Linlithgow Palace was
wa s . in flames , and Charles over the Forth
He was followed , at a respectful distance , by 000 wh o 5 Hessians , garrisoned Perth and locked up the Highland Road while Cum berland came up by the eastern Lowlands . The Highland army marched north in
o n e three columns . The central , which
Charles accompanied , must have straggled ’ for somewhat , during his three days stay
— its at Moy Hall vacated by owner , the 86
C H A R LES EDWARD STUART
to captured Inverness Castle , was able pay his thanks in person to Lady Mackintosh . The net was closing round Charles and
was his devoted army . But there still a breathing space before the arrival of Cum berland , who had barely left Perth . Lochiel and Keppoch , with their clansmen and the
- French troops , had taken Fort Augustus , but they were wasting time over Fort
William , and had to abandon it a few days before Culloden . Cluny and Lord George captured t hirty Government posts in Perth
of shire , but the advance some Hessians from Perth compelled them to give up the siege o f Blair Castle and hurry north The ’ ’ Duke of Perth s rout of Lo u dou n s inde
Su th erla n dshire a n d pendentcompanies in , the success of some skirmishing parties in
Stra th s e a n dStra thb o ie p y g , were more than
o s10 0 Pririce Charles set ff bythe loss of the p . She had been returning from France with 200 some men , military stores , and
a n dwa s b En lish in money , chased ashore y g cruisers in the Pentland Firth and captured 8 8
FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN
by Lord Reay ; Cromarty , Barrisdale , and Glengylewere captured in an attempt at re r c ov e y . The loss of the money and stores most serio u s sin c e wa s , it compelledthe fam ish e d and penniless army to keep Open the line of Inverness and the coast , and forbade a retreat into the mountains . Sheer hunger ,
- combined with the approach of seed time ,
th eirh ome s c au s whichcalledthecroftersto , odsomany desertionsthat on the dayof need only some 5 0 00 mustered out of an army of
8 000 . 8 The doom crept nearer . On April Cum berland left Aberdeen with about 9000 (two - thirds infantry and a third cavalry) of the best - trained and best - equipped troops that had been embodied in Britain since the
in fa n tr days of Cromwell . Most of the v and many of the cavalry had seen service under
in Cumberland Flanders , and were as glad as he o f an easy chance to wipe out the stain 1 of Fontenoy . On April 5 they formed camp at Nairn , within fifteen miles of Char ’ les s army , and got moderately drunk in 89 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
’ of celebration their leader s birthday . It was only his twenty - fifth he was a year younger than his Stuart cousin . The third son o f I George I . had matured quickly in military service , in cruelty , and in vice . At twenty- one he had been a maj or- general ; at twenty - two he had played the Black ’ o Prince to his father s Edward III . at D ttin gen and distinguished himself b y his cool bravery . The great military genius which Horace Walpole wa s told he pos
sessed was displayed neither at Fontenoy , where his observation was bad and his lead ing rash , nor during his subsequent Flem ish 1 1 8 campaign of 7 47 and 7 4 , when he was a gain h Opele ssly outwittedbySaxe ; and in Hanover in 17 57 he was a hopeless fail
- ure . He was a good sergeant maj or , but no
general , and Culloden was his only Victory . 1 1 The glory of it had vanished by 7 5 , when he was passed over in the Regency Bill and
lost favour even with his father . He insti
tu ted . Ascot He was florid and corpulent , and his cold debauchery matched his dull 90
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
- v an and when the , under Lord George , ’ came in touch with Cumberland s outposts ,
was the dawn was breaking , and there noth ing for it but a precipitate return to camp at
Culloden House . The men were exhausted and spiritless , and many of them dispersed in search of food and slumber , some to fall asleep in neighbouring cottages and receive theirlast awakening from an English bayon ’ e t - . But Cumberland s full fed warriorswere advancing , and if Inverness and the coast were not to be abandoned the Highland ar
or my must fight on a dram and a biscuit , ’ even on an empty stomach . Charles s back was at the ’ At eleven o clock on the forenoon of
16—a o f driv Wednesday , April chill day ing northern showers— the English army
on was in sight , compact and orderly as
parade . The Highlanders were drawn up by ’ O Sulliv an - , the Quartermaster General , in two on e o n lines , a long and a short , an open moorland plateau between the Culloden
Parks and the river Nairn . In the first line 92 FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN were the Old Guard of Highland Ja c ob it
ah ism (all but the Macphersons , who were
in o n sent Badenoch) , the Atholl men the
th e right , and , in order to the left , Camer
Mac la chlan s ons , Appin Stewarts , , Frasers ,
Mackintoshes , Macleans , Macleods , Chis
Cla n ra n ald holms , and the Macdonalds of ,
Keppoch , and Glengarry . The Macdonalds
o n ought , by precedent , to have been the
right but here the left , away from the hill li ne of retreat , was really the post of hon
our , and they do not seem to have made any
protest . In the second line , flanked by the
few Lowland and French horse , were the Gordons and the French Royal Scots and ’ picquets . Lord Ogilvy s men formed a thin wh o was reserve behind the Prince , in the
centre . At the last moment Lord George counselled a retreat on the hills to wait for
Cluny , and the French ambassador threw ’ himself at Charles s feet , imploring him not
to give battle . But it was too late . ’ By on e o clock Cumberland had halted and dressed his troops a few hundred paces 93 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
was to the east , and the English cannon beginning to plough lanes in the Highland ranks . Charles had his face bespattered with dirt , and a servant who stood near him wa s killed . The Highlanders stood their e useless punishment grimly , but after n arly an hour of it the Mackintoshes lost pati ence and darted forward without orders .
They were followed , rather confusedly , by all the rest of the front line save the Mac
o u t o n donalds , who were too far the left to
T he j oin in the charge . Light Brigade at Balaclava had not a more dreadful road to c ov erth a n the cannon - swept an dmus ketry e n filaded six hundred paces alon gwhich the clansmen scattered their dead . In Spite of ’ Cumberland s instructions to his soldiers to disregard the targes and bayonet the High
o n landers their right front , the clansmen pierced and scattered hisfirst line and came on o n e against the second , which , says ‘ to n e ar a n d Home , allowed them come very , then gave them a terrible fire that brought a great many of them to the ground , and 94
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
’ del s famous triumphal chorus . He dressed ‘ his ranks , amidenthusiastic shouts of Now , '” Billy , for Flanders and proceeded to earn the title wh o s e j usticewas u n c o n sciou sly a c kn owle dge din the re - naming of T yb u rn Ga te after him , and whose early currency is evi demoed by the suggestion of a London alder man that the Cityfreemanship to be bestow
oi th eB u tc h er ed upon him should be that s .
Weeping , distracted , and , in the general
confusion , almost disregarded , Charles made a half - conscio us and almost unnoticed a t tempt to rally some of the Highlanders near him . He was taken charge of by the body of Lowland gentlemen who formed his Life
Guards , and led rapidly by them up the
Nairn valley to the Ford o f Fa ilie . NO ar rangements for retreat had been made b e fore the battle , but after it was over a ren dez v ou s at Ruthven was hurriedly fixed by
Lord George . Urged , probably , by a mad suspicion of that general , Charles , with some his of his Irish adherents , broke away from
Guards , and sent them word to seek their 96
FROM DERBY TO CULLODEN
own . safety Lord Elcho , who lingered near
Charles , calledhim a cowardlyItalian to somethingunknown ears polite , and made off cursing . Charles seems to have sent a message to Lord George , asking for a ren
- dez v ou s at Fort Augustus . Lord George t e plied angrily , reproachingCharles for having forced the Rising without adequate French assistance . This decided Charles to make for the coast and fly to France . About two thousand clansmen assembled at Ruthven , but dispersed almost at once . TheHighlands were left naked to the Butcher the dreadful
ib b etin s price of rebellion , in g g , transporta
al tions , outlawries , and treacheries , was ready being exacted , and the payment was to drag o ut over two years . The Iliad of was the Rising over , its brief
Odyssey had begun .
