International Journal of Research and Review DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20210428 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Research Paper E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237

Analysis of the Influence of the Amount of Labor, Level of Education and Government Spending on Economic Growth in North Sumatera

Janita Sari1, Irsad2, Rahmanta3

1Postgraduate, Students Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economics, Universitas North , 2,3Postgraduate, Lecturer Faculty of Economics and Business, Department of Economics, Universitas , Indonesia

Corresponding Author: Janita Sari

ABSTRACT continuously toward a better state for a certain period (Hashim, 2017: 11). This study was to analyze the effect of labor, Economic growth is an important levels of education and government spending on factor in development, the successful the education sector on economic growth in development of a country or region is North Sumatra. The data used is secondary data measured based on the high and low rates of obtained from the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency of North Sumatra and the economic growth achieved. Measurement of Central Statistics Agency of North Sumatra economic growth is conventionally usually Province, which consists of 33 districts / cities by calculating the increase in the percentage in several publications from 2015–2019. The of Gross Domestic Product to national and research method used is panel data with a Fixed Regional Gross Domestic Product for the Effect Model approach. The results of this study provincial and district/city. Gross Regional indicate that labor has a negative and Domestic product is the sum of value added insignificant effect on economic growth, the generated by all business units in a level of education has a significant positive particular region or is the amount of the effect on economic growth and government value of final goods and services produced spending in the education sector has a by all economic units during a certain significant positive effect on economic growth in North Sumatra in 2015-2019. period. Therefore, the economic growth of a region can be obtained through the growth Keywords: Economic Growth, Labor, Education rate of the Gross Regional Domestic Level and Government Expenditure. Product at constant prices. Economic growth as the development of activities in INTRODUCTION the economy that cause the goods and Economic development is needed by services produced in a society grow and the a country to improve the lives and welfare prosperity of society increased. So of the community, by developing all areas economic growth to measure the of activity in a country. In order to improve achievements of the development of an the welfare of the community it is necessary economy from one period to the other increased economic growth and income (Sukirno in Suindyah, 2011: 120). distribution is uneven. Economic growth Advance whether a country can be can be defined as the process of changes in seen from the growth of its economy. economic conditions of a country Countries with good growth can indirectly indicate the progress of the country, but

