The Global Maritime Nexus: Challenges in Managing Marine Area in North Sumatera Province
Suhaidi1, Rosmalinda1 and Riadhi Alhayyan1 1Faculty of Law, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Universitas No 4 Kampus USU, Medan, Indonesia
Keywords: Global maritime nexus, readiness, local government, North Sumatera Province.
Abstract: Global maritime nexus is a strategic idea. Indonesia should realize it in order to ensure the community welfare. This study figures out the answer of study in 8 months in North Sumatera province. This study focuses on the readiness of North Sumatera government in realizing Indonesia as a global maritime nexus in Malacca Strait. One strategy to achieve the vision is regulated it in the regional spatial management. Through in depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) which conducted to collect information related to preparedness in policy and challenges of local government in marine management found that the provincial government has local regulation No. 2 of 2017 concerning the regional spatial plan of North Sumatera province (RTRWP) in 2017-2037 which in line with the 2nd and 3rd pillars of the global maritime nexus. The presence of the new RTRWP needs to be socialized in order to disseminate the idea of Indonesia global maritime nexus. It is not only a strategic issue but also an idea which can be applied in the program of local government organizations (OPD) which located contiguous to the sea such as North Sumatera province.
1 INTRODUCTION development of the fishing industry by placing fishermen as the main pillars; (3) commitment to Article 25 A of Indonesian Constitution 1945 encourage the development of maritime amendment 4 states that the united country of infrastructure and connectivity by building sea tolls, Republic of Indonesia is an archipelagic country seaports, logistics and shipping industries, as well as which is characteristic of the archipelago with its maritime tourism; (4) maritime diplomacy that territory and boundaries and rights established by invites all Indonesian partners to cooperate in the law (UUD 1945). Indonesia is the largest maritime sector is the fourth pillar of the archipelagic country in the world which has the development agenda; (5) Finally, as a country that is potential to become the global maritime nexus. This the nexus of two oceans, Indonesia is obliged to is in accordance with Law Number 32 of 2014 build maritime defense forces (Pidato Presiden RI- section 5 (1) which stated, "Indonesia is an KTT 9 Asia Timur, 2014). archipelagic country composed entirely of islands One of the provinces in Indonesia is North and covers large and small islands constituting a Sumatera. This province has become strategic in unified territory, political, economic, social cultural, realizing the idea of a maritime nexus delivered by and historical areas whose territorial boundaries are the president of Indonesia. First, the province of drawn from the archipelagic base" (UU No 32, North Sumatera consists of 33 districts/cities, to the 2014). east is directly adjacent to the Malacca Strait (BPS, The potential to become the maritime nexus of 2017). Second, the province of North Sumatera has a the world has been conveyed by the President of the coastline of 1,300 Km, of which 545 km is the Republic of Indonesia at the East Asia summit, in length of the East Coast Line. Both of these 2015. He mentioned five pillars that make Indonesia conditions place Noth Sumatera as a province that the Global maritime nexus; (1) Rebuilding contributes greatly to the realization of Indonesia as Indonesia's maritime culture; (2) Commitment to the global maritime nexus. Furthermore, the central maintain and manage marine resources by focusing government and regional governments in addition to on building sea food sovereignty through the ensuring the achievement of the implementation of
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Suhaidi, ., Rosmalinda, . and Alhayyan, R. The Global Maritime Nexus: Challenges in Managing Marine Area in North Sumatera Province. DOI: 10.5220/0010094016631669 In Proceedings of the International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches (ICOSTEERR 2018) - Research in Industry 4.0, pages 1663-1669 ISBN: 978-989-758-449-7 Copyright c 2020 by SCITEPRESS – Science and Technology Publications, Lda. All rights reserved
ICOSTEERR 2018 - International Conference of Science, Technology, Engineering, Environmental and Ramification Researches