On hills that are by right his ain He roams a lonely s trange r ’ i h e s esse On lka hand pr d by want , i si e e On lka d by dang r .
’ He row d him In a Highland plaid i e e him b ut s e Wh ch cov r d par ly, ’ And Slept benea th a bu s h o broom ’ e e P i e r ie Oh wa s m for r nc Cha l . N Y E JOH L L .
Sh e e i th e eez es s u look d at a boat w th br that w ng, A th e e i e i th e i way on wav , l k a b rd on ma n A a e as it esse e sh e si e sh e su nd y l n d gh d and ng , ’ Fareweel to th e lad I shall ne er see again i ’
Flora M acdon ald s La ment .
CHAPTER THE FIFTH HIGHLAND WANDERINGS FROM GLENFINNA N TO CULLODEN Charleshimselfis somewhatlost on the crow of ded and confused stage active rebellion . With the dispersal of his army h e emerges as the central figure of an afterpiece so strange andthrilling that there is nothing else in his c an tory , nothing even in legend , that really of be compared with it . The turn the great Jacobite chiefs and nobles was over : now ’ came the time of Charles s absolute reliance upon the lower gentry and the common
I n th e lac lis oftreach er on l on e people . b k t y y of o f Lowland name , that Murray Brough set ton , is to be against the great Highland names of Lovat , Glengarry , Barrisdale , and Mor James Macgregor . But the fealty of the humblerHighlandersfar more than made up for the occasional defections of their chiefs . of The flame personal loyalty and honour, that greed , ambition , and foreign vices had begun to weaken in the hearts of the travel led aristocracy , still burned Clear and bright in the bosoms of the poor primitive inhabit 10 1 CHARLES EDWARD STUART ants of the Inverness - shire straths and the ’
. de en den ce more Western Isles Charles s p , was n o ac ob it over , longer upon Highland J ism , but upon the Highland people . That no Jacobite clansman betrayed him is perhaps not so very wonderful , since a dirk would have been the inevitable reward of such
1115 treachery . During the five months of — Highland wanderings , however , hunted
o n s ea and hemmed in , and land , by the eager Sleuth - hounds of a rich Government that panic had roused from contemptuous
effic ien c — sloth to ferocious y , Charles was time and agai n dependent for his life upon men and women in whose political record there wa s nothing to deter them from earn ing the thirtythousand pounds placed upon
his head . But he was a Scottish Prince , the
friend and guest of the Highlanders , and honour demanded that he Should leave their c edat country in safety . Quantum virtuti bus aurum i” as Doctor Johnson wrote in ’ Flora Macdonald s house at Kingsburgh . “ wei h e d wha t With virtue g , worthless trash 102
CHARLES EDWARD STUART truly prophetic ; after a few weeks of skulk ing about the west coast in hope o f a res c u e by a French ship , the wretched old man was found by English sailors in a hollow tree on an island in Loch Morar , and drag ged off to face the execration o f the Lon
o f don mob , the cruel baiting Crown law
ers was y , and a death that almost merci ful in comparison with the moral torture that had preceded it . A Highland lady has described the weird scene She witnessed as a j uvenile and almost unregarded guest ’ Gortu le o n o f at g, the afternoon Charles s : arrival the lonely green strath , dim in the
of ghostly light a dullApril evening , covered suddenly with a confused crowd of armed men and dishevelled women , who seemed a s o f if they had sprung , like fairies , out the
wh o ground , and ran to and fro and filled the glen with the dismal echoes of their curses and wailings . or Clearly , there was no safety comfort
for to be looked here , and Charles and his companions pushed on through the night 104
HIGHLAND WANDERINGS
o n to Invergarry , where they breakfasted two salmon found by Burke in a fishing net at the river mouth . Then they made west , and skulked about in Arisaig for four days , during which Charles discarded his semi French finery for a suit of ordinary High
B orrodale land clothes . At , where he had c rof first landed , he was met by a gallant
o f Gu alter ill ter , Donald Macleod g , who had been sent by Banker ZEn eas Macdonald as a guide to the coast . A flight to the outer isles was resolved upon . It was a foolish move as things turned out , for only a few days later two French ships arrived at Bor ro dale - with the ill fated treasure , and took off in safety the Duke of Perth (who died on board) , Lord John Drummond , Lord Elcho , ’
Charles s tutor , Sheridan , and several other
- leaders . But Charles was panic stricken farthest from Cumberland and Lord George
. so seemedbest And , on the evening ofApril ’ 26 O Sulliv a n , the Prince , Captain , Captain ’ O Neill a oun , y gCatholic priest namedAllan
Macdonald , and Edward Burke embarked , 105 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
a s with Donald Macleod pilot , in an eight oared boat manned by some trusty clans men . Among the rowers was Donald Mac ’ of leod s son , a lad sixteen , who had played truant from Inverness Grammar- school to j oin the fight at Culloden . Before leaving ,
Charles dispatched a letter to his soldiers , thanking them for their services and bid
ding them farewell .
storm an d The night was y , at the mouth of Lo ch n an uagh the wind and the tides made
s o s ea Prin c e wh 0 heavy a that the , sat in the ’ bottom of the boat between Donald s feet ,
asked to be put on shore . But Donald de ’ clin e d aftera to alter the boat s course , and ,
of doub t of miserable night fear and , no , sea
sickness , the grey misty morning revealed the bleak hills of B e n b ecula above the toss
ing waves . The boat was run into a bay
a t Rossinish , and the soaked and Shivering company lit a fire and dried their Clothes in
v a an uninhabited hut near the beach . A
c ow was on grant seized and killed, and the strength of her meat they spent two days 106
CHARLES EDWARD STUART himself (the Hanoverian chief of the Mac “ kenzies) were here , by God , he durst not ’ on s o put a hand the Prince s breast . And the wanderers sailed unmolested to a desert
Euirn . island , , off the east coast of Lewis There they spent some days in a roofless b hut , sleeping on the are ground , and living on - dried fish and cold brandy punch . Then they sailed back to Scalpa , but found Don ’ ald s sea friend gone , and took to again , with nothing to stay their stomachs but dramach o f , a mixture meal and salt water , of which the hardy Prince ate heartily . The sight of English warships drove them in a on to panic a desert island , where they lay for hid three days . The coast , scoured and searched in every cranny by seven Govern was ment ships , no longer tenable , and on May 14 Charles took to the mountains of
or al C a d e in South Uist .