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 211 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Janita Sari et.al. Analysis of the influence of the amount of labor, level of education and government spending on economic growth in North Sumatera. increase the economic growth of a country These differences become an is not an easy thing, many of the factors that obstacle in the distribution of economic affect the rate of growth of a country. So an development because economic growth is economy is said to experience economic only concentrated on an economic activity growth if the amount of production of goods that is increased in some provinces or and services in a given year is greater than regions that have abundant natural in the previous year (Rusdi and Haerati, resources. The natural wealth that should 2015 : 2). dapatmenjadikan added value in improving Economic growth in each country is economic development in the Province of different, therefore, economic growth is not North Sumatra. the only concern and the agenda of the Based on the 33 districts/cities in central government but also to the attention North Sumatra for 2015 economic growth of of the agenda and each region in a country. the Coal District is located on the lowest This is because the economic growth of a level, namely 4,11%, while the District lines country is also affected by economic growth are Mandailing Natal by 6,22%. 2016 in each region. Included in the Province of Distric Tapanuli Utara is located on the North Sumatra which is composed of 33 lowest level, namely were 4.12% and the Districts/Cities that have a background Terrain into Districts/city with the highest differences between regions. The difference economic growth of 6,27%. 2017 economic is in the form of differences in the growth of the Coal back into the District the characteristics of the natural, social, lowest is 4,11%, and Mandailing Natal economic, and natural resources that its becomes the highest 6,09%. 2018 spread is different. is located on the lowest level, namely 4.35 percent, and Table 1.1 Economic Growth On The Basis Of Constant Prices North Sumatra Tahun 2015-2019 (Percent) Gunung Sitoli District the highest 6,03%. District/City 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 For the year 2019 again the Coal Districts of Nias 5.43 5.03 5.01 4.95 5.04 Mandailing Natal 6.22 6.18 6.09 5.79 5.30 the low of 4.35 percent, and the Tapanuli Selatan 5.02 5.12 5.21 5.19 5.23 Sitoli back be the District with Tapanuli Tengah 5.08 5.12 5.24 5.20 5.18 Tapanuli Utara 4.81 4.12 4.15 4.35 4.62 the highest economic growth that is equal Toba Samosir 4.55 4.76 4.90 4.96 4.88 6,05%. Labuhan Batu 5.04 5.06 5.00 5.06 5.07 In 2015 economic growth of 5.10% Asahan 5.57 5.62 5.48 5.61 5.64 Simalungun 5.24 5.40 5.13 5.18 5.20 is, the year 2016 is slightly increased from Dairi 5.04 5.07 4.93 5.01 4.82 the year previous 5,18%, but the year 2017 Karo 5.01 5.17 5.21 4.55 4.60 Deli Serdang 5.25 5.32 5.10 5.15 5.18 economic growth in North Sumatra Langkat 5.03 4.98 5.05 5.02 5.07 experienced a slowdown to the 5.12%, and Nias Selatan 4.46 4.41 4.56 5.02 5.03 Humbang Hasundutan 5.24 5.00 5.02 5.04 4.94 then increased slightly in 2018 by 5.18% on Pakpak Bharat 5.93 5.97 5.94 5.85 5.87 the value, up to the year 2019 increased Samosir 5.77 5.27 5.35 5.58 5.7 again be 5,22%. The category of agriculture, Serdang Bedagai 5.05 5.14 5.16 5.17 5.28 Batu Bara 4.11 4.44 4.11 4.38 4.35 forestry and fisheries experienced the Padang Lawas Utara 5.94 5.96 5.54 5.58 5.61 highest growth amounting to 24,79% Padang Lawas 5.74 6.06 5.71 5.96 5.64 Labuhanbatu Selatan 5.13 5.19 5.09 5.27 5.35 followed by category of industry processing Labuanbatu Utara 5.18 5.21 5.11 5.2 5.15 of 18,08% and the category of trade and Nias Utara 5.49 4.59 4.43 4.42 4.65 Nias Barat 4.87 4.83 4.81 4.77 4.82 retail, repair of cars, and motorcycles by 5.65 5.15 5.27 5.25 5.2 17,97% (BPS, 2020 : 898). 5.58 5.76 5.51 5.77 5.79 The economy of North Sumatra in 5.24 4.86 4.41 4.8 4.82 4.86 5.11 5.14 5.17 5.15 the year 2017 decreased from 5,18% to at 5.74 6.27 5.81 5.92 5.93 5.12%. According to data from Bank 5.4 5.54 5.39 5.46 5.51 Padangsidimpuan 5.04 5.29 5.32 5.45 5.51 Indonesia, the decline is mainly caused by Gunung Sitoli 5.39 6.03 6.01 6.03 6.05 household consumption, which tends to Source: BPS Province North Sumatra slow down, as economic conditions have

