DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolutionary Lineage of Naked Harmful Dinoflagellates, Karlodiniumikareniaitaka Yamai Gyrodinium Complex (Dinophyceae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolutionary Lineage of Naked Harmful Dinoflagellates, Karlodiniumikareniaitaka Yamai Gyrodinium Complex (Dinophyceae) EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE OF NAKED HARMFUL DINOFLAGELLATES, KARLODINIUMIKARENIAITAKA YAMAI GYRODINIUM COMPLEX (DINOPHYCEAE) Chow Luan Jia Bachelor of Science with Honours (Resource Biotechnology) 2011 ~ ..sa. u......., i.dl.........'AUl1fllu lNWM1I M&LArM SAMWAt.. EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE OF NAKED HARMF L DU OFLAGELLATES KARLODINIUMI KAREN/AI TAKA yAft:L!V GYRODINIUM COMPLEX mINOPIlYCEAE) Chow Luan .Jia (20813) This project is submitted in partial fullfilment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours (Resource Biotechnology) upervisor: Dr Leaw Chui Pin Co-supervisor: Dr Lim Po Teen Resource Bioctchnolog} Prngrfl lnme Depanmenl of Molecular Biolog} Faeulty of Resource Science and Tt:c: hnology lIni\cr!'oIlY Malaysia Sanl\\ak 2011 "·t • • • DECLARATION I hereby declare that no portion of the \ ork referred to this thesis has been submitted in support of an appl ication for another degree of qualification to this or any other univ rsity nr institution of higher Ieaming. (~~ CHOW LUA, JIA Resource Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak. , ... ...ill -. A KNOWLEDGEMENTS First fall, [ would like to lhank Universiti Malaysia Sarawak for giving me this opportunity to complete my fmal year rojecl. The greatest honors go to my supervisor Dr Leaw Chui Pin and CO-5upervisor Dr Lim Po Teen for their leadership and guidance in completing the study. Sin erely thank.> to the Sarawak Fisheries Department for the acccssibility to the sampling site. Great appreciation to the following individuals for their as istances In varIous forms: Hii Kien Soon, Tan Toh Hii, Lim Hong Chang, Teng Sing Tung and all the lab members and the lab assistants of the ECOlOxicology Laboratoy and !BEC Molecular Laboratory. My gratitudes also go to the FRST science officers especiall y En. SafTi, En. Besar_ En. Nazri, and Mdm. Ting Woei for their helps and hospitality. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for thei r financial, moral and emotional supports. My siblings receive my deepest gratitude for their dedication and support during my undergraduate studies that provided the foundati on for this study. This project was supported by MOSTI eScience Fund to Dr Leaw. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEME TS TABLE OF CO:'olTENT. ii LI T OF ABBREVIATIONS iv LI T OF FIGURE \ LIST OF TABLES Vll ABSTRACT viii ABSTRAK viii 1.0 L"ITROD CTION 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 2.1 Naked dinoflagellates 3 22 Harmful alga blooms 7 2.3 History of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NS?) 8 2.4 Ribosomal RNA genes (rONA) region 10 3.0 MATERIA LS AND METHODS I I 3.1 Sample ollection and clonal culru rc c'lablishment II 3.2 Species identification 12 3.3 Genomic 0 A extraction J3 3.4 Amplification and sequencing of rONA 13 3.5 Phylogenetic analyses 14 3.5. 1 Sequence analysis and taxon ,. ampling 14 3.5.2 LSU phylogenetic analysis 15 3.5.3 Matrix construction for morphological ·:·:laraclers J5 11 . ---------­ ~. 4.0 RESULTS 16 4.1 Algal cul tures establ i hed 16 4.2 Species identification 16 4.1.1 Protocerarium rericuiatum 17 4.2 .2 Prorocentrum rhathymum 19 4.2.3 GyrodmiulII illslriarum 21 ')' 4.2.4 Alexandrilllll sp. - ~ 4. 2.5 Akashill 0 sal1guinea 24 4.2.6 ochlodinium cf. p ofykrikoides 25 4.2. 7 Prorocentrum sigmoides 26 4.2.8 Karlodinium veneficwn 27 4.3 Genomic DNA extraction, amplification and purification 29 4.4 Taxon sampling 30 4.5 Phylogenetic inferences of naked dinoflagell ates 31 4.5.1 Karlodinium phylogeny 31 4.5.2 Karenia phylogeny 32 4.5 .3 Takayama phylogeny 33 4.5.4 Gyrodinium phylogeny 34 4.6 Morphological traits 35 4.7 Matrices constructed for character state evolution 47 4.8 Character state evolution 50 4.8.1 Character state evoluti on of Karlodiniwn 50 4.8.2 Character state evolution of Karenia 53 4. 