Charles was now in a regular trap , and it seemed as if nothing could save him . And nothing did save him but the simple true heartedness of the poor crofters and shep 108 HIGHLAND WANDERINGS
of herds and fishermen South Uist . They were perfectly aware of the identity and movements of the yellow-haired laddie
as they called him among themselves , but they consistently misled the militia parties which patrolled almost within sight of the ” Forest House , the mountain hut where
the Prince lay hid . They passed the time
of c on day with his followers , indeed , and
v e ed . y him provisions In westerly gales , when earth and sky were enveloped in driv
- ing , steam like mist that broke only to give of fleeting glimpses grey dripping rocks , it must have been very dreary in that smoky
turf sheiling , amid the moaning and howl
of . ing the incessant blast Charles , however , f or did not su fer in health spirits , and the ’ nervous ennui of his three weeks imprison
was - ment relievedby cooking , card playing , of a o smoking , and the perusal fantastic counts of his own adventures in the Edin burghandGlasgowjourn als conveyed to him B ail shear by Macdonald of e . And when
thingswere very dull , he would (accordingto 109 CHARLES EDWARD STUART on e of his Highland companions) step into
b - a y chamber , which served as a pantry , and put the bottle of brandy or whiskie to his his head, and take dram without any cere ’ His mony . private practice inthis national pastime enabled him to shine conspicuous l on y one occasion , when a party of young Macdonald gentlemen came “ to pay him the compliments of the day “ Their drink wa s o u t of only cold brandy a clean shell , without any mixture at all , and the Prince stood it out better than any of them in ” of drinking the health the day ; indeed , when Boisdale called next morn in gh e found
all the Macdonalds lying sick in bed , and the Prince going round covering them up
with plaids . By the first week of June things had b e
come desperate . Donald Macleod , who had been sent to Murray of Broughton on the mainland for a Share o f the Loch A rkaig
money , returnedwith two ankers of brandy
but no money , and the penniless Prince was compelled to dismiss Donald and the 110
CHARLES EDWARD STUART m dreaminess , of common sense and ro ance . She would stand for hours watching the A t lantic rollers on the west coast of Uist ; but ” sh e plied her book and won local fame a s a play eron the Spinet and a reciter of long
Gaelic poems . She was a great favourite
s m with the small farmers , and acted as a y pathetic link between them and the gentry . At seventeen She was taken up by Lady Margaret Macdonald of Sleat and sent by
’ her forthree sessions to a fashion ab le ladies school in Edinburgh , finishing up with a ’ visit to Lady Macdonald s natal abode of sh e Eglinton Castle , where distinguished of herself as a singer Gaelic songs . She was in Edinburgh with Lady Macdonald when ’ out the 45 broke , and returned with her ’ on to Skye , and went to her brother s house at Milton in South Uist . Womanlike , she Shared the Hanoverian sympathies of her patrons , but had a romantic sympathy with
as ste da u h Prince Charles . Her position p g
of of ter a captain militia made her useful, and Lady Clan ran ald persuaded her to help 112
HIGHLAND WANDERINGS
’ in the Prince s escape . And thus it came
o f that , in the pale northern glimmer a June
on sil midnight , a lonely plain between the ent Hebridean hills and the whispering
ocean , Charles met the modest Highland girl whose name is brightest in Jacobite ro sh e mance . Probably seemed to him , that she night , as beautiful as appears in Allan ’ Ramsay s picture . A daylight scrutiny
would most likely reveal the comely , natur
al- who out looking woman , looks at us from the Glasgow portrait painted by Robertson
1 0 Sh e was a full in 7 5 . small in stature , with
- fittin but very neat figure , Clad in a close g
bodice of Macdonald tartan . Herwavy hair ’ of was the same hue as the Prince s , but darker her complexion a healthy reddish
brown , her cheeks round and full , and her n ose ra th erlo n gan dofindeterminate shape ; her best features were her pretty and kind l y mouth , with its short upper lip , and her
dark brown eyes , not specially large , but
well Open , and with a wonderful expression of affectionate ingenuousness and steady 113 H CHARLES EDWARD STUART
sh thoughtfulness . Though e was distinctly
Hi hlan din on e g appearance , caneasilymake oneself believe that sh e rather resembled
Charles himself .
The Prince and Flora parted . A few days later , along with her brother and Lady
Clan ra n ald sh e re , visited him in his hill
sh e a treat , where found him cooking bul ’ on lock s heart and liver a wooden Spit . She brought with her a pass from her stepfather
- — for herself , a man servant , and a maid ser
wh o rec om vant named Betty Burke , was mended to the good - wife at Armadale as a “ - wa s good Spinster . The man servant Neil
Mac Ea ch ain o r , Macdonald , a tutor in the
Clan ran ald family , who had been educated for the priesthood and could speak French .
The Prince , arrayed in a calico gown , a
- light coloured petticoat , and a brown Irish mantle with a large hood , became Betty ” of of Burke . An alarm militia dispersed all the company but the three covered by the i pass , and after an anx ous night among the
' c om a n heather , the Prince and his two p 114
CHARLES E DWARD STUA RT
- n iz ort A lan in half wayacrossLoch S . d gwas f n earMon ksta dt e fected , Sir AlexanderMac ’ to donald s seat , and Flora hurried Lady Macdonald t o get the militia officers thrown off the scent , andto have arrangementsmade ’ for Charles s convoy through Skye . Late in
o f the evening , Macdonald Kingsburgh , Sir ’ 5 wa s Alexander factor , sent to meet Charles and guide him to his house , whither Flora on had gone to rouse Mrs . Macdonald . On ” the way , Betty aroused the wonderment of some strangers by her liberal display of limb in fording a stream . When the mistress of Kingsburgh learned the identity of the odd muckle trallup of a carlin who had “ come into her kitchen , She exclaimed , O ’ n oo Lord , we will a be hanged Hout , ” “ old guid wife , said her brave husband , if we are hanged for this , I am sure we die in a ” good cause . The good lady found a new
of I own cause fear n her behaviour at table .
ase But the Prince soon put her at her c . of Collo s After a hearty supper eggs , p , and to beer , he helped himself liberally brandy , 116 HIGHLAND WANDERINGS
lit the new d ay pipe Kingsburgh gave him in place o f a patched contrivance made of ’ “ to a bird s shank , and settled down make
a night of it . At two in the morning the punch- bowl was broken in a semi - jocular
dispute between hostandguest , and Charles to off . was led bed Next morning , Flora , at of the request Mrs . Macdonald , went blush ing into his bedroom , and , while he laid his head ' in her lap and put his arms round her l of c ut ou t ook . waist , a his hair This was a dangerous approach to sentiment where a — Stu art was concerned but the episodelast
a . ed only few minutes , and Mrs Macdonald was at the door . In another hourCharles , in on Highland dress , was his way to Portree .