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 212 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Janita Sari et.al. Analysis of the influence of the amount of labor, level of education and government spending on economic growth in North Sumatera. not yet fully recovered household Since the year 2015-2019 labor force in consumers tend to allocate the increase in North Sumatra, most of the educated high income for the motif just in case. The source School/equivalent percentage of this group of the income is indicated as allocated in the reached the highest level for 4 years. The form of savings and deposits, which is second highest is the Junior high school and reflected in the amount of third party funds the highest order of the third is the SD while that is increasing, while it is sectoral, to the category of Diploma I/II/III/IV and slowing Gross Domestic Product 2017 is the University are at the lowest level each also caused by the performance of the year during 2015-2019. processing industry slowed down from 5.3% Economic growth also can not be in 2016 to 2.3% as commodity prices began separated from the role of government to decline, especially in the second half of consisting of a fiscal policy is a government 2017 (the Bi.go.id). action to regulate the course of the economy The theory of economic growth of by determining the magnitude of the the neo-classical states economic growth receipts and expenditures of the government depends on the development of the factors each year which is reflected in the of production namely: capital, labor and documents of the state Budget to the technology. The larger the work force, national and regional Budgets for the area or which means the rate of population growth region. The magnitude of the contribution of is high then the greater the income national local government expenditure on economic and the higher economic growth (Lopez, growth in the region is an opportunity that 2014:2). can be utilized optimally to drive the The total labor force in North regional economy (BPS, 2018: 19). Sumatra on the chart 1.2 look has fluctuated Increased local government during the period 2015-2019. In the year In spending productive it also increased the the year 2015 the total labor force of economy of a region. One of the expenses 6,391,098 soul, 2016 decreased compared to of government productive expenditure the year previous 6,362,909 soul, and sector of education (Sukirno in Lubis, 2014: increased again in 2017 menjadi6,743,277 189). soul, in 2018 the total labor force in North The development of education Sumatra back increased by 7,124,458 soul achieved by improving equitable access, but in the year 2019 experience lowering quality, relevance, and competitiveness. into 7,063,662 soul. Budget allocation function of education by the total labor force is the lowest and the reflects the government's efforts in city Medan is that the amount of labor high providing services to the community in the di North Sumatra since 2015 to 2019. field of education and as one of the efforts Volatile total labor force this occurs because to meet the constitutional mandate that the in the Province of North Sumatra is still allocation of the education budget at least dominated by educated people SMA. 20% of expenditure (ministry of finance, The growth of an economy can not 2019: 1). be separated from the role of education that In the year 2015 is the realization of will improve the quality of the workforce, the education expenditure is highest in thereby enabling the availability of the labor North Sumatra sebesar12,739,268,776,946 force that is skilled, reliable, and in and 2017 is the realization of educational accordance with national development. To spending low that 11,181,848,796,915. improve the quality of the labor required Government spending sector basically, education as one of the basic human to education is an investment to economic achieve sustainable economic development growth. (Petianaet al, 2015: 53). The policies outlined in the Budget it requires attention, especially in terms of the

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 213 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Janita Sari et.al. Analysis of the influence of the amount of labor, level of education and government spending on economic growth in North Sumatera. distribution of the budget, in order to create Level Of Education new sources of revenue for the region, so Education is an important that government spending can effectively component and vital to the development, promote economic growth. This policy especially in increasing the economic associated with the role of government as a growth which is both an input for the total provider of public goods (Sirojuzilam, 2015: production. Education also serves to 9). improve productivity. In addition, the ability In the research conducted by Sayed to absorb technology requires an increase in Suindyah D (2014: 147).The results of the the quality of human resources. Someone research show that the number of workers who has the level of education the higher who work have a significant influence on will get a job or income, the higher will be the increase of economic growth in East the future. Java and the magnitude of the government spending will provide support to the Government Spending implementation of the development, Government spending is a set of because with the increasing government products that is produced, contains a choice spending will lead to increased economic or decision made by the government to growth. provide public goods and services to the This study strengthened by research community. Government spending conducted by Citra Ayu Basica Effendi (Government Expenditure) is part of fiscal Lubis (2014: 192). Show the results of that policy, namely an act of the government to labor, the level of education and regulate the course of the economy by government spending to education determining the magnitude of the receipts significant positive effect on economic and expenditures of the government each growth in Indonesia in the period of the year which is reflected in the documents of years 2006-2012. the state Budget to the national and regional Budgets for the area or region. The purpose LITERATURE REVIEW of fiscal policy is in order to stabilize prices, Economic Growth the level of output and employment and Economic growth is the increase in spur economic growth (Sukirno in national income real gross domestic product Suindyah, 2011: 483). in the long-term causes of goods and services produced in a society grow and the prosperity of society is increased (Parera, 2018:13).

Labor Labor is the population in the working age aged 15-64 years or the number of the entire population in a country can produce goods and services if there is a demand for their labor, and if they want to participate in such activity (Mulyadi, 2017: 74). According to the Law Number 13 year Figure 1. Conceptual Framework 2003, the labor is any person who is able to do work to produce goods and / or services Hypothesis to meet the needs of themselves and the 1. Labor significant positive effect on community. economic growth in North Sumatra 2015-2019