Indonesia's idea as a global maritime nexus should 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY also ensure protection and management of the sea, especially the marine environment of the East Coast This research was conducted by literature review of North Sumatera. and field. Literature study is carried out by Indonesia as a maritime country needs to realize collecting, reading and analyzing legal rules, books the importance of the function of protection and and information sources in the form of print or preservation. This must be realized in order to electronic. Field studies are carried out by collecting maintain dependence on natural resources in the sea information through in-depth interviews and focus in quantities and quality that meet the requirements group discussions (FGD) involving staff or leaders and are available in a sustainable manner. Especially of the agency if referring to the extent of Indonesian waters covering an area of 6,166,163 km2. The Indonesian sea which contents natural resources will add to land capacity, both biological and non-living. 3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Unfortunately Indonesia still does not ratify or legalize laws and regulations that prevent and Indonesia is a maritime country. This statement is protect its waters from all types of ship true and may be believed by every Indonesian transportation pollution (Suhaidi, 2017). Therefore, citizen. A childhood experience of my sailor's the second pillar of the world's maritime nexus ancestors could be a reinforcement of that belief. strategy is important because he mentioned the The desire to reinforce that Indonesia is a leading maritime country during the current administration commitment to maintain and manage marine (Shanti, 2015). This hope certainly requires resources by focusing on building sea food Indonesia to be able to utilize all the marine sovereignty through the development of the fishing elements around it for the welfare of the people and industry by placing fishermen as the main pillars. the progress of the nation. Some writings state that The above situations and conditions are the desire to become a maritime country is actually opportunities for the Government of North Sumatera inseparable from the desire to immediately achieve Province. It's time for the North Sumatera provincial prosperity and prosperity in Indonesia (Shanti, government to prepare to realize strategic ideas 2015). Shanti Darmastuti and Emmy Farida Subekti, about Indonesia as the global maritime nexus. This for example, wrote in the challenges of Indonesian is important because opportunities can turn out to be maritime diplomacy towards the global maritime a threat when the central and regional governments, nexus that Indonesia would achieve prosperity and especially North Sumatera province, do not have prosperity through economic development of the readiness. These preparations include preparation of maritime domain (Shanti, 2015). policies such as spatial and regional policies and Furthermore, Latifah & Dinda Larasati wrote in management of the marine environment. internal challenges in realizing Indonesia as the This study focuses on the readiness of North global maritime nexus that the strategic idea of Sumatera provincial government in the field of Indonesia as global maritime nexus has a positive marine environment in facing the global maritime impact on improving Indonesia's economy in the nexus. Specifically the location discussed in this future. Thee paper stated that the position of study is the east coast of North Sumatera province, Indonesia as an international trade cross into a great the Malacca Strait. Two questions are asked to find economic resource if utilized to the maximum out what preparations have been made by the North through the global maritime nexus. It was further stated that the president of the Republic of Indonesia Sumatera provincial government, namely; what was targeting the successful global maritime nexus, policies have the North Sumatera provincial the progress of the lower middle-level countries with government to realize Indonesia as global maritime a per capita income of US $ 3,592 in 2015 towards nexus? And what is the North Sumatera Provincial the upper middle income countries with a per capita Government Challenge in preparation of Malacca income of US $ 10,000 in 2045. In other words, if Strait management related to Indonesian as global the policy of the global maritime nexus is achieved maritime nexus?. as expected then Indonesia can be sovereign in terms of the economy (Latifah, 2017). Both of these writings show that the hope of making Indonesia a global maritime nexus is a hope for the prosperity of the Indonesian people especially in the economy. This paper will then see
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The Global Maritime Nexus: Challenges in Managing Marine Area in North Sumatera Province whether these expectations can materialize in North One Act that is also important to note is Law No. Sumatera's east coast stretching along 545 km of 23 of 2014 concerning local government. This law beach. Not only the beach but also the location of provides an explanation of the distribution of marine the rivers of the rivers of the Bukit Barisan mountain affairs and fisheries affairs at the central, provincial range with a relatively high level of population and district / city governments. density compared to other regions. Conditions of marine waters in coastal areas are muddy and Table 1: Affairs of maritime affairs and fisheries at dominance of mangrove forests. the provincial government according to Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government. 