There , in an inn , he gave Flora a parting kiss andexpressed the hope that theywould ’ ’
S . . meet in t James s yet Flora , likenearly everyone elsewhohadbefriended the Prince , was taken prisoner a few days after leaving
. sub him She was conveyed toLondon , and ecte d t j to a nominal imprisonmen , during which Sh e was feted bythe n ob ility an dvisit 117 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
of she ed byFrederick , Prince Wales , whom told Shewouldhave done as much for him as for Charles . She could have made a brilliant marriage , butShe returned to Skye andgave
h adwon h erh eart her hand to the man who ,
her handsome cousin , Allan Macdonald , ’ — K in gsb urgh s son described by Boswell “ as completelythe figure of a gallant High lander ” —who soon after succeeded to his ’ ’ h r a rm earafter oh n son s v isit fat e s f . The y J to Allan and Flora migrated NorthCarolina , where Allan became a brigadier of Loyalist
a n dwa s troops taken prisoner . Onhislibera
tion he rej oined his wife at Kingsburgh . Of theirfive sonsthreebecame a rmy oflicers and two naval officers (the latterwe n t downwith the Ville cle Paris in and both da ugh f 1 o an d ters marriedo ficers . Flora died in 7 9 , afew years laterher husband was laidb e side
her in the churchyard of Kilmuir . The pro cession at her funeral marched Sixteen miles and was over a mile in length three hun dred gallons o f whisky were served out to was the company , and the coronach played 118
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
in drenching rain at 3 000 feet above the
sea of , or in woods within hearing the troops
round the outpost fires . They Slipped north
Prin c e was through the cordon , and the con signed to the care of some trusty outlaws known to history as the Seven Men of Glen moriston wh o himwithin of , conveyed reach
Poolewe , whence news camethatthe expect
ed French Ships had come and gone . He touch with doubled south again , gotin Loch so his iel , and , after an escape narrow that party had got ready to diewith arms in their
on 2 hands , was , August 7 , taken to the Ben Alder sheiling where Lochiel lay nursing his
wounded ankles . Two days later came a wel
come visitor , Cluny Macpherson , who took two Charles to his famous cave , a quaint of storey dwelling branches , stones , and
on - brushwood , high up the rock face of apre
i i ou of c t s . p shoulder BenAlder Here , almost an dwith amidthe clouds , a magnificentpan orama ofwildmountains an dloch s belowand before them , the Prince and his Macpherson ch eerfora fortn i h t hostsmadegreat g , drink 1 2o
HIGHLAND WANDERINGS
- ing , gambling , story telling , quarrelling (no —for doubt) , and devising dishes for dinner was of Cluny something an epicure , and his table in the wilderness was well furnished
by his devoted clansmen . The Government
Ch arles was posts werebeingwithdrawn , and of in high spirits at the prospect safety . On 1 of September 3 came news French ships , and after a safe and almost leisurely j our
ney , varied by sport and feasting , Charles embarked with Lochiel on the French priv ’ a teer L Hen ren x , almost at the same spot
. 20 where he had first landed On September , he bade his last farewell to the Highland
hills , and nine days later landed safely at
was Roscoff in Brittany . He met by his
brother Henry and by several noblemen , i and conducted in state to Versa lles , where the King in person congratulated him on the heroic qualities he had displayed in his mis
fortunes , and expressed the hope that he would one day receive the reward of such re
was markable merit . His appearance equal His to the occasion . bronzed countenance 121 CHARLES EDWARD STUART a n dh arde n e d set o ffb , soldierlyfigure were y a rose - c olou re dv elv e t c oa t e mb roideredwith silver , a waistcoat of rich gold brocade with a spangled fringe , diamonded cockade and
- G shoe buckles , and the orders of St . eorge t and S . Andrew in prodigiously large bril ” “ “ liants . In short , says our informant , he glittered all over like the starwhich theytell ” o u his l y appeared at nativity . A as it
wa s the final flicker of a fallen star .
What can a bird do that h as not found a right nest '
He u s flit u u . Ai si les I ron dels m t from bo gh to bo gh n font . —PR I N E C R ES C HA L .
’ N ow is e men a don that can do , ’ And a is done in va in M e i e a fa reweel y lov and nat v l nd , Fo r I u r ss th e a n c ea ma n c o m i , m—y l r , For I u ss h e i B U R N s . ma n cro t ma n . CHAPTE R SI'TH OF A VAGRANT PRINCE WHEN CHARLES LANDED IN FRAN c c , a beaten man , he was still in his twenty sixth year , and he had not completed much more than a third o f the span of normally healthful life that fate had allotted him . But he had been wrecked on the flood - tide of f of his a fairs , and the rest his voyage was to be bound in shallows and in miseries , amid which his soul could neither find a n c h orage nor lie peacefully stranded .
’ ’ I v e s ee ee s s e s ea n Tw d ilv r tr m, S n i in th e su e hi ng nny b am , ru r e e h e id- a Grow d mly and da k b for t m d y . And the shallow and turbid stream of the ’ poor Prince s life was to fret and wind beneath low - sweeping and storm - driven clouds that were to Open only , and merci to fully , a brief pale sunset from over the of ocean death . History contains no record of any other career in which life bore such a small proportion to mere existence . But the circumstances , both personal and ex ternal , of which Charles was the victim , are unique in history . 125 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
For the first two years after his arrival in
- France , Charles kept up a semi royal state in Paris on French allowances and occasion al remittances out of the Loch A rkaigtrea
sure . He made public appearances with his
—n ob b ed brother at the opera , hob with min
is ters and ambassadors , and repaid the hos pitality o f Paris by entertaining its nobles and literati to dinners served on new silver plate marked with the Royal arms of Brit
ain . He was still a possible pawn of France , and he nearly succeeded in obtaining a pri vate interview with King Louis in order to lay before him the scheme of sending over — French tr0 0ps to Britain though Charles would probably have spoiled his
chances by insisting , as he did throughout , on a direct invasion of London . He had had enough o f Scottish invasions it was lon l on
rien with him now . And the French Govern of ment , for their part , had had enough
English Jacobites , and would not risk their
tr0 0ps at the centre of Hanoverian rule .
was i . The Jacobite camp , too , break ng up 126
CHAR LES EDWARD STUART
(some of it so well hidden that it has pro bably never yet been discovered) were the occasion of the obscure plotting that c u l ’ min ate d in Elib an k s wild scheme to kid nap the English Royal family . The scheme was disclosed seriatim by o n e of its chief ’ originators , the English Government s great
- agent provocateur , young Glengarry , alias
Pickle , in unmasking whom Mr . Lang has shed long- delayed light upon the reasons for
of the otherwise inexplicable execution Dr . 1 Archibald Cameron in 7 53 , and also upon the Government ’s reasons for keeping these
of reasons to themselves . With the death the worthy brother of the good Lochiel the pious , good , gallant , and accomplished ” Dr . Archy , whose last moments andwrit ings rank him with Sir Thomas More and wh o i n or the Great Marquis , and died g — ant of his real betrayer Scottish Jac ob it ism evaporates from politics and becomes a sunset cloud of nationalromance . The Cause was dead on earth; its etherealised Spirithad already begun to stir the chords of haunting
l . and imperishab e song 128
OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
Like all people in whom a natural ob stin acy is not supported by a strong ch arac or ter tempered by education , Charles had a pathetic belief in the value of attitudes . When his French friends began to cold of shoulder him , he assumed the pose an
- téte de er eighteenth centurysuperman , a f as he called himself , and threw on paper some crude notions which he called the M émoires ’ d n n Ome Sauva e g . It was in this capacity , a s a would- b e avatar of his namesake and of favourite hero , Charles XII . Sweden , that he chose to disregard the courteous hints of the French Government , and also the moni
of his re tions father , concerning the clauses
- - ferring to him in the Aix la Chapelle treaty . The result was his humiliating arrest at the
- on 10 1 8 . Paris Opera House December , 7 4 He was bound hand and foot and conveyed o f a s to the fortress Vincennes , and then , an exile , to the Papal city of Avignon . A pair of c ompasses fou n d on him could be explain ed only by the beginnings of a deep though never expressed regret that he had not flung 129 I CHARLES EDWARD STUART
on himself theEnglish bayonets at Culloden . But there wa s method in his madness he saw that the obj ect of the British Govern ment wa s to drive him into Rome and iden tify him for good with the policy most hated
. 28 1 in Britain And from February , 7 49 , o u t of when he rode Avignon , until after ’ 1 66 his father s death in 7 , he managed to defeat this obj ect by wandering incognito about the borders of France , Flanders , Ger many , and Switzerland . For the better part o f three years he lay concealed in the Con
of . vent St Joseph , a sort of French Hamp
in ton . Court the Faubourg St Germain , where he amused himself by reading , among ’ n n ou vra e do M r Fildin s n i other books , g . g g ’ ‘ ’ s o ool os e h A n drews g j p , and by listening from behind a partition to the conversation
- of of philosophers and blue stockings . One his three protectresses there was a beautiful and Virtuousyoung lady , Mademoiselle Fer
who wo n rand , the praises of Condillac by h er hilos0 hic ala c c om lishmen ts a n dwho p p p , more than earned her title of the French 13 0
CHARLES EDWARD STUART tern l devote i y , l ving amid cats and dirt and ’ pictures of saints and Sob ieskis . Charles s quarrels with her during their liaison were varied by his mysterious trip to London in
1 0 . re 7 5 In a sudden spasm of energy , the
off- sult of severe ennui , he arranged hand for the resignation of his father , and without letting any of his Highland friends know , sailed from Antwerp on September 12 . He
on 16 arrived in London the th . Of the Six days he spent there , nothing is known save
of that he took tea with Dr . King Oxford andbecame a member of the Church of Eng ’ land , appeared , like Banquo s ghost , at a cosy little Jacobite dinner - party at Lady ’ Primrose s , prowled about the Tower like a country cousin , remarking how easily it ” might be taken , and compromised a j ewel ler by having a medal struck . The visit was insanely obj ectless , and had Glengarry or
Barrisdale been about , there would have
A S was beenreal danger . it , Charleshadbeen s afely b ackin Paris for three weekswhen the BritishGovernment was apprisedof his Visit 13 2 OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
- by their high minded ambassador atBerlin , i wh o HanburyWill ams , hadalreadytried to — have Charles kidnapped that is , murdered —b y bravos at Venice , and who a year later ’ was to propose that Field- Marshal Keith s mistress should be secretly tortured into re ’ im vealing Charles whereabouts . This was mediately after Charles ’s visit to the court of Frederick . It was probably his failure there that turned his eyes to the black eyed maid whose health he had drunk at ” of the feast shells in the Outer Hebrides . Clementina Walkinshaw was the young e st of the ten daughters of John Walkin shaw , who came of a family that had been settled for centuries on the Renfrewshire estate from which they took their name .
