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NOTES Introduction 1. Cited in Graeme Morton, Unionist–Nationalism (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1999), 147. 2. Angela Morris and Graeme Morton, Locality, Community and Nation (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998), 9. 3. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983), 15; John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds), Nationalism (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 47; G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1976 (1965)), 322; Murray G. H. Pittock, Celtic Identity and the British Image (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 21. 4. Robert Tombs, review of Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, in Historical Journal ( June 1999), 583–4 (583). 5. Geoffrey Barrow, Robert the Bruce and the Scottish Identity (Tillicoultry: Saltire Society, 1984), 18. 6. Morris and Morton (1998), 80. 7. Morton (1999), 57. 8. Hugh Trevor-Roper, ‘The Invention of Tradition: the Highland Tradi- tion of Scotland’, in Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 15–41. 9. Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London: Century, 1991), 299. 10. Cf. Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996). 11. Blin Hary, Wallace, tr. William Hamilton of Gilbertfield and ed. Elspeth King (n.p., 1998), 6. 12. Kennedy Index IX: 61, 362, Aberdeen City Archives; David Ditchburn, ‘Who are the Scots?’, in Paul Dukes (ed.), Frontiers of European Culture (Lampeter: Edwin Mellen, 1996), 89–100. 13. Homi Bhabha, in Hutchinson and Smith (1994), 306. 14. Barrow (1976 (1965)); Dauvit Broun, ‘The Pictish Origins of the Scot- tish kinglist’, unpublished paper, Glasgow–Strathclyde School of Scot- tish Studies Traditions of Scottish Culture Seminar, 15 February 2000. 148 Notes 149 15. Pittock (1999), 21–2. 16. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Doran Gray ed. Isobel Murray (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1981), xxiii. 17. Richard Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (Oxford: Blackwell, 1980); Virgil, Aeneid i:33. 18. Ernest Renan, cited in Hutchinson and Smith (1994), 17–18. 19. William Ferguson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), 306. 20. Edwin Muir, Scottish Journey, with an introduction by T. C. Smout (Edinburgh: Mainstream, 1979 (1935)), 227. 21. Morris and Morton (1998), 9. 22. Ibid., 73–7. 23. The quotation is from W. B. Yeats’s unpublished poem on Major Robert Gregory, ‘Reprisals’. 24. For this kind of view of the Scottish soldier, see Stephen Wood, The Scottish Soldier (Manchester: National Museums of Scotland, Archive Publications, 1987). 25. Alice Brown in Brown et al. (eds), Politics and Society in Scotland (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave, 1996), 211; cf. Sunday Herald, 20 February 2000. 26. Cf. J. G. A. Pocock, ‘The New British History in Atlantic Perspective: An Antipodean Commentary’, American Historical Review (April 1999), 490–500 (491). 27. Sir Henry Newbolt, The Island Race (London: Elkin Mathews, 1914 (1898)), 54, 56, 67. 28. Tom Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain (London: NLB, 1977), 152. 29. Ibid., 13. 30. Ibid., 256. 31. Richard Hoggart, The Way We Live Now (London: Pimlico, 1996 (1995)), xi–xii. 32. Morris and Morton (1998), 110. 33. John Osmond, The Divided Kingdom (London: Constable, 1988), 127. 34. Murray G. H. Pittock, Inventing and Resisting Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave, 1997), 139–40. 35. Mark Hauppi, ‘Scottish Nationalism: A Conceptual Approach’, unpub- lished Ph.D. thesis, University of Colorado (1980), 112. 36. Morris and Morton (1998), 98. 37. Brown et al., 201. 38. Sunday Herald, 20 February 2000. 39. Yves Meny, ‘The Political Dynamics of Regionalism’, in Roger Morgan (ed.), Regionalism in European Politics (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1986), 1–28. 40. Paul Scott, Defoe in Edinburgh and Other Papers (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1995), 164. 41. David McCrone, Understanding Scotland (London: Routledge, 1992), 60; Hauppi (1980), 128–9. 42. Michael Hechter, Internal Colonialism (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975). 150 Notes Chapter 1 1. Cf. Colin Kidd, ‘Sentiment, race and revival: Scottish identities in the after- math of Enlightenment’, in Laurence Brockliss and David Eastwood (eds), A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles c1750–c1850 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 110–26. 2. A. A. M. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, The Edinburgh His- tory of Scotland Volume 1 (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1978 (1975)), 188. 3. Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London: Century, 1991), 59. 4. Colin Kidd, ‘Gaelic Antiquity and National Identity’, English Historical Review (1994), 1197–214 (1205). 5. See Derrick McClure, Why Scots Matters (Edinburgh: Saltire Society, 1988). 6. Dauvit Broun, ‘The Pictish Origins of the Scottish Kinglist’, unpublished paper, Glasgow–Strathclyde School of Scottish Studies Traditions of Scotish Culture Seminar, 15 February 2000. 7. Cf. Charles W. J. Withers, Urban Highlanders (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1998). 