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2. The level of education significant memos, letters, diaries, and records of positive effect on economic growth in clinical cases (Anggito, Setiawan, 2018: North Sumatra 2015-2019 146). 3. Government spending sector education significant positive effect on economic RESULTS AND DISCUSSION growth in North Sumatra 2015-2019 Analysis Testing The Fixed Effect Model 4. Labor, the level of education and Based on the test results obtained the government spending sector education results of the significance test. The results of simultaneously significant positive the testing are as follows: effect on economic growth in North Y = 4.686841- 0.000655 + 0.011350 + Sumatra 2015-2019 0.000917 t-sig (0.0000) (0.3396) (0.0058) (0.0030) MATERIAL AND METHODS 1. Based on the results of the equation is The research used is quantitative known that the labor negative effect not research, where the research quantitative is significant to economic growth can be a study that uses the analysis of the data in seen with a t-value sig is greater than α the form of numerical or numbers, with the = 0.05 so (0.3396> 0.05) this means that aim to develop and use mathematical any increase in labor by 1 soul then the models, theories, and hypotheses pertaining variable of economic growth will be to phenomena investigated by researchers decreased by 0.000655% . (Suryani, Hendrayadi, 2015: 109). 2. The level of education significant The type and source of data used in positive effect on economic growth can this research is secondary data, where be seen with a t-value sig smaller α = secondary data is data that is not obtained 0.05 so (is 0.0058< 0.05) this means that directly from the object of research, the any increase in the level of education researchers get the data that had already 1% of the variable of economic growth been collected by another party. will rise by 0.011350%. (Wordpress). 3. Government spending significant Source data obtained from the positive effect on economic growth can various parties, among others that is the be seen with a t-value sig is smaller than Central Body of detailed statistics of the a = 0.05 so (0.0030 < 0.05) this means North Sumatra Province which is composed that any increase in the government of 33 Districts/Cities in several publications, spending sector education 1 billion starting from year 2015 to 2019, the Agency dollars then the variable of economic of Finance and Asset Management North growth will rise by 0.000917%. Sumatra and Literature as well as information written both derived from the The Analysis Of The Influence Of The relevant agencies, scientific journals and Labour Towards Economic Growth other related and the internet, which is Based on the estimation results, it associated with the research topic to obtain can be seen that the variable labor negative secondary data. effect not significant to economic growth in Data collection method used is North Sumatra years 2015-2019 with a documentation. Referring to some coefficient of -0.000655 and the probability understanding of the proposed experts, the of 0.3396. The coefficient of -0.000655 that document is a collection or a significant means that every increase of variable labor amount of written material or film, in the by 1 soul then proper growth of the form of data that will be written, viewed, economy will be decreased by -0.000655%, stored, and rolled out in the research and which means not in accordance with the easy access. The term document refers to initial hypothesis that the variable labor materials such as photos, videos, movies,

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 215 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Janita Sari et.al. Analysis of the influence of the amount of labor, level of education and government spending on economic growth in North Sumatera. influential significant positive to economic This research is based on the theory growth in North Sumatra. of human capital which has the assumption Not yet optimal power due to the that a can increase income through level of education of most work North education. The function of education Sumatra still dominated by graduates of relating to human capital. Increasing high School, the percentage of this group educational opportunities will improve the reached the highest level while the labor quality of human resources so that force graduate diploma I/II/II/IV and the productivity will also increase. Increased university was at its lowest level during the productivity will be able to increase the period 2015-2019, causing low ability and output of which then will have an impact on the level of awareness of labor. In addition, economic growth (Althofia, Agustina, the shift of the labor of man to the modern 2015). technology that caused the decline of labour This means that in accordance with of the province of North Sumatra. the initial hypothesis stated that the level of This research is in line with research education significant positive effect on conducted by Farouq Syaifulla Haq (2017) economic growth in North Sumatra years entitled Analysis of the Influence of 2015 to 2019, and in line with the research Investment, Employment and Level of done by H. Muh Rusdi and Haerati (2015) Education On Economic Growth in with the title Analysis of the Influence of Yogyakarta period 2009-2015, the results of Labor, Level of Education and Government this study indicate that labor has no effect Spending in the City of Makassar in 2004- on economic growth due to the modern 2013, with the result that the level of technologies that replace human labor in the education has a positive relationship Special Region of Yogyakarta. This study is significantly to economic growth in the City also in line with research that is conducted of Leeds during the period 2004-2013, and by Siti Hardiningsih Arifin (2017) titled the the variable level of education is a factor Influence of Investment, Labor and Rate of that is very dominant influence on economic Consumption To Economic Growth in the growth in the City of Makassar compared to City of Makassar from 2006 to 2015, with other variables. This research is also the results of the labor negatively affect supported by research conducted by Dewi economic growth this is because the Kurniawati Sanusi et al(2014), entitled workforce in the City of Makassar are not Analysis the Influence of the Amount of all derived from the Makassar City itself, Labor, Education Level, Government but from outside the City of Makassar, in Spending On Economic Growth and its addition, most workers are placed not in Impact On Poverty in North Sulawesi years accordance with the education and skills 2001-2010, in this study stated that the possessed. variable level of education affect positive significant impact on economic growth, Analysis Of The Influence Of Level Of which this means that the high level of Education On Economic Growth education to graduated from high school and Based on the results of the tamatanperguruan high, the higher the estimation can be seen that the variable economic growth that occurred in the level of education significant positive effect Province of North Sulawesi. on economic growth in North Sumatra 2015-2019 with a coefficient of 0.011350 Analysis Of The Influence Of and the probability is 0.0058. The Government Spending Sector Of coefficient of 0.011350 that means that any Education To Economic Growth increase in the variable level of education Based on the results of the by 1%, the economic growth will increase estimation can be seen that the variable by 0.011350%. expenses of the government, the education