- Following a west country custom , a young son er had gone into trade in Glasgow , and he had made enough by 1689 to buy the of Camlachie B arrowfield estates and , now ’ sordid districts in Glasgow s east end . His ’ son — , John s father who married a daughter of the great Presbyterian leader , Principal I 33 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
—was Baillie also both merchant and laird . But with John the cadet branch of the Wal kin sh aws returned from the muddy but aurife‘rous stream of trade into pristine land lordism off Saltmarket , and , to wash the stains more thoroughly , John married a daughter of the Jacobite and Catholic laird “ ” ’ of ou t 1 Bannockburn , and was in the 5 . His youngest daughter is said to have been
1 26 sh e born in 7 , and brought up in Italy ; was named after the royal lady in whose e s cape from Innsbruck her father had assisted
Wogan . Her later youth was spent mostly in the house at Ca mla chie which her father 1 20 built in 7 , and which still stands , grim
- of and frowsy , amid the soot storms Gallow ’ gate . Charles first met her in her uncle s house at Bannockburn after the battle o f
Falkirk . His infatuation for her is not ex
plained by the Short , flat , almost vulgar
face , of the Mongoloid cast often associated
with a very dark complexion in Scotland ,
that appears in some of her portraits . Of charm and intellect sh e seems to have been I 3 4
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
ed to discard her . He refused indignantly . But when he was toying with Anglicanism he was ready to discard her because sh e was
wa s so a Papist , and he j ealous of her that he barricaded her bed with furniture hung
with bells . The gallant Prince who in his Highland wan derin s a c c ordin Ma cEach ain g , gto , was so hearty and merry that he danced for a whole hour together , having no other music but some Highland reel which he whistled
de en era t away as he tripped along , had g ed into a Spleenful , shabby , drunken , ill
’ 0110 conditioned vagabond . No tinker s tr p was ever worse treated than Clementina .
Charles beat her freely , and their squalid
a mén ge became an outrage to decency . In sheer self- defence the poor woman resorted ’ “ to Charles s anodyne o f the nasty bot tle , as Cardinal York called it , and there are stories of tavern squabbles in which the Prince and the Ladyexchanged all the c om plimen ts of the Parisian gutter . At last
James , the Cardinal , and the French King 136
OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
1 60 intervened ; and in 7 , Clementina , hence ’ d A lb ertroff forth known as the Countess , retired with her daughter to a convent at
Meaux . Part of the pension allowed her by James wa s continued after his death by the Cardinal on her signing a declaration that to she had never been married Charles . Of her last days nothing is known save that ’ sh e followed her godmother s steps Cloister 18 02 wards and died at Freiburg in , at the
- age of seventy six .
An interlude of six years follows , during
which Charles wandered about , Shabby and ’ half- crazy ; flouting France s offers o f em
ployment in her army , yet adhering with “ ” dull obstinacy to his system of not being driven into Rome and sinking so low that the Jacobites contemplated transferring
cle n re their allegiance to the next j heir , the
of King Sardinia , and that even in Scotland only Bishop Forbes and the Oliphants of his Gask remained faithful to memory . The “ system broke down at the end of ’ 1 6 on of 7 5 , the news James s mortal illness . I 3 7 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
for Charles left Paris Rome , and was met half- way by the news of the death of the father from whom he had been absent and c an estranged for sixteen years . We only of conj ecture any feeling remorse . Henry failed to get Charles acknowledged as King by the Pope , and Charles wandered mostly about Tuscanyand Naples . With the loss of his secretary and some other gentlemen - wh o refused to accompany him in his carriage when he was drunk , he was left with only ” two subj ects , a nonj uring clergyman and
wa s a servant . But he no penniless wan : derer now henceforth , with the papal pen ’ sion and the interest on James s savings , to both resigned him by the good Henry , he was seldom to have much less than £40 00 a year of clear income . He took to shooting again , and practised the French horn . In of spite his bloated face and a bad stoop , he was described by an English lady as hav ing a noble person and a graceful man
’ rake s refu e ner . The g suggested itself , and France hinted at the desirability of a legiti 138
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
ister a s . g Charles III , King of Great Britain ,
France , and Ireland . He had entered the list of royal poets by composing the posy for the wedding - ring
s is du e ou me Thi Crown to y by , n e ou re n me And one can lov y mo tha .
on e Louise , according to of her numerous “ of admirers , was a middle height , fair, with
- u dark blue eyes , a slightly turned p nose , and a dazzling white English complexion ” and her teeth would have graced the front rowof an English musical comedy . But her beauty resided mainly in her expression ,
was es ie le which gay and p g , and not without of a touch irony , on the whole more French ’ sh e than German . Though was twenty and
fift - her husband y two , She had looked for ward to the marriage with more than the
o f - usual eagerness a convent trained girl . S of he revelled in the idea being a queen ,
on t- e . se though only a mock Her first back ,
marria e wa s only a few weeks after her g , the refusal of Pope Clement XIV . to allow any persons styling themselves KingCharles and 140 OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
Queen Louise to live under his jurisdiction . T They removed to Florence . here , though ’ so the Duke at first ignored them , Louise s c ial accomplishments won a certain half amusedtolerance for the Royal Stuart plate and liveries in the Palazzo San Clemente .
But as the hope of an heir receded , their married life became unrelievedly wretched . Charles was genuinely in love with his l young wife , and at first he honest y did his best to reform his habits and win her affe c f tion . Unfortunately , there was no a fection to win . Louise had the cold , Shallow , essen tiall s alon n iste y unmoral nature of the born , incapable of true sympathy and compas sion and though she had a wary eye to her own sh e reputation , had no bourgeois ideals of wifely devotion . Her mental receptive ness was amazing ; sh e kept herself up to date in the literature of four nations , and read Kant before he had been heard of out
of . Germany Poor Charles , the faded hero of Highland romance , must have felt him self a dismal anachronism beside this gay 141 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
- of young blue stocking , type the new Par
wh o isian intellectualism , at first laughed , and then yawned openly , at his long stories of to wh ic h his Highland adventures , stories a forgotten lady , singing ather wheel in a far o ff mistv t , island , would have listened wi h
- bated breath and tear dimmed eyes .
Giving up the attempt to woo his wife , Ch arles b ega n to repay h ersu perc iliou s cold ness with petty tyrannies , Shutting up all passages to her bedroom save the on e from
o n his own , and insisting her going out with h im at daybreak o r in the noon heat of su m mer days . She retorted with letters of pro test containing mocking reference to his “ ” bean x en hi ith lor y x and s fac e radiant w g y . The flask o f Rhenish and the bottle of bran d y became his only councillors , and even the opera - house resounded with the drunken snores of the dyspeptic dip somaniac . From abuse of his wife he proceeded to menaces .
o f At last , towards the end the eighth year o f u their marriage , his offences c lminated ” in a drunken scene of disgraceful v io 142
CHARLES E DWARD STUART recounted by the picturesque if somewhat of ffi partial pen Vernon Lee . Su ce it to s ay A lfieri that the proud and gallant , who had wheedledthe Pope into allowinghim tovisit
Louise at Rome , and who had sent a chal lenge to the invalid Charles for calling him
was a s a seducer , made happy at least early
1 8 f o f as 7 4, when a legal separation (e fected , course , by the good angel Henry) permitted his Egeria to enter into open relations with
. sin him For their they did ample penance , he in suffering the s alon chatter of a nation
sh e he detested more than did Charles , in sitting ou t his dismal moods and his dismal plays , which She cannot have found much more inspiring than the sprees and lo n g stor
ies o f her despised husband . But they were
wise enough never to marry . Three years ’ after Charles s death Louise was presented
at the British court by her cousin , theCount of ess Aylesbury , and , though ignored by
the Queen and Princesses , was a guest at “ several Statefunctions . Though happiness ” had disappeared out of the world fo rher at I 44
OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
’ - 18 0 in defa ti her lover s death bed in 3 , the g s alon n iste able , who in her later years looked “ ’ R u b en s s like one of women grown old ,
th e lived cheerfully on in Florence , friend of i S smondi , Courier , Lamartine , and Moore ,
and the enemy of Napoleon , until her death 18 in 24. The elopement of his wife reminded the lonely and forlorn Charles of the existence
o f his only child , who for the most of twenty years had been living with her mother in a 1 2 French convent . In 7 7 , the year of his
Sh e t marriage , had wri ten to her auguste ” papa entreating him to give her re c ogn i f tion , and he had o fered to receive her into his household if sh e deserted her mother she had refused mother and daughter had
t o come Rome , and been denied access to Charles and ordered to leave the City ; and
’
to Charlotte s threat , that she would marry
any one who would take her , Charles had replied that if she did so he would cast her off f . And now Charles in his a fliction made desp erate appeal to a natural affection he 145 K CHARLES EDWARD STUART hi had done s best to destroy . And the ap n ot peal was in vain . Charlotte came to
Du Rome , and Charles legitimated her as
of his chess Albany , made her heiress , and o f gave her charge his household . Charlotte
- at thirty was a big , buxom , good natured
of too creature , full gaiety , but like her ” father to be handsome . She bore him no
set rancour for his long neglect , and her self resolutely to the task of cheering him up and making him a reformed character . He had long ago ceased dallying with Pro testan tism his , and brother and daughter persuaded him to abandon his Royal pre
Pal tensions and settle in Rome . The old azzo Muti brightened up wonderfully u n der the influence o f its bouncing and kindly mistress ; and Charles , when he ceased to
a s pose a king , came to look more and more like one . His eyes and complexion cleared , he learned to smile again , and a dignified calm began to firm up the flabbycheeksand the loosely pendent lips . The crepuscular light of other days stole into his dark 146
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
- cati , and Tusculum , Vice Chancellor of the
- Roman Church , Arch Priest of the Basilica of of the Vatican , and Prefect the Fabric ’ of St . Peter s and had he been ambitious , he could easily have been Pope . But he was to have his share of the misfortunes of his
1 8 house . At the French invasion of 7 9 his b en efic es were laid waste , and he had to fly to Venice and pawn his plate for the n e c e s s aries o f life his family j ewels , all save the
Crown ones , had been sacrificed to assist the
Pope to pay the French tribute . His plight w a s communicated privately to the kindly ”
Farmer George , who granted him a life
of 000 pension £4 . In gratitude for this , and as a Sign o f final acquiescence in the doom of o n 18 0 destiny , the Cardinal his death in 7
to . bequeathed George IV , Prince of Wales , the Crown Jewels which James I I . had carri ed with him to France in 1688 . The Cardi nal lies buried beside his father and brother
’ in the cryptof St . Peter s , directly under the dome , and the three last of the Royal Stuarts ’ are c omme mora te db y Ca n ov a s magn ificen t
I I monument n the church tself . 148 OF A VAGRANT PRINCE
’ Its very elemen taln e ss makes Charles s character exceedingly hard to define , and one is almost j ustified in evading a judg ment on it by saying , as Pope said of most ” ”
n o . women , that he had character at all There is no discoverable mean between his generosity to some of his adherents and his
of abominable treatment others , between the bravery he displayed throughout his campaign and the pusillanimity of his flight f to the Hebrides , between the a fectionate eulogies of him by Cluny and Dr . Camer ’ o n and the Earl Marischal s description of “ his life as one continued scene o f false ” hood , ingratitude , and villainy . From the ruling vice of princes he was singularly free perhaps if he had had more of it he might have been less unhappy in his relations with
ev er o th er women . In almost y respect he was the victim of abnormal and adventitious cir
m t n s t c u s a c e . Like Hamlet , he was confron ed with a destiny t oo big for him but u n
o f like Hamlet , who was in the hands Shake o n speare , he was left to lag superfluous the I 49 CHARLES EDWARD STUART stage and weary o u t an audience whom his death at a dramatic moment would have His moved to tears . last exit from the scene caused no flutter in the courts and cabinets of Europe . But the news stirred many aScot i tish heart , and the thrill with wh ch it ran through the Highlands found expression in the beautiful Gaelic Lament for Prince ” “ Charlie ( Marv h - rann do Phrion n s Tear
- lach , written bya Ross shire schoolmaster ’ on the day he heard of Charles s death . It is to Scotland that all that is best worth re ’ memb erin gin Charles s career belongs sh e forgets the Charles Edward Stuart o f Paris and Florence , in the Prince Charlie , Tear ” o n lach Righ nan Gael , whom her romantic loyalty and her last national hopes were ’ centred . L Ec osse n e peut p as ’ ” te j uger , elle t aime .
CHAPTER SEVENTH OF TH E SOBIESKI STUARTS PRINCE CHARLES EDWARD HAD scarcely been laid in the grave when the
French throne was overturned , and France entered upon the phase of democratic mili
ta rism which , though it unsettled her poli
tics , thwarted aristocratic pretensions and ensured the economic independence of her
peasant farmers . InBritain the large tenant farmers and the trading bourgeoisie made t common cause wi h the vigorous nobility , who both owned the land and guided the
politics of the country , against the disaffect ed members o f the labouring and operative
classes , whose only really dangerous ele ments were weeded ou t automatically by
enlistment for foreign service , and turned against the French enemies of established
- a t - order , while the docile stay homes were dra fte din to the great new armies o f organ is
lab o u r an d ed , drawnup in serried thousands
at the looms and furnaces . While winning
wa s en military laurels abroad , the nation
tering at home , under royal and aristocratic 15 3 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
auspices , uponthat rather depressing Indus trialEra whose soc1alresu lts are o n ly n owb e ginning to be realised . One result was the of rise , with Godwin and Shelley , the social idealism which has gradually crystallised in
o - to the constructive Socialism f to day . A contrasting and more immediate result was the romantic reaction which found expres sion successively , and according to tradition B and temperament , in chivalric poetry , y r n i m o s . , Puseyism , and the Primrose League
of It was in the second quarter the century , ju st b efore Pre - R aph aelitism a n dFab ian ism began to be fashionable , that this romantic reaction reached its height . The sons and daughters of sturdy Nonconformist manu fac turers deserted the Chapel and identified th emselv es with th e High Ch u rch mov emen t; solid young English lawyers and bankers paraded the Highland glens in kilts and glengarries and got up Jacobite sentiment on whisky and oatcakes ; the scions o f old Whig houses fraternised with Jesuit priests at Rome and contracte d matrimonial allian 15 4
CHARLES EDWARD STUART scen dan t to of the Hays of Erroll , laid claim 8 . 1 0 0 a Scottish earldom He died in , leaving
f h a s two sons , both naval o ficers . Something been made of his having bequeathed £2200
son to the younger , Captain John Allen , and 10 0 only £ to the elder , Lieutenant Thomas
Allen , the father of the Sobieski Stuarts but this is easily accounted for on the theory of a previous financial settlement . Thomas married the daughter of an English vicar in 1 2 1 8 7 9 , retired from the Navy in 7 9 , and died in Clerkenwell at a great age in 185 2 : he seems to have acquiesced passively in his ’ in sons royal claims , but to have been more
’ tereste d in his father s claim to the earldom o f Erroll . Both the sons must have been born
1 a o before 7 95 , for , according to their own “ count they fought under the eagle mon
a t arch Dresden and Leipzig , and Napo ’ leon s own hand pinned an eagle o n the “ ” r l l th rob b in gb e a s t ofthe c hi dofb att es .
At Waterloo , also , they were conspicuous in ” dolmans green , pelisse of crimson dye . Then followed seven years of historical and 15 6 OF THE SO BIES KI STUARTS
a arch eological study in London , broken by a Scottish visit duringwhich they perfected themselves in Gaelic and cultivated the a o quaintance of several of the Highland no f bili y . By this time they had changed their name from Allen to the Scottish form o f
Allan .
Having practised their parts , the two brothers had a full - dress rehearsal on the ’ IV S occasion of George . state visit to Edin
in 18 22 burgh , when they astonished the chiefs by the bizarre splendour of theirHigh land garb and by the depth and novelty of their sartorial erudition . The elder brother was probably the gentleman on whose bos ’ om Scott s quick eye distinguished th e Erroll badge of High Constable of Scotland . In the same year appeared opportunely , with a de dic a tion T he B ridalo to the Duke of Argyll , /
Ca olchairn a n d Other Poems , , by John Hay
o f Allan , in which the author plays the part solemnly unconscious b uffoon with the pro
ertie s fria rs fairma den s p of , y , darkwarriors , oracularsages , and dark bens and lochs , left I S7 CHARLES EDWARD STUART
lying about the stage o f pasteboardromance of by theWizard the North . Thusthe mock ing - bird begins his lay
’ G e s iri th e La e wh o s it s t a t ev e r y p t of k , ’ At mighty Cru a c h an s gigantic fee t ’ A lov s t a e e ers e e e nd to w tch thy g ntl wat h av tc .
’ T h e yellow e vening s s ettin g gle a m ’ Ha d die d u pon Glen Lochie s strea m And fain t its p artin g lu s tre s he d ’ Within B ea n n Lavi s c o rrai re d
N or are the lengthy erudite notes forgotten . A reference to Prince Charles as the last of Albyn ’s royal race ” accords as little as the
’ on IV S stanzas John had written George . ’ landing in Edin b u rgh with the brothers sub sequent statement that their royal origin had been made known to them as early as 8 18 11 . 1 22 Within a few years after , how of ever , the proofs it were revealed in con fiden c e to a select group of Scottish gentle
men , and were accepted as genuine by such responsible and sagacious men as the 10th
of 1 Earl Moray , the 4th Lord Lovat , Sir
- r R r D . ob e t Thomas Dick Lauder , and Cham 18 26 bers . By we find the brothers settled , ’ - in - on with Charles s wife and sister law , the 15 8
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
In 1842 John created a flutter among Scot
a tish arch eologists by publishing , with col o u re d illustrations and with elaborate in trodu c tion and notes by John Sobieski ” Vestiarn in Scoticn rn Stuart , the , which pur
b e from - ported to the sixteenth century MS .
Sch r Ur u h a rde K n c ht of a y Richard q , y , “ Showing the tartans of ye c hieff Highland
r r la n n s M o dou e . wa s and b C The original S . stated to have been in the possession and to bear the signature of John Lesly , Bishop of
R o ss a n u e en Mar a n d , adherent of Q y , to have been taken at the Reformation to the Scot tish monastery at Douai , where it had been given to Prin c e CharlesEdward . Neitherthis manuscript , nor a Cadiz transcript with “ ” it which was said to be collated , was ever pro du c e dto theworld but a specimenof the ” - t to eighteenth century hird Copy , said have been obtained from an Edinburgh ” - sword player , had been submitted priv 18 2 ately about 7 to Sir Walter Scott , who had pronounced it a feeble and clumsy for gery , obviously inspired by some cursory 160
OF THE SOBIESKI STUARTS
- visitstoEdinburgh clan tartanwarehouses .
But apart even from this verdict , from the blunders in clan derivations , and from the “ ” “ of Ha e a n d b ordou r inclusion y tartans , and of events and discoveries o f later date f 1 1 . ou t o than 57 , the MS was put court at once by the Improbability of any sixteenth c en t ury write r of Lowland Scots knowingor
caring anything about Highland costumes .
- The colour fancies of John Sobieski Stuart , h owe v er h av e , profitablyextended the scope o f modern Scotch haberdashers . The book was followed up two years later by an orig
Costu mes o the inal work by both brothers , f
Clan s a h u e duo dec imo with n u me ro us lin e , g , d awin s ma in l b oh n in c redib l fa n tas r g , y y J , y
tic of d-rau htsma n shi , but excellent g p ; one o f t them , from the original pic ure in our ” possession , represents Prince Charles as a pretty man in the Lowland rather than
the Highland sense , theatrically posed aga
a inst very pretty Highland background . The book is a monument of wide if undis
le arn in an da mo delofe a s a n d criminating g, y 161 L CHARLES EDWARD STUART picturesque fluency even satire is not ab
sent , andthe writers areveryscathing about the English - touristwearers ofHighlandfan c y dress 'In the Gaelic and English preface ” “ ” “ Iain and T e arla ch tell their beloved “ people h ow th ey c ame to yourreposewhen
su n the Imperial went down . In the deep — and death like sleep which followed , your harp and your pipe reawakened our spirit we lived again with the aged and the re
th e cluse , bards of the glens , the hunters of
the hill , among the deer of the desert , and the eagles of the cairn— our conversation wa s of the ages in which we ought to have ” been born . This preface paved the wayfor the publi
18 - cation , in 47 , of the key novel in which “ John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Ed ward Stuart make the world partakers of T ales o the Cen tur their secret . In the f y we
are told how a certain Dr . Beatson , who had A fought at Culloden , was accosted in the p
en n in es wh o by a mysterious stranger , asked him to come and render a professional s er 162
CHARLES EDWARD STUART
’ e e wa s the look o s , that never in the head ’ 0 man nor bird but the eagle and Prince ” Charlie . From this point the action gets rather lost amid grandiloquent description and the Cockney - Scotch maunderings of
we 1 0 humble loyalists , but gather that in 7 9 the I olair Dhearg married an English lady named Catherine Bruce , and had issue . ’ O Haleran of Commodore , the rightful Earl Stra th owrie is g , , of course , Admiral Carter c laiman t wh o Allen , the Erroll , , it seems , re ally wa s in the Mediterranean about 17 7 3 ;
Dr . Beatson may have been meant for the ’ authors acquaintance , Dr . Watson , the dis wh o c om coverer of the Stuart Papers , had mitt ed 18 8 Iolair suicide in 3 the Dhearg , the mysterious infant of Prince Charles
is and Louise Stolberg , Lieutenant Thomas “ ” Allen , the father of the Sobieski Stuarts and , in spite of a dithyrambic verbosity which marks the deliquescence of aristo
suc cratic romance , the authors certainly — ’ ceed to quote from Professor Skene s soa thing reviewof th eirwork in announcing 164 OF THE SOBIES KI STUARTS openly to the dandies of the Celtic Club and the Dowagers of the Inverness Meeting that they ha ve yet a K in g The categorical an n ou n c emen t , however , did more harm than “ ” good to the opera - bouffe Cause o fthe bro th r was re e s . It an Open challenge to the wh o viewers , promptly reminded the pub lic that the birth of a male heir to the Pre tender would have been only too readily intimated to Europe , and that , apart from ’ CardinalHenry s acceptance (if not assu mp tion) of the title of Henry IX . , and the ’ Countessof A lb an y s legac y of herwhole for th e th e tune to painter Fabre , unsupported assertions of the Sobieski Stuarts were dis ’ posed ofby Ch arles s positiv e statementthat
Charlotte was his only child . And when
u a rterl John , in a Reply to the Q y , fatu ’ “ ou sly ascribed his chief critic s hostility to partisanship of a rival Claimant , Baron
R oh e n start a soi- , disantgrandsonofClemen tin a Walkin sh aw s ellof , the p mysterywhich the brothers had exercised over the popular to imagination was broken , and they began 165 CHARLES EDWARD STUART be regardedasmerelya pairofcrack - brained impostors .