3.1 North Sumatera Provincial No Sub affairs Province government Government Policy to Realize 1 Marine, Coastal; a. Management of Indonesia as Global Maritime and Small Islands marine space up to Nexus 12 miles outside oil and gas This section must be in one column Law No. 17 of b. Issuance of sea 2007 on the National Development Plan of 2005- space permits and 2025 mentions the appendix on the Vision and utilization under 12 Mission of the National Development Of 2005-2025. miles outside oil and The vision of Indonesia's development is Mandiri gas c. Empowerment of (independent), Maju (forward), Adil (equal) and coastal communities Makmur (prosperity). The seventh mission of the and small islands 2005-2025 national development is "Creating 2 Fishing a. Fish management Indonesia as an independent, advanced, strong, and marine areas up nation-based Islands Country" (UU No 17, 2007). to 12 miles The meaning of this mission is to foster marine- b. The issuance of oriented development for the community and fishing fisheries government, and to increase the comprehensive and business licenses for sustainable use of human resources, national marine fishing vessels areas and marine technology for the sovereignty and measuring above 5 welfare of the Indonesian. GT to 30 GT Potential marine resources need to be managed c. Determination of optimally and sustainably in order to realize the development sites ideals of Indonesia as a Global maritime nexus and and management of in an effort to provide maximum benefits for the provincial fishing welfare of the people. Based on that, on February ports 20, 2017, the President of RI has signed Perpres No. d. Issuance and fishing vessel with a size 16 of 2017 on Indonesian Marine Policy. This above 5 GT up to 30 Indonesian Ocean Policy is a general guideline of GT marine policy and implementation steps through 3 Cultural Fisheries Issuance of IUP in the programs and activities of ministries / institutions in field of fish cultivation the field of maritime that are prepared in order to whose business is accelerate the implementation of the Global crossed by regency / city maritime nexus. in 1 (one) Province Thus, Law No. 17/2007 (National RPJP 2005- 4 Supervision of Supervision of marine 2025) and Indonesian Maritime Policy have Marine and and fisheries resources provided direction for maritime and maritime Fisheries up to 12 miles development covering aspects that are very relevant Resources to the Preamble of the Preamble to the 1945 5 Management and Issuance of marketing Constitution. This policy and law has also identified Marketing business licenses and crucial issues in the effort to utilize and management management of fishery of marine resources, thereby encouraging policy products across makers to harmonize and synchronize regulations regencies / cities in 1 leading to the unification of maritime law and (one) Province national maritime which is now fragmented These national regulations have become the basis partially. for the North Sumatera provincial government to ratify the North Sumatera Provincial Regulation No.
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2 of 2017 on Spatial Plans of North Sumatera nexus Province in 2017-2037. This law provides a commitme Article Paragraph (6) mentions the definition of the Provincial Spatial Plan (RTRWP) nt 2 is the 27 existence of aquaculture area as a general spatial plan of the province, which is an commitme covering the area of fisheries elaboration of the RTRWN, which contains nt to and marine allotment provincial spatial objectives, policies, spatial maintain Article Plan for the Development of planning strategies; provincial spatial structure plan; and 39 Fishery and Marine provincial spatial pattern plan; determination of manage Utilization Area; Paragraph provincial strategic areas; direction of spatial use of marine (1) The spatial pattern of the resources provincial area; and the direction of controlling the fishery and marine with a designation area includes the utilization of provincial space. focus on area of aquaculture, capture It seems that RTRWP is a technical plan of the building fisheries and processing of National Development Plan (RPN), therefore if the sovereignt fishery products; Paragraph RPN states that the seventh mission of the 2005- y of sea (2) Development of marine 2025 national development is "Creating Indonesia as food aquaculture and capture an independent, advanced, strong and nation-based through fisheries areas and public Islands Country based on national interest "(UU No the waters, covering all regencies 17, 2007) then RTRWP has similar development developm / cities; Paragraph (3) planning. ent of Development of fishery Article 4 of the Regional Regulation of RTRWP fishery product processing areas is in The scope of the planning area covers all areas of industry fisheries producing centers; North Sumatera Province with an overall area of by placing Paragraph (4) Development approximately 183,449.17 km2 (one hundred eighty fishermen of fishery allotment areas is three thousand four hundred and forty-nine point as the carried out in areas that have seventeen square kilometers) which includes: (a) main potential and are suitable for pillar 72,325.47 km2 (seventy two thousand three hundred the development of fisheries and marine, among others: twenty five point forty seven square kilometers); (b) (a). development of an ocean of approximately 110,000 km2 (one agromarinpolitan area hundred