8.3 Character state evolution of Taka.vama 56 4.8.4 Character state evolution of Gyrodinillm 58 5.0 DISCUSSION 60 6.0 CO CLU ION 69 7.0 REFERENCES 70 III .; --------- ~, LIST OF ABBREVI TJONS N P Neurotoxic Shellfi sh Poisoning BLAST Basic local aJigIunent search tool EM Scanning Electron Microscope LM Light Microscope HAB Harmful algal bloom rRNA Ribosomal genes CPO Cri tical Point Dried IV ... ---- ~, Ll T OF FIGURE P ge Figure 2.1 Phylogeny of major g nera of dinoflag Ha tes. trict consensus 6 of the 10 equally parsimonious trees obtained with the heuristic 'eareh option in P UT' (Oaug~i erg . ~OOO). FIgur· ~ _., ')_ The dinoflagellate A.arenia brevis, the causative organism of red 10 tides on tb West Florida sbelf (Da\,id Partersoo, 1arille Biological Laboratory cited in Lorraine, 2006). Figure 3.1 Map :ho\\ing 'antubong and Semariang sampling site. 13 Figure -t .1 Light and scanning electron micrographs of Pr%eem/illn! 18 reticularum fro m Semariang, Sarawak. Figure 4.2 Light and scaMing electron micrographs of Prorocenrrum 20 rha/hymum from Semariang, Sarawak. Figure 4.3 Light micrographs of Gymnodinium inslriarum from Santubong, 21 Sarawak. Figure 4.4 ScaMing electron micrographs of Gymnodinium ins/ria/urn from 22 Saotubong, Sarawak. Figure 4.5 Light and scanning electron micrographs of Alexandrium sp. 23 from Semariaog, Sarawak. Figure 4.6 Light and autofluorescence micrographs of Akashiwo sangllinea 24 from Semariang, Samwak. Figure 4.7 Light aod autofluorescence micrographs of Cochlodiniwn cf. 25 polykrikoides from Semariang, Sarawak. Figure 4.8 Light and autofluorescence micrographs of Prorocentrum 26 sigmoides fro m Selllarian g, Sarawak. Figure 4.9 Scanning electron micrographs of Karlodinium venejiculIl from 28 Johore. Figure 4.10 Negative image of gel for purified PCR products of LS rONA 29 gene amplified from dinoflagellate cultures. L, 1000bp ladder (Promega, U A); lane I, GiSB30; lane 2, Al SM86; lane 3, AISM94; lane 4, CoLD I 0 and -ve, negative control. Figure 4. 12 MP tree of Kariodinilllll with tree length 01' 61 2 evolutionary 31 steps and bootstrap \'alue of 1000. The consistenc) index (el) was 0.8284 and retention index IRJ ) - 0.6602. v .; ------ ~; Figure 4.12 MP tree of Karenia with tree length of 480 evolutionary steps 32 and bootstrap value of 1000. The consistency index (CI) was 0.8583 and retention index (Rl) =0.5613. Figure 4.13 MP tree of Takayama with tree length of 392 e olutionary steps 33 and bootstrap yulue of \000. The consistency index (CI) was 0.9337 and retention index (RI) =0.7204. Figure 4.14 !'vIP tree of Gyrodinillm with tree length of 745 evolutionary 34 steps and bootstrap value of 1000. n1e consistency index (Cl ) was 0.8389 and retention index tID) =0.53-19. Figure ·U 5 Character states mapping onto the MP tree of genus 52 Karlodinillln with 15 character states and I I taxa including 3 outgroups. Fi gure 4.16 Character states mapping onto the MP tree of genus Karenia 55 with 17 character states and 9 taxa including 3 outgroups. Figure 4.17 Character states mapping onto the MP tree of genus Takayama 57 with 15 character states and 8 taxa including 3 outgroups. Figure 4.18 Character states mapping onto the MP tree of genus 60 Karlodinium ilh 15 character states and 9 taxa including 3 outgroups. Vj • --------- .1\. LI T OF TABLES Page Table 3.1 Reaction parameters for L U region amplification. 1-\ Table 4.1 Dinoflagellates isolated and established into clonal cultures 16 with their strains. isolat d date and location, Table 4.:! Species from the four gener used in study . The LSU rR.."'A 30 gene sequences were obtained from GenBank with their origin. Strain designation and respective accession numbers. Table -\. 3 Morphological characters and character states coded 111 this 36 study for the genus Karlodinium, Table 4.4 Morphological characters and character states coded IJ1 thi s 39 study for genus Karenia, Table 4,5 Morphological characters and character states coded III the 42 study for genus Takayama, Table 4.6 Morphological characters and character states coded IJ1 thi s 44 study for the genus Gyrodinium. Table 4.7 Di stribution of the character states among Karlodinium spp, 48 for the IS characters used in the character state evolution analysis, Table 4,8 Distribution of the character states among Karenia spp, for the 4R 17 characters used in tlle character state evolution analysis. Table 4,9 Distribution of the character states among Takayama spp, for 49 the IS characters used in the character state evolution analy is, Table 4, I 0 Distribution of the character states among Gyrodinium spp. for 49 the 15 characters lIsed in the