18 8 T earlac h In 4 , Iain and made their last appearance as authors with the
La s o the D eerForest y f , in two volumes , the second an d longer of which is devoted en tirely to voluminous and very erudite notes on Highland tradition , sport , and natur ’ a l history . Such titles as The Templar s ” ’ ” A l Tomb , The Hunter s Lament , King ’ ” f bin s Tomb , su ficiently indicate the style and spirit of these poems . But the book is a
B ridal o Caolchairn distinct advance on the f , and the brothers at their best are better “ ’ than Scott at his worst . In The Exile s
- Farewell , the mocking bird tries over the note o f the songster at whose coming Scott had ceased to Sing
’ La n t h e w i a s - m e s d of arr or cl n , y fath r land , L th e u me th e e e th e and of pl , h lm t, and brand , La th e e e a n d ea e—th e s s e nd of d r gl la t h ll , T h e a s e I in ee —a re e p rting h ll dr k to th , f w ll Creditors had invaded the court of Eilean 18 Aigas in 45 , when we find John asking o f 100 o n Dr . Robert Chambers for a loan £ 166
CHARLES EDWARD STUART The two brothers returned to England in 186 ic 7 , andbecame conspicuousamongthe p “ ” tures ue q oddities of London . They spent most of their time in the British Museum , where they had a table reserved for them
- so their pens , paper knives , and forth , were surmounted with little gold coronets though the poor men were apparently in de for sperate straits money . Theywore curi ” ous clothes , says Mr . Henry Jenner , who
usedto work near them , andwere consider
ably decorated with orders . They were tall , of very dignified , and beautiful stately man
ners . The likeness to the Stuarts , of which so r many people spoke , was not really ve y
o n e apparent , though of them had a certain likeness to a profile armour- clad James II ” which was in the Stuart Exhibition . Mr .
Lang conjectures , somewhat vaguely , that the Stuart likeness may go backto Charles ’ oh n s de ath 18 2 II . On J in 7 Charlesassumed ’ the title of Count d A lb an ie he died at B or 1 80 deaux in 8 . Both brothers are buried at
Eskadale , under a Celtic cross which bears 168 OF THE SOBIESKI STUARTS a Latin and Gaelic epitaph by the late Bis hop Grant of Aberdeen . The last of those who believed in their claims was the late i of Marqu s Bute . Everything that is known concerning the antecedents , character , and private lives of the brothers Allen goes to show that these estimable and accomplishedgentlemenwere
v ul arim ostors b u twere nomere g p , genuinely of convinced their royal origin . Their extra — ordinary hallucination is explained so far — ” as it c an be explained b y the suggestive influence of a series of coincidental circum stances upon credulous and impressionable natures which the Spirit o f the age had al ready predisposed to romantic day - dream ing . They are not to be blamed for failing to realise that the personal qualities which won them esteem constituted the strongest disproof o f their claim nor were their sup porters any more absurd than the British ” of ou r o Legitimists day , who s lemnly hail their legitimate sovereign in the Bav arian princess wh o happens to be a
descendant of Charles I .
S O N G S <5“ P O E M S O F B U R N S
h 6 fi n e ustra o n n 600 . it t s i o ou r b e min en t art sts. uarto W 3 Ill i C l y i Q , pp ,
u kra m 108 . 6 d . n e t rin te d in fin e ra a er an d b ou n d in fin e b c , ; p g p p , v m e u 218 n e t . ll , .
h a n ds e sen t i i t ms f B urn s A om pre a t on ed i on of T he So n gs an d Poe o , on ta in in a n a re ia i on o the t b er Wh ile ma n c g pp c t f poe y Lord R oseb y . y s emi n en t a rti sts ha v e pa in ted some a thei r fi n es t pictu res in depicting s en es from B u rn s n o a ttem t h a s rev iousl been ma de to olle t these c , p p y c c w ithin th e b ou n ds o a n edi ti on o h z s works his n ew edi tion con ta in s f f . T mos t o the n es t o these i tu res re rodu ed in olou r a n dforms a most f fi f p c p c c , a dmira ble ift-booh T h e tex t is ri n ted in bla h a n d red w ith a m le g . p c , p ma r in s a n d n o ex en se h a s been s a red to ma he t e work a n ite re g , p p h fi p sen ta tion edi ti on I t may be a dded tha t ev ery thi ng i n con n ection with n u a tu re th e producti on of the work ZS of pu rely S cottish ma f c .
S O N G S T H E W O R L D
F a . 8 v o 2s . c d . n e t in v e vet Persia n 3 8 . 6 d . n e t . c p , ; l ,
'n th i s series a ttra tiv el illu stra ted in olou r a n d rodu ed or re , c y c p c f p scu ta ti on u r oses a re in lu ded s u h oets a n d son w riters a s ma n ot p p , c c p g y ha v e rea hed the v er rst ra n h b u t whose work is worth o mu h c y fi , y f c w i der re o n i ti n c g o .
N Y I I . SO GS OF LAD N A RN E
n s i With 8 Illu stra ti o n C olou r of p o pular Scottish so n gs b y J.
C R WH K . SW E E G . O I EI R . S. A a n d A ALL, HAL LL , G LVY R D , m n n tish A r i e i e t Scot t sts .
HE 2 . T SCOTS POEMS OF ROBERT FER GU SSON
th 8 ustratio n s in o ur b M N R OR R . Wi Ill C lo y O O S.
S N S 69° P EMS OF T HE ETTRICK 3 . O G O SHEPHERD
h ustrat on in o our b ESSIE M K N . Wit 8 Ill i s C l y J . I G
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UN I VERSI T Y OF CA LI FO RN I A Sa nta B arbar a C ollege Library G e ta C a i n i a ol , l for
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