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Analisis Klassen Typology Dan Williamson Index) POLA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN TINGKAT KETIMPANGAN PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI ANTAR KABUPATEN/KOTA (Analisis Klassen Typology Dan Williamson Index) Pangeran Dosen Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Graha Kirana Abstract This study aims to determine the pattern of economic growth between districts / cities and the level of economic development inter-regency / city in North Sumatra Province. This research uses Klassen Typology analysis and Williamson Index analysis. Typology Klassen Analysis Results show that in the period 2010-2012 and the period 2013- 2015, districts / cities that remain in quadrant I are South Tapanuli Regency, North Labuhanbatu Regency, Pematangsiantar City, Medan City, and Binjai City. Regencies / cities that remain in quadrant II are Toba Samosir Regency, Labuhanbatu Regency, Simalungun Regency, Karo Regency, and Batu Bara Regency. Regencies / cities that remain in quadrant III are Nias Regency, Mandailing Natal Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Padang Lawas Regency, North Nias Regency, Gunungsitoli City. Regencies / cities that remain in quadrant IV are Central Tapanuli Regency, North Tapanuli Regency, Dairi Regency, South Nias Regency, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, and Padangsidimpuan City. Williamson Iindex analysis shows the average value of IW among regencies / cities in North Sumatra Province is relatively high at 0.4316. This means that the value of inequality in economic development between regencies / cities in North Sumatra Province is very high. Keywords: Economic Growth, Economic Development Inequality, Klassen Typology, Williamson Index. Pendahuluan Pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah proses kenaikan output per kapita dalam jangka panjang. Para teoritikus ilmu ekonomi pembangunan masa kini masih terus menyempurnakan makna, hakikat dan konsep pertumbuhan ekonomi. Para teoretikus menyatakan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi tidak hanya diukur dengan pertambahan Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) saja, akan tetapi juga diberi bobot yang bersifat immaterial seperti kenikmatan, kepuasan dan kebahagiaan dengan rasa aman dan tentram yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat luas (Lincolin Arsyad, 1999). Keberhasilan pembangunan suatu daerah bisa dilihat dari laju pertumbuhan ekonominya. Oleh sebab itu, setiap daerah selalu menetapkan target laju pertumbuhan yang tinggi didalam perencanaan dan tujuan pembangunan daerahnya. Secara sederhana pertumbuhan ekonomi diartikan sebagai perubahan dari Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) di tingkat nasional dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) di tingkat daerah dari tahun ke tahun. Suatu ekonomi dikatakan mengalami pertumbuhan yang berkembang apabila tingkat kegiatan ekonominya lebih tinggi dari pada apa yang dicapai pada masa sebelumnya. Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan salah satu indikator dari kesