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Byzantion Ve Çevres Nde Yer Alan Kutsal Alanlar

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Byzantion Ve Çevres Nde Yer Alan Kutsal Alanlar BYZANTION VE EVRESNDE YER ALAN KUTSAL ALANLAR Yard. Doç. Dr. Mehmet Fat h YAVUZ 1 Abstract Commanding the Bosporos, Byzantion was located in one of the most strategic locations in the ancient Mediterranean world. We do not know exactly where its territories extended in the west. But in the north, Byzantine khora extended as far as the Pontic mouth of the Bosporos. Furthermore the Byzantines at times clashed with the Bithynians and halkedonians to control the Asian side of the Bosporos. The Byzantines thus built several sanctuaries along the shores of the Bosporos to declare their sovereignty visually to all. Also, Byzantion and the waters around it were quite rich fish grounds (esp. Bosporos and eras), and strategic maritime highways (Propontis, Bosporos) and harbors ( eras). Fishermen and sailors must have built sanctuaries to offer sacrifices to deities in order to ward off dangers and offer thanks. In this study we focus on the sanctuaries around Byzantion. %zet Byzantion antik)a*+n en strate,ik noktalar+ndan birinde, Bosporos-a h.kim bir noktada yer almaktayd+. entin topraklar+n+n bat+da tam olarak nereye kadar uzand+*+ bilinmese de, kuzeyde, Bo*az-+n aradeniz-in a*z+na kadar uzanmaktayd+. Ayn+ zamanda Byzantion, Bo*az-+n Asya yakas+ i)in hem Bithynial+lar hem de halkedonlularla m/cadele etmi0lerdir. 1olay+s+yla 1 3anakkale Onsekiz Mart 5niversitesi Tarih B6l/m/ 7 3anakkale. mehmetusc8yahoo.com Byzantionlular, h.kimiyet alanlar+n+ ve s+n+rlar+n+ g6rsel olarak belirlemek i)in 6zellikle de Bo*az k+y+lar+nda bir)ok kutsal alan in0a etmi0lerdir. Ek olarak Byzantion-un etraf+ndaki sular zengin bal+k yata*+ ve strate,ik suyollar+ oldu*undan, bal+k)+lar ve denizciler tanr+lara 0/kranlar+n+ sunmak ve denizlerin tehlikelerinden korunmak i)in 6zellikle de Bo*az-da kutsal alanlar in0a etmi0lerdir. Bu )al+0mam+zda Byzantion ve civar+ndaki say+s+z kutsal alanlar incelenmektedir. Anahtar (el meler / Key,ords- Byzantion, Bosporos, eras, Fishermen, sailors, sanctuaries. Bilindi*i gibi Eski :unan kentlerinin en 6nemli g6rsel 6zelliklerinden biri, kutsal alanlar ( temenos , )o*ul temenoi ) ve 6zellikle de bu alanlar+n i)inde yer alan tap+naklard+r. 2 S6zgeli0i Atina denildi*inde akla ilk olarak Atina-n+n akropolisinde yer alan Athena Tap+na*+ gelir. Esasen bu durum tesad/f de*ildir. Zira :unan uygarl+*+n+n en de*er verdi*i 0air olan Homeros, Odysseia adl+ eserinde bir kent kurucunun ( oikistes ) ilk icraatlar+ aras+nda, tanr+lar i)in kutsal alanlar+n ayr+lmas+ gerekti*ini yazmaktad+r.3 1i*er bir deyi0le, eski :unan medeniyetinde kutsal alanlar, bir polisin olmazsa olmaz 6*eleriydiler. Byzantion-un kurucular+ (Megaral+lar ve di*erleri), beraberlerinde k/ltlerini de getirmi0lerdir. urucular+n ilk icraatlar+ aras+nda tanr+lara kutsal alanlar+n ayr+lmas+ yer alm+0 olmal+d+r. @laveten ba0ka bir hususun da alt+n+ )izmek gerekir. Byzantion, eski :unan kentleri ( poleis ) aras+nda en strate,ik konumda yer alan bir yerle0imdi. ent, sadece Trakya yani bat+ y6n/nde de*il, ayn+ zamanda kuzey, yani aradeniz y6n/nde ilerleyen topraklara sahipti. 