International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 216 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021 Janita Sari et.al. Analysis of the influence of the amount of labor, level of education and government spending on economic growth in North Sumatera. sector is significant positive effect on Economic Growth of 89,23% while the rest economic growth in North Sumatra 2015- 10.77% is explained by variables outside the 2019 with a coefficient of 0.000917 and the model. Furthermore it is known that all the probability of 0.0030. The coefficient of independent variables of labor, level of 0.000917 that means that any increase in education and government expenditure of variable expenses of the government, the the education sector in North Sumatra education sector amounted to 1 billion simultaneously or together showed a dollars then economic growth will increase significant influence on economic growth by 0.000917%. indicated by the value of Prob F-statistic is The greater government spending, smaller than 0.05 (α=5%) that is equal to the higher the economic growth. On the 0,000000. contrary the smaller the expenditure of the government, it is the lower the economic CONCLUSIONS AND growth that will happen. In this study, based RECOMMENDATIONS on the theory of Wagner, which suggests the CONCLUSIONS development of government spending and Based on the results of the analysis the GDP. This means that in accordance and discussion of the conclusions that can with the initial hypothesis that states the be drawn from the study is as follows: government spending sector education 1. Labor negative effect not significant to effect positive significant to economic economic growth in North Sumatra growth in North Sumatra can be accepted. years 2015-2019. This research is in line with research 2. Level of education no significant conducted by Nurul Fitriani (2017) titled the positive effect on economic growth in Influence of Labor and Government North Sumatra years 2015-2019. Spending On Economic Growth in the 3. Government spending sector education Province of Yogyakarta years 2007-2015. significant positive effect on economic Results showed that government spending growth in North Sumatra 2015-2019. together significant positive effect on 4. Labor, the level of education and economic growth in the Province of government spending sector education Yogyakarta. This research is also supported simultaneously significant positive by Iis Surgawati (2020) with the title effect on economic growth in North Government Spending and Economic Sumatra 2015-2019, with R-squared Growth Hypothesis Keynes Versus the 89%. Theory of Wagner. Results showed that government spending on education and RECOMMENDATIONS health is able to increase the economic Suggestions of researchers from the growth of West Java. research that has been done is as follows: 1. The government of North Sumatra, it is The analysis of Labor, Level of Education suggested that the increase of and the Influence of Government expenditure on an ongoing basis and Spending Sector of Education To evaluate thoroughly to increase the Economic Growth economic growth of North Sumatra. Based on estimation results that has 2. Sumatra Provincial Government North been done then the test results show the perlu intervene to improve the education value of R-Squared is 0,892313 which of the people of North Sumatra with a means that the independent variables way to give more scholarships to contained in the model, namely labor, level students achievement and also for of education and government spending students who are less able to continue sector education simultaneously able to their education to a higher level, so will explain the dependent variable, namely the

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be expected to improve the quality of Barat tahun 2012. Volume 7, No 1, Juni human resources. 2015. 3. The need for awareness of each 7. Barlas, Ahmad Walid. 2020. The Impact community to improve the quality and of Government Expenditure on add insight to continue their education to Economic Growth in Afghanistan. ISSN 2615-3726.Volume 3 No 2. 2020. level higher and participated in various 8. Badan Pusat Statistik, 2015-2019. Provinsi seminars or workshops related to Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka. education and job specific. 9. Badan Pusat Statistik. 2018. Financial 4. For the private sector is expected to Statistics of Province Government 2015- increase new business so it can absorb 2018. more labor and increase the productivity 10. Effendie. 2017. Keuangan Negara Suatu of labor in North Sumatra. Tinjauan Komperhensif dan Terpadu. 5. For further research it is recommended Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. to add the variable and the years of 11. Effendie. 2017. Keuangan Negara Suatu research that is useful to see a larger Tinjauan Komperhensif dan Terpadu. influence between variables on Airlangga University Press. Surabaya. 12. Farouq Haq Syaifulla. 2017. Analisis economic growth in the long term. Pengaruh Investasi, Tenaga Kerja dan Tingkat Pendidikan Terhadap Pertumbuhan Acknowledgement: None Ekonomi di daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta periode 2009-2015. Conflict of Interest: None 13. Fitriani, Nurul. 2017. Pengaruh Tenaga Kerja Dan Pengeluaran Pemerintah Source of Funding: None Terhadap Perumbuhan Ekonomi Di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta tahun 2007- REFERENCES 2015. 1. Anggito,Albi dan Setiawan,Johan. 2018. 14. Gujarati, Damodar N. Dawn C. Porter. Metode Penelitian Kualititatif. CV Jejak. 2012. Dasar-dasar Ekonometrika. Salemba Jawa Barat. Empat. Jakarta Selatan. 2. Ajija,Shochrul R. Sari, Dyah W. Setianto 15. Https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/kajian- Rahmat H. Primanti,Martha A. 2011.Cara ekonomi-regional/sumut/Pages/KEKR- Cerdas Menguasai Eviews Salemba Empat. Provinsi- Sumatera-Utara-Februari- Jakarta Selatan. 2018.aspx 3. Ansofino. Jolianis. Yolamalinda. Arifindo, 16. Https://tepenr06.wordpress.com/2011/10/30 Hagi. 2016. Ekonometrika. /teknik-pengumpulan-data Deepublish.Yogyakarta. 17. Https://dosen.perbanas.id/regresi-data- 4. Azwar. 2016. Peran Alokatif Pemerintah panel-2-tahap-analisis/ melalui Pengadaan Barang/Jasa dan 18. Http://www.data- Pengaruhnya Terhadap Perekonomian apbn.kemenkeu.go.id/Dataset/Details/1007 Indonesia. Volume.20 No. 2 Agustus 2016. 19. Hasyim,AliIbrahim. 2016. Ekonomi Makro. 5. Atahrim, Avanda Fahri. 2013. Analisis Kencana. Jakarta Pengaruh Tenaga Kerja dan Pengeluaran 20. Http://balitbang.sumutprov.go.id/website/vi Pemerintah Terhadap Pertumbuhan si_misi Ekonomi Sektor Industri Kab/Kota di 21. Idris, Amiruddin. 2018. Ekonomi Publik. Provinsi Jawa Tengah.Skripsi, Fakultas Deepublish.Yogyakarta. Ekonomi dan Bisnis.Universitas Islam 22. Klasen, Stephan dan Francesca Lamanna. Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah. Jakarta. 2009. The Impact Of Gender Inequality In 6. Althofia, Nalyda Yola. Agustina, Neli. Education And Employment On Economic 2015. Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah Growth New Evidence For A Panel Of untuk Pendidikan, Kesehatan dan Countries. ISSN 1466-4372.Volume 15 No Infrastruktur terhadap PDRB dan 3. 2009. Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Jawa 23. Kahang, Merang. Saleh, Muhammad dan Suharto, Rachmad Budi. 2016. Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah Sektor Pendidikan

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International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 219 Vol.8; Issue: 4; April 2021