and ten thousand square kilometers); and covering coastal area; west, (c) water bodies of Lake Toba covering an area of east coast, and Nias Islands; approximately 1,123.70 km2 (one thousand one (b). development of hundred and twenty three point seventy square minapolitan areas, covering kilometers). Furthermore, RTRWP also made the west coast, the east coast, several articles that regulate the steps that must be and the Nias Islands; (c). done by the North Sumatera provincial government development of fish seed related to the five pillars to make Indonesia the center spread throughout the World Maritime Shaft. Specifically, the RTRWP is province of North Sumatera; in line with two commitments, namely commitment (d). fish landing bases (PPI) 2, namely the commitment to maintain and manage to support capture fisheries marine resources by focusing on building sea food activities spread across the sovereignty through the development of the fishing East Coast and West Coast of industry by placing fishermen as the main pillar and North Sumatera as listed in Annex XXVII are an integral commitment 3, namely the commitment to part of this regional encourage the development of infrastructure and regulation; (e). development maritime connectivity by building sea tolls, seaports, of Fishery Seaport (PPP) in logistics, and shipping industries, as well as West Coast, East Coast and maritime tourism. Nias Islands; (f). construction of an integrated cold storage Table 2: Article North Sumatera Provincial Regulation warehouse to support No. 2 of 2017 on Spatial Planning of North Sumatera national fish logistics systems Province 2017-2037 which is in line with the pillar of in fish production and making Indonesia the global maritime nexus. distribution centers and fishery products, including Pillars Article of Provincial Regulation of North Medan City, Sibolga City, make Sumatera No. 2 of 2017 concerning Tanjungbalai City, Batubara Indonesia Spatial Planning for North Sumatera Regency, Deli Serdang a global Province in 2017-2037 Regency, Central Tapanuli maritime
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The Global Maritime Nexus: Challenges in Managing Marine Area in North Sumatera Province
Regency, Mandailing the local feeder port. Regency Christmas, and the Paragraph (2) The Nias Islands arrangement of the shipping commitme Article Transportation network channel includes (a). general nt 3 is a 8 system includes marine shipping lines and crossings; commitme transportation network and (b) port of shipping nt to system covering (a) port passage. encourage order; and (b) cruise line. Article Paragraph (1) the This transportation network developm 14 Development of the existing system plan aims to optimize ent of port order within the and maritime province; paragraph (2) infrastruct development of Development of sea transport ure and transportation network along the east coast of North connectivi structures Sumatera by water bus. ty by Article Development of a Paragraph (3) Development building 11 network of rivers, lakes and of ports along the east coast sea tolls, crossings of North Sumatera to support seaports, includes increasing and sea transport along the east logistics developing transport service coast of North Sumatera. and networks Paragraph (4) Development shipping rivers, lakes and crossings of ports to encourage industries, (ASDP) include (a) nodes of economic growth of the as well as river, lake and crossing region on the west coast of maritime networks including seaports North Sumatera. (5) The tourism that are used to serve development of Kuala crossing transportation, (b) Tanjung Port is designated as cross-border crossing an international hub port at transportation service the western gate of Indonesia networks, namely in the order of the National Medan-Penang (Malaysia), Logistics System. Medan-Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia), Medan- It is seen that the RTRWP which is the basis for Singapore, Tanjungbalai- its preparation refers to Law Number 17 of 2007 Singapore and Tanjungbalai- concerning the National Development Plan for 2005 Malaysia; and (c). cross- - 2025 has adjusted to the provisions of Law No. 23 province crossing transport of 2014 concerning local government and the idea of service network, namely the president of the Republic of Indonesia 2014- Medan-Batam, Medan- 2019. Lhokseumawe, Medan- Pangkal Pinang, 3.2 Challenge of North Sumatera Gunungsitoli-Singkil, Telo- Provincial Government in Teluk Bayur Island; and (d) a network of transportation Preparation of Marine services for rivers, lakes and Management Related to Indonesian crossings Maritime Nexus regencies / cities namely Sibolga - Gunungsitoli, The challenge according to the Indonesian Big Sibolga - Teluk Dalam, Dictionary (KBBI) Online means things or objects Teluk Dalam - Telo Island, that inspire determination to improve problem- Natal - Telo Island, solving skills; stimulus (to work harder and so on). Article Paragraph (1) The difficulty of doing things is a challenge to work 13 Development of the port harder as well as the readiness of the North structure is a sea port Sumatera provincial government. The study, entitled including: (a) main port; (b). "The Readiness of Medan City Government collecting ports; (c). feeder (Malacca Strait) In Facing China Maritime Silk port, which consists of: 1) Road and Maritime Shaft of the World" finds some regional feeder port; and 2)