1ahas+, Byzantion, Bo*az-+n Asya k+y+lar+na da h.kim olmu0 ve bu hususta Bithynia-ya hakim olan 2 Asl+nda Atap+nakB, Eski :unanca-da AnaosB kelimesi ile ifade edilen k/lt yap+s+ i)in uygun bir kelime de*ildir. Eski :unanl+lar, naos i)inde yani bizim tap+nak ad+n+ verdi*imiz yap+larda de*il, tanr+lara ayr+lan yerlerde (temenos), a)+k havada tanr+lara taparlard+. 3 Homeros, Odysseia , C.4E10 g/)lerle ya da halkedon-la m/cadeleler vermi0tir. 4 Frans+z ara0t+rmac+ Polignac-+n an+tsal eserinde ortaya koydu*u /zere, eski :unan kent devletleri, arazilerinin ( khora ) strate,ik ve s+n+r b6lgelerinde tanr+lar i)in kutsal alanlar ve tap+naklar in0a etmi0 ve b6ylece dosta d/0mana h.kim olduklar+ yerleri g6rsel olarak g6stermi0lerdir. 5 utsal alanlar+n, Hali)-in en i) k+s+mlar+nda ve aradeniz a*z+na kadar uzanan yerlerde in0a edilmesi, Byzantion-un buralardaki h.kimiyetini adeta tescil etmekteydi. entteki kutsal alanlar+ /) b6l/mde inceleyece*iz. @lk 6nce kent merkezinde, surlar i)ine kalan kutsal alanlarH ard+ndan Hali) k+y+s+nda ve Hali)-e bakan tepeler /zerinde yer alan kutsal alanlarH ve nihayet @stanbul Bo*az+-nda bulunan kutsal alanlar. I. Surlar /“Byzas Surlar123 ç nde Kalan K.tsal Alanlar. Surlar i)inde kalan kutsal alanlarla ilgili bilgiler, genellikle ge) d6nem yaz+l+ kaynaklarda yer almaktad+r. aynaklar, kutsal alanlar+n 6zellikle akropolis ve eteklerinde yer ald+*+n+ kaydetmektedirler. Akropolis in eteklerinde (muhtemelen Sarayburnu), :unan yerle0imcilerin ilk karaya )+kt+*+na inan+lan yerde Athena Ekbasia ( araya sa* salim vard+ran Athena) suna*+ vard+. C 1ionysios, Byzantion-u kuran yerle0imcilerin burada karaya )+kt+*+n+ ve burada cesurca sava0t+klar+n+ kaydetmektedir. I 1i*er bir deyi0le, Byzantion-u kuranlar, hem burada kazand+klar+ zaferin an+s+ i)in hem de Athena-ya 0/kranlar+n+ sunmak i)in bu suna*+ in0a etmi0lerdi. 1enizden biraz yukarda, daha sonralar+ 0ehit Menas-+n t/rbesinin oldu*u yerde Poseidon Tap+na*+ yer almaktayd+. 8 :az+l+ kaynaklar, 0ehir merkezinde ( asty ) :unan pantheon unun 6nde gelen tanr+lar+ndan Artemis, Apollo ve Aphrodite-nin kutsal alanlar+n+n oldu*unu bildirirler. Bunlardan Artemis-e ait olan kutsal alan+n en az+ndan MK C. y/zy+lda 4 1ionysios Byzantios, Anaplous tou Bosporou , 92. 5 utsal alanlar+n h.kimiyet sembol/ olarak kullan+lmas+ hususunda bkz. Polignac 1995, 104H Pedley 2005, 52E5C. C 1ionysios Byzantios, Anaplous tou Bosporou , 8. I Ibid. 8 1ionysios Byzantios, Anaplous tou Bosporou , 9. Hesykhios FGrH 390 F 15. var oldu*unu biliyoruz. Zira Herodotos-un kaydetti*ine g6re, Pers ral+ 1areios @stanbul Bo*az+-n+ ge)ti*inde Bo*az-da dikti*i kitabeler, daha sonra Byzantionlular taraf+ndan s6k/lerek kente getirilmi0 ve Artemis Orthosia suna*+n+n yan+ ba0+na b+rak+lm+0t+r. 9 Me) d6nem yaz+l+ kaynaklar+n bildirdi*ine g6re Artemis tap+na*+ akropolis te idi. 10 Akropolis te yer alan di*er bir kutsal alan, en erken d6nemlerden itibaren Byzantion-da sayg+ g6rm/0 olan tanr+lardan biri olan Apollon-a aittir. 