haraet r stale ~\'olutio n analysis, V II - _ . ---­ - '''',n. EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE OF NAKED H RMFUL DINOFLAGELLATES, KARLODINlUMI KARENW TAKAYAMA! GYRODINlUM COMPLEX (D INOPHYCEAE) Chow LuaD Jill AB TRACT The genera of 1\ r/vdillnilll. Karel/ia, TnkayalllG. GyrodilTlim are naked (.thecated) dinotlagell ates that have the potenti al to cause harmful algal blooms through Ihe production oftoxins or b} their accumulated biomass, which can affect co-occuning organisms and alter food·\Ieb dynami". In uus 'tudy. we examu" the phylogenetic lineage of I\arlodiu";",, I\a"<ma, Takayama, GJr()dinllllll complex by mapping the morphological characters ontO Ihe pbylogenetic (fee. Using LSU rRNA gene sequences inferences, AUTlodinium and Takayama phylogenies each revealed two monophyletic groups respective ly whereas K{}fenia revealed wec monophyletic groups and Gyrodiniul/I revealed only one monophyletic group. Character mapping onto the LSU phyJogeny reveaJed th at different genera possess differen t morphological cbaracters as the major morphological traits fo r species delineation. It appears that onl y certain classic morphological fea tures (length and sbaped of apical groove, cingUlum displacement, sulcus structure, present of ventraJ pore) are of phylogenetic signi/icance.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)
    Protocols for monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for sustainable aquaculture and coastal fisheries in Chile (Supplement data) Provided by Kyoko Yarimizu, et al. Table S1. Phytoplankton Naming Dictionary: This dictionary was constructed from the species observed in Chilean coast water in the past combined with the IOC list. Each name was verified with the list provided by IFOP and online dictionaries, AlgaeBase (https://www.algaebase.org/) and WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The list is subjected to be updated. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Achnanthales Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes longipes Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscales Heliopeltaceae Actinoptychus Actinoptychus spp. Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Akashiwo Akashiwo sanguinea Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium Amphidinium spp. Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Amphipleuraceae Amphiprora Amphiprora spp. Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora spp. Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Anabaenopsis milleri Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema Anagnostidinema amphibium Anagnostidinema Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema lemmermannii Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Microcoleaceae Annamia Annamia toxica Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
    [Show full text]
  • Metagenomic Characterization of Unicellular Eukaryotes in the Urban Thessaloniki Bay
    Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay George Tsipas SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION & LEGAL STUDIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Bioeconomy Law, Regulation and Management May, 2019 Thessaloniki – Greece George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ Student Name: George Tsipas SID: 268186037282 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Savvas Genitsaris I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. May, 2019 Thessaloniki - Greece Page 2 of 63 George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ 1. Abstract The present research investigates through metagenomics sequencing the unicellular protistan communities in Thermaikos Gulf. This research analyzes the diversity, composition and abundance in this marine environment. Water samples were collected monthly from April 2017 to February 2018 in the port of Thessaloniki (Harbor site, 40o 37’ 55 N, 22o 56’ 09 E). The extraction of DNA was completed as well as the sequencing was performed, before the downstream read processing and the taxonomic classification that was assigned using PR2 database. A total of 1248 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were detected but only 700 unicellular eukaryotes were analyzed, excluding unclassified OTUs, Metazoa and Streptophyta. In this research-based study the most abundant and diverse taxonomic groups were Dinoflagellata and Protalveolata. Specifically, the most abundant groups of all samples are Dinoflagellata with 190 OTUs (27.70%), Protalveolata with 139 OTUs (20.26%) Ochrophyta with 73 OTUs (10.64%), Cercozoa with 67 OTUs (9.77%) and Ciliophora with 64 OTUs (9.33%).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6.2-Assessment of Harmful Algae Bloom
    Maryland’s Coastal Bays: Ecosystem Health Assessment Chapter 6.2 Chapter 6.2 Assessment of harmful algae bloom species in the Maryland Coastal Bays Catherine Wazniak Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Tidewater Ecosystem Assessment, Annapolis, MD 21401 Abstract Thirteen potentially harmful algae taxa have been identified in the Maryland Coastal Bays: Aureococcus anophagefferens (brown tide), Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae, Chloromorum/ Chattonella spp., Heterosigma akashiwo, Fibrocapsa japonica, Prorocentrum minimum, Dinophysis spp., Amphidinium spp., Pseudo-nitzchia spp., Karlodinium micrum and two macroalgae genera (Gracilaria, Chaetomorpha). Presence of potentially toxic species is richest in the polluted tributaries of St. Martin River and Newport Bay. Approximately 5% of the phytoplankton species identified for Maryland’s Coastal Bays represent potentially harmful algal bloom (HAB) species. The HABs are recognized for their potentially toxic properties and, in some cases, their ability to produce large blooms negatively affecting light and dissolved oxygen resources. Brown tide (Aureococcus anophagefferens) has been the most widespread and prolific HAB species in the area in recent years, producing growth impacts to juvenile clams in test studies and potential impacts to sea grass distribution and growth (see Chapter 7.1). Macroalgal fluctuations may be evidence of a system balancing on the edge of a eutrophic (nutrient- enriched) state (see chapter 4). No evidence of toxic activity has been detected among the Coastal Bays phytoplankton. However, species such as Pseudo-nitzschia seriata, Prorocentrum minimum, Pfiesteria piscicida, Dinophysis acuminata and Karlodinium micrum have produced positive toxic bioassays or generated detectable toxins in Chesapeake Bay. Pfiesteria piscicida was retrospectively considered as the likely causative organism in a large historical fish kill on the Indian River, Delaware.
    [Show full text]
  • Biosketch CV.Umces
    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH - DIANE K. STOECKER University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory P.O. Box 775 Cambridge, MD 21613-0775 Tel: 410 221-8407 [email protected] Professional Preparation: University of New Hampshire, Botany, BS l969 University of Hawaii, Microbiology, MS l970 State University of New York at Stony Brook, Ecology & Evolution, Ph.D. 1979 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biological Oceanography, Postdoctoral Scholar l979-l980 Appointments: Professor, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science 1995-present Associate Professor, Center for Environmental & Estuarine Science, Univ. of Maryland System, 1991-1995 Associate Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1984-1991 Assistant Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, l980-1984 Publications –Last three years: Stoecker DK, Long A, Suttles SE, Sanford LP. 2006. Effect of small-scale shear on grazing and growth of the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida. Harmful Algae 5: 407-418 Stoecker DK, Tillman U, Granéli E. 2006. Chaper 18. Phagotrophic Harmful Algae. Pp. 177-187 in Granéli E and Turner J (eds) Ecology of Harmful Algae, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Adolf JE, Stoecker DK, Harding LW. 2006. The balance of autotrophy and heterotrophy during mixotrophic growth of Karlodinium micrum (Dinophyceae). J Plankton Res 28: 737-751 Hood, RR, Zhang X, Glibert PM, Roman MR, Stoecker, DK. 2006. Modeling the influence of nutrients, turbulence and grazing on Pfiesteria population dynamics. Harmful Algae 5: 459-479 Johnson MD, Tengs T, Oldach D, Stoecker DK. 2006. Sequestration, performance and functional control of cryptophyte plastids in the ciliate Myrionecta rubra (Ciliophora). J Phycol 42: 1235-1246 Johnson MD, Oldach D, Delwiche CF, Stoecker DK.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological Studies of the Dinoflagellate Karenia Papilionacea in Culture
    MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE KARENIA PAPILIONACEA IN CULTURE Michelle R. Stuart A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Biology and Marine Biology University of North Carolina Wilmington 2011 Approved by Advisory Committee Alison R. Taylor Richard M. Dillaman Carmelo R. Tomas Chair Accepted by __________________________ Dean, Graduate School This thesis has been prepared in the style and format consistent with the journal Journal of Phycology ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. v DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................... 5 RESULTS
    [Show full text]
  • Disease of Aquatic Organisms 80:241
    DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Vol. 80: 241–258, 2008 Published August 7 Dis Aquat Org COMBINED AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEX (Volumes 71 to 80, 2006–2008) A (2006) Persistence of Piscirickettsia salmonis and detection of serum antibodies to the bacterium in white seabass Atrac- Aarflot L, see Olsen AB et al. (2006) 72:9–17 toscion nobilis following experimental exposure. 73:131–139 Abreu PC, see Eiras JC et al. (2007) 77:255–258 Arunrut N, see Kiatpathomchai W et al. (2007) 79:183–190 Acevedo C, see Silva-Rubio A et al. (2007) 79:27–35 Arzul I, see Carrasco N et al. (2007) 79:65–73 Adams A, see McGurk C et al. (2006) 73:159–169 Arzul I, see Corbeil S et al. (2006) 71:75–80 Adkison MA, see Arkush KD et al. (2006) 73:131–139 Arzul I, see Corbeil S et al. (2006) 71:81–85 Aeby GS, see Work TM et al. (2007) 78:255–264 Ashton KJ, see Kriger KM et al. (2006) 71:149–154 Aguirre WE, see Félix F et al. (2006) 75:259–264 Ashton KJ, see Kriger KM et al. (2006) 73:257–260 Aguirre-Macedo L, see Gullian-Klanian M et al. (2007) 79: Atkinson SD, see Bartholomew JL et al. (2007) 78:137–146 237–247 Aubard G, see Quillet E et al. (2007) 76:7–16 Aiken HM, see Hayward CJ et al. (2007) 79:57–63 Audemard C, Carnegie RB, Burreson EM (2008) Shellfish tis- Aishima N, see Maeno Y et al. (2006) 71:169–173 sues evaluated for Perkinsus spp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Polypeptides COX2A and COX2B Are Essential Components of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase of Toxoplasma Gondii
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1777 (2008) 202–210 www.elsevier.com/locate/bbabio The polypeptides COX2A and COX2B are essential components of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase of Toxoplasma gondii Lorena Morales-Sainz a,1, Adelma Escobar-Ramírez a,1, Valentín Cruz-Torres a, Adrián Reyes-Prieto a, Miriam Vázquez-Acevedo a, Reyna Lara-Martínez b, ⁎ Luis Felipe Jiménez-García b, Diego González-Halphen a, a Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico b Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico Received 21 August 2007; received in revised form 6 October 2007; accepted 18 October 2007 Available online 5 November 2007 Abstract Two genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunits, Cox2a and Cox2b, are present in the nuclear genomes of apicomplexan parasites and show sequence similarity to corresponding genes in chlorophycean algae. We explored the presence of COX2A and COX2B subunits in the cytochrome c oxidase of Toxoplasma gondii. Antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide containing a 14-residue fragment of the COX2A polypeptide and against a hexa-histidine-tagged recombinant COX2B protein. Two distinct immunochemical stainings localized the COX2A and COX2B proteins in the parasite's mitochondria. A mitochondria-enriched fraction exhibited cyanide-sensitive oxygen uptake in the presence of succinate. T. gondii mitochondria were solubilized and subjected to Blue Native Electrophoresis followed by second dimension electrophoresis. Selected protein spots from the 2D gels were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis and polypeptides of mitochondrial complexes III, IV and V were identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Scrippsiella Trochoidea (F.Stein) A.R.Loebl
    MOLECULAR DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE CALCAREOUS DINOPHYTES (THORACOSPHAERACEAE, PERIDINIALES) Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) der Fakultät für Biologie der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München zur Begutachtung vorgelegt von Sylvia Söhner München, im Februar 2013 Erster Gutachter: PD Dr. Marc Gottschling Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Susanne Renner Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 06. Juni 2013 “IF THERE IS LIFE ON MARS, IT MAY BE DISAPPOINTINGLY ORDINARY COMPARED TO SOME BIZARRE EARTHLINGS.” Geoff McFadden 1999, NATURE 1 !"#$%&'(&)'*!%*!+! +"!,-"!'-.&/%)$"-"!0'* 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2& ")3*'4$%/5%6%*!+1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 7! 8,#$0)"!0'*+&9&6"*,+)-08!+ 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 :! 5%*%-"$&0*!-'/,)!0'* 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 ;! "#$!%"&'(!)*+&,!-!"#$!'./+,#(0$1$!2! './+,#(0$1$!-!3+*,#+4+).014!1/'!3+4$0&41*!041%%.5.01".+/! 67! './+,#(0$1$!-!/&"*.".+/!1/'!4.5$%"(4$! 68! ./!5+0&%!-!"#$!"#+*10+%,#1$*10$1$! 69! "#+*10+%,#1$*10$1$!-!5+%%.4!1/'!$:"1/"!'.;$*%."(! 6<! 3+4$0&41*!,#(4+)$/(!-!0#144$/)$!1/'!0#1/0$! 6=! 1.3%!+5!"#$!"#$%.%! 62! /0+),++0'* 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111<=!
    [Show full text]
  • Sequestration, Performance, and Functional Control of Cryptophyte Plastids in the Ciliate Myrionecta Rubra (Ciliophora)1
    J. Phycol. 42, 1235–1246 (2006) r 2006 by the Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00275.x SEQUESTRATION, PERFORMANCE, AND FUNCTIONAL CONTROL OF CRYPTOPHYTE PLASTIDS IN THE CILIATE MYRIONECTA RUBRA (CILIOPHORA)1 Matthew D. Johnson2 Horn Point Laboratory, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA Torstein Tengs National Veterinary Institute, Section of Food and Feed Microbiology, Ullevaalsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway David Oldach Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA and Diane K. Stoecker Horn Point Laboratory, Center for Environmental Science, University of Maryland, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA Myrionecta rubra (Lohmann 1908, Jankowski Key index words: ciliate; Geminigera cryophila; 1976) is a photosynthetic ciliate with a global dis- mixotrophy; Myrionecta rubra; nucleomorph; or- tribution in neritic and estuarine habitats and has ganelle sequestration long been recognized to possess organelles of Abbreviations: CMC, chloroplast–mitochondria cryptophycean origin. Here we show, using nucleo- complex; HL, high light; LL, low light; LMWC, morph (Nm) small subunit rRNA gene sequence low-molecular-weight compound; MAA, micros- data, quantitative PCR, and pigment absorption scans, that an M. rubra culture has plastids identi- porine-like amino acids; ML, maximum likelihood; NGC, number of genomes per cell; PE, photosyn- cal to those of its cryptophyte prey, Geminigera thesis versus irradiance; TBR, tree bisection-recon- cf. cryophila (Taylor and Lee 1971, Hill 1991). Using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate that G. cf. struction cryophila plastids undergo division in growing M. rubra and are regulated by the ciliate. M. rubra maintained chl per cell and maximum cellu- Myrionecta rubra (5Mesodinium rubrum) (Lohmann cell lar photosynthetic rates (Pmax) that were 6–8 times 1908, Jankowski 1976) (Mesodiniidae, Litostomatea) that of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Gertia Stigmatica Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae), A
    Protist, Vol. 170, 125680, November 2019 http://www.elsevier.de/protis Published online date 30 August 2019 ORIGINAL PAPER Gertia stigmatica gen. et sp. nov. (Kareniaceae, Dinophyceae), a New Marine Unarmored Dinoflagellate Possessing the Peridinin-type Chloroplast with an Eyespot a b b a,1 Kazuya Takahashi , Garry Benico , Wai Mun Lum , and Mitsunori Iwataki a Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan b Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan Submitted April 19, 2019; Accepted August 27, 2019 Monitoring Editor: Chris Howe Marine unarmored dinoflagellates in the family Kareniaceae are known to possess chloroplasts of hap- tophyte origin, which contain fucoxanthin and its derivatives as major carotenoids, and lack peridinin. In the present study, the first species with the peridinin-type chloroplast in this family, Gertia stigmatica gen. et sp. nov., is described on the basis of ultrastructure, photosynthetic pigment composition, and molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleus- and chloroplast-encoded genes. Cells of G. stigmatica were small and harboring a chloroplast with an eyespot and two pyrenoids. The apical structure complex was straight, similar to Karenia and Karlodinium. Under transmission electron microscopy, the chloroplast was surrounded by two membranes, and the eyespot was composed of a single layer of osmiophilic globules (eyespot type A); this was never previously reported from the Kareniaceae. High performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the chloroplast contains peridinin, and neither fucoxanthin nor 19 -acyloxyfucoxanthins was identified. A phylogeny based on nucleus-encoded rDNAs suggested a position of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Pigment-Based Chloroplast Types in Dinoflagellates