8. D. E. R. Watt, ‘Education in the Highlands in the Middle Ages’, in Loraine MacLean (ed.), The Middle Ages in the Highlands (Inverness: Inverness Field Club, 1981), 79–90 (79). 9. John MacInnes, ‘Gaelic Poetry and Historical Tradition’, in Maclean (1981), 142–63 (144, 155). 10. Allan Macinnes, Clanship, Commerce and the House of Stuart (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 1996), 38. 11. Ibid., 1. 12. William Fergusson, The Identity of the Scottish Nation (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), 306. 13. Macinnes (1996); Leah Leneman, Living in Atholl (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1986), 44, 168. 14. Cf. Lynch (1991), 66. 15. G. W. S. Barrow, ‘The Sources for the History of the Highlands in the Middle Ages’, in Maclean (1981), 11–22 (19). 16. George Rosie, ‘Museumry and the Heritage Industry’, in Ian Donnachie and Chris Whatley (eds), The Manufacture of Scottish History (Edinburgh: Polygon, 1992), 157–70. 17. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 1–2. 18. Peter G. B. McNeill and Hector L. MacQueen (eds), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1996), 238. 19. Ibid. 20. John Morrill, ‘The British Problem, c1534–1707’, in Brendan Bradshaw and John Morrill (eds), The British Problem, c1534–1707 (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave, 1996), 1–38 (7). 21. Lynch (1991), 68. 22. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 20–22. 23. Tacitus, Agricola, tr. H. Mattingley and S. A. Handford (Harmondsworth: Penguin Classics, 1970 (1948)), 80–1. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid., 61. Notes 151 26. Ibid., 76. 27. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 28. 28. Ibid., 19, 26. 29. Peter Marren, Grampian Battlefields (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1990), 2. 30. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 36, 37, 40. 31. Ibid., 41, 45, 53, 59, 62, 65. 32. Alfred Smyth, Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000 (London: Edward Arnold, 1984), 31, 257. 33. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 53. 34. Smyth (1984), 31. 35. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 61. 36. Smyth (1984), 39–40. 37. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 54. 38. Ibid., 58; Smyth (1984), 258. 39. Broun (2000). 40. Smyth (1984), 258. 41. Ibid., 27; Duncan (1978 (1975)), 64, 65, 90–1; Norman Davies, The Isles (London: Macmillan, 1999), 264; Steve Driscoll, ‘Scone and its Com- paranda’, unpublished paper, Glasgow–Strathclyde School of Scottish Studies Traditions of Scottish Culture Seminar, 25 April 2000. 42. Smyth (1984), 215, 218, 258. 43. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 65. 44. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 81–3. 45. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 60–1, 65. 46. Marren (1990), 50. 47. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 91, 94. 48. Ibid., 92. 49. Cf. ibid., 93. 50. Ibid.; Davies (1999), 254. 51. Smyth (1984), 260. 52. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 94–6. 53. Murray G. H. Pittock, The Invention of Scotland: The Stuart Myth and the Scot- tish Identity 1638 to the Present (London: Routledge, 1991), 27–8. 54. James Anderson, Scotland Independent (Edinburgh: n.p., 1705), 18, 263. 55. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 97–8. 56. Ibid., 99; McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 76. 57. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 123–5, 128, 132, 134; Davies (1999), 280. 58. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 77. 59. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 264, 521–3, 538, 547, 550, 551, 581. 60. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 30. 61. Gordon Donaldson (ed.), Scottish Historical Documents (Edinburgh and London: Scottish Academic Press, 1974 (1970)), 33. 62. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 559. 63. Donaldson (1974 (1970)), Register of Dunfermline, 36–7. 64. Book of Pluscarden, cited Lynch (1991), 111. 65. G. W. S. Barrow, Robert Bruce, 2nd ed. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1976 (1965)), 97, 113, 119, 167–8. 152 Notes 66. Lynch (1991), 112–13. 67. Resolution 155, which created National Tartan Day in the USA in 1998, was linked when it was set up to the Declaration of Arbroath and its connections to the Declaration of Independence. 68. Donaldson (1974 (1970)), 57. 69. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 101, 103–4, 111, 116; Scottish Parliament factsheet 2 (Edinburgh: The Scottish Office, 1999). 70. Broun (2000) advances this idea of regnal unity as the basis for Scottish nationality. 71. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 52. 72. Donaldson (1974 (1970)), 177. 73. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 530–1. 74. Macinnes in Maclean (1981), 143; Barrow (1976 (1965)), 69. 75. Lynch (1991), 94. 76. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 126, 141. 77. Fergusson (1998), 26–7. 78. Duncan (1978 (1975)), 182. 79. McNeill and MacQueen (1996), 336. 80. Lynch (1991), 93, 100. 81. Ibid., 94. 82. Ibid., 96, 100, 101, 107. 83. Ibid., 93; Smyth (1984), 230. 84. Lynch (1991), 55–6, 58, 60. 85. Barrow (1976 (1965)), xv, 430. 86.