11 Bu tap+nak, MS 4C5 y+l+nda meydana gelen b/y/k yang+nda tahrip olmu0tur. 12 Akropolis te yer alan di*er bir tap+nak ise tanr+)a Aphrodite-ye aittir. 13 Zosimos-un bildirdi*ine g6re Aphrodite Tap+na*+, Marmara denizine ve hrysopolis-e (5sk/dar) bakan bir noktadayd+. 14 Bu tap+nak, daha sonra Theodosius d6neminde, /st d/zey bir b/rokrat+n rezidans+ haline getirilmi0tir. 15 Herodotos, Byzantion-da bir 1ionysios tap+na*+ oldu*unu bildirir. 1C Ancak bu tap+na*+n tam olarak nerede oldu*unu belirtmez. Herodotos, Byzantionlular+n, Perslerin Bo*az-da diktikleri kitabelerden bir tanesini oradan ald+klar+n+ ve 0ehirdeki 1ionysios Tap+na*+-n+n yan+ ba0+nda, herkesin g6rebilece*i bir yere b+rakt+klar+n+ s6yler ki, bu da 1ionysios Tap+na*+-n+n en az+ndan sur duvarlar+ i)inde, belki de agora yak+nlar+nda bir yerde oldu*una i0aret eder. Hesykhios, bug/nk/ Sultanahmet ve Ayasofya civar+nda kutsal alanlardan ve yap+lardan bahsetmektedir. Akropolis in hemen d+0+nda sonralar+ Akhilleon hamamlar+n+n oldu*u yerde, bug/nk/ M/lhane Park+-n+n Ayasofya giri0inde, Aias ve Akhilles i)in dikilmi0 sunaklar yer almaktayd+. 1I Akropolis in duvarlar+n+n d+0+nda, g/neyde, Atmeydan+-n+n oldu*u yerde Hekate i)in in0a edilmi0 bir 9 Herodotos 4.8I.2. 10 hronikon Paskhale I 495 Bonn N Malalas, Khronographia 292H Hesykhios FGrH 390 F 1C. Hannel 1934, 1C9, 183vd., 18C, 18I, n.4. 11 hronikon Paskhale I 495. 12 Evagrios 2.13. 13 hronokion Paskhale I 495 Bonn N Malalas, Khronographia 292. Malalas, Khronographia 345. Oan Millingen 1899, 12. 14 Zosimos 2.30. r0. Notitia ad Rheg IIH hronikon Paskhale 495H Hesykhios FGrH 390 F 1C. 15 Malalas, Khronographia 345. 1C Herodotos 4.8I.2. 1I Hesykhios FGrH 390 F 1C. tap+nak vard+. 18 Ayasofya meydan+n+n hemen yak+nlar+nda, sonralar+ Zeuksippos Hamamlar+-n+n oldu*u yerde Herakles korulu*u ve Zeus Hippios suna*+ vard+. 19 Hesykhios-un bahsetti*i bu kutsal alanlar ve yap+lar, )ok b/y/k bir olas+l+kla Septimius Severus-un kenti MS 19I-den sonra yeniden kurmas+n+n ard+ndan in0a edilmi0 olmal+d+rlar. II. Surlar D141nda 5al ç (1y1s1nda ve 5al ç7e ba(an tepeler 9zer nde Yer Alan K.tsal Alanlar Akropolis in bat+s+nda, 0ehir surlar+n+n d+0ar+s+nda S/leymaniye Camii-nin oldu*u tepenin eteklerinde, Me Onesidoras temenosu yer almaktayd+. Ana Tanr+)a-ya adanm+0 bu kutsal alanda, )at+s+ olmayan, etraf+ perdahl+ ta0larla )evrili bir tap+nak yer almaktayd+. 20 Hesykhios, Basilika adl+ yerde Ana tanr+)a Rhea-n+n tap+na*+ndan bahsetmektedir. 21 Basilika, :erebatan Saray+-n+n hemen /st/ndeki mevkii oldu*undan, Rhea tap+na*+n+n, Me Onesidoras tap+na*+ olmas+ olas+ de*ildir. 22 Me Onesidoras Tap+na*+-n+n biraz yukar+s+nda, muhtemelen S/leymaniye Camii-nin oldu*u yerde veya yak+nlar+nda, yan yana 1emeter ve ore tap+naklar+ yer almaktayd+. 23 5zerinde 3emberlita0-+n oldu*u ikinci tepenin yama)lar+nda, denize yak+n bir yerde ( kata apobasin tes Thalasses ), Pluton ve Hera tap+naklar+ vard+. 24 Sur duvarlar+ d+0+nda yer alan bu iki tap+nak, Byzantion-un kurulu0unda in0a edilmi0 olmal+yd+lar. Zira Byzantionlular, t+pk+ metropolisleri Megara-da da adet oldu*u /zere k.hin Polydeios-a burada kurban keserlerdi.
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