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of the challenges faced by North Sumatera Malacca Strait should be maintained and managed provincial government. the marine environment well. If not, then major First, lack of popularity of the term maritime losses can occur for the next generation. nexus among the local governement institutions. The reason raised by informants when conducting focus group discussions is the limited description of the 4 CONCLUSIONS main tasks and functions stipulated in the governor's 2016 regulation. Conclusions and recommendations of this research “...the language of the maritime nexus has not been are two things, first, the North Sumatera provincial used by the provincial government, while the government has a policy related to the strategic idea readiness is already there, culinary readiness, of Indonesia as a maritime nexus namely North tourism, and others. The maritime nexus, now there Sumatera Province Regulation No. 2 of 2017 on are also plans for the opening of the field from the Spatial Plan of North Sumatera Province 2017-2037. silangit to guang zhou, even the North Sumatera Unfortunately, this regulation only end of 2017 is provides support facilities, with the support also present so it still needs socialization RTRW North from the center. The sea why there is no cruise ship Sumatera Province 2017-2034 not only to local as one of the potential, collect data of potential areas governments but also development partners and the then looks for opportunities to be marketed to community. So that the hope of Indonesia as a investors...” (FGD on 5 July 2018) maritime nexus of the world through the protection In addition, the arrangement related to the idea of and management of the sea on the east coast of Indonesia as a maritime nexus is still at the central North Sumatera facing the Malacca Strait can be level as one of the informants found during the in- realized. depth interview. The steps taken by the North Sumatera Provincial “..already, there is already, in the sea Government in the preparation of the management transportation department on the fifteenth floor, of the Malacca Strait associated with the Indonesian medan merdeka barat...” (Joko,L, 2018) maritime nexus find the challenge of (s) the Secondly, the new regional regulation on unfamiliarity of maritime shaft terms in government RTRWP in North Sumatera is North Sumatera including the unused use of the term in the local Province Regulation No. 2 of 2017 on Spatial Plan regulatory documents, and (b) about marine spatial of North Sumatera Province 2017-2037. planning. Based on these challenges, local “...the maritime nexus has been heard. Local governments can coordinate intensively with the regulation spatial, there are still some District /City central government in terms of marine protection there are still unfinished RTRW it, and submitted to and management on the east coast of Sumatera. bappeda to be hastened ... Bylaws RTRW cannot cover sea affairs because the sea has its own zone. And we cannot map it ourselves, and are being made ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS about marine RTRW / marine zone, tourism industry, sand, etc. ... once gave permission about We would like to thank the Research and Service sand dredging and marine minister angry because Institute of Universitas Sumatera Utara who there is no national regulation related to the division supported the authors to implement research of marine zone. Marine zones and others will be program through TALENTA research scheme of covered, both fisheries, cultivation, including the Fiscal Year 2018 based on the Rector Letter disposal of marine waste, there must be a marine Number: 433 / UN5.1.R / SK / PPM / 2018. spatial regulation...” (FGD on 5 July 2018) Both of the above research findings are the challenges that become the homework of the North Sumatera provincial government. The strategic idea REFERENCES of Indonesia being the global maritime nexus can only be realized if every region such as the northern Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun sumatera province along the 1,300 km coastline, of 1945. Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2014 tentang Kelautan. which 545 km is the length of the East Coast Line is Pidato Presiden RI Joko Widodo Pada KTT ke-9 Asia willing to work together with the central Timur, di Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 13 November government. Another important thing is the position 2014, accessed on 27th July 2018 of the east coast of northern Sumatra bordering the 1668 The Global Maritime Nexus: Challenges in Managing Marine Area in North Sumatera Province pada-ktt-ke-9-asia-timur-di-nay-pyi-taw-myanmar-13- november-2014/> Badan Pusat Statistik provinsi North Sumatera, Provinsi North Sumatera dalam angka 2017, BPS. Shanti Darmastuti dan Emmy Farida Subekti, Tantangan Diplomasi Maritim Indonesia Menuju Poros Maritim Dunia’, Proseding UPN "VETERAN" JAKARTA, accessed on 25th July 2018 1669