    Vol. 465: 33–52, 2012 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published September 28 doi: 10.3354/meps09879 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Pigment-based chloroplast types in dinoflagellates Manuel Zapata1,†, Santiago Fraga2, Francisco Rodríguez2,*, José L. Garrido1 1Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, c/ Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain 2Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain ABSTRACT: Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain a chloroplast with peridinin as the major carotenoid. Chloroplasts from other algal lineages have been reported, suggesting multiple plas- tid losses and replacements through endosymbiotic events. The pigment composition of 64 dino- flagellate species (122 strains) was analysed by using high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition to chlorophyll (chl) a, both chl c2 and divinyl protochlorophyllide occurred in chl c-con- taining species. Chl c1 co-occurred with chl c2 in some peridinin-containing (e.g. Gambierdiscus spp.) and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates (e.g. Kryptoperidinium foliaceum). Chl c3 occurred in dinoflagellates whose plastids contained 19’-acyloxyfucoxanthins (e.g. Karenia miki- motoi). Chl b was present in green dinoflagellates (Lepidodinium chlorophorum). Based on unique combinations of chlorophylls and carotenoids, 6 pigment-based chloroplast types were defined: Type 1: peridinin/dinoxanthin/chl c2 (Alexandrium minutum); Type 2: fucoxanthin/ 19’-acyloxy fucoxanthins/4-keto-19’-acyloxy-fucoxanthins/gyroxanthin diesters/chl c2, c3, mono - galac to syl-diacylglycerol-chl c2 (Karenia mikimotoi); Type 3: fucoxanthin/19’-acyloxyfucoxan- thins/gyroxanthin diesters/chl c2, c3 (Karlodinium veneficum); Type 4: fucoxanthin/chl c1, c2 (K. foliaceum); Type 5: alloxanthin/chl c2/phycobiliproteins (Dinophysis tripos); Type 6: neoxanthin/ violaxanthin/a major unknown carotenoid/chl b (Lepidodinium chlorophorum).
    [Show full text]
  • Variations and Evolution of Polyubiquitin Genes from Ciliates
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com European Journal of Protistology 49 (2013) 40–49 Variations and evolution of polyubiquitin genes from ciliates Xihan Liua,b, Fei Shia, Jun Gonga,c,∗ aYantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China bLaboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China cCollege of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China Received 2 January 2012; received in revised form 2 May 2012; accepted 5 May 2012 Available online 9 June 2012 Abstract Polyubiquitin genes from seven ciliate species were amplified, cloned and sequenced. It is estimated that Strombidium sulcatum, Euplotes vannus, E. rariseta and Anteholosticha manca have a polyubiquitin gene of 3 repeats, and A. parawarreni, Paramecium caudatum and Pseudokeronopsis flava 4 repeats. The newly obtained ubiquitins mostly differ from that of humans by 1–5 residues in amino acid sequences. A neighbor-joining tree constructed based on monomeric ubiquitin genes supports the monophyly of an assemblage comprising the litostomateans and some oligohymenophoreans, but not the class Spirotrichea. The monomers from the same species are generally placed together and highly supported for the class Litostomatea, the genera Paramecium and Ichthyophthirius, but not for other species. The non-synonymous/synonymous rate ratio (dN/dS) at the protein level are less than 1, and the synonymous nucleotide differences per synonymous site (pS) from intraspecific comparisons are fairly high (0.02–0.72). These results indicate that ciliates have not only the conserved, but also some quite divergent, polyubiquitin genes and confirm that the polyubiquitin genes in ciliates evolve according to the birth-and-death mode of evolution under strong purifying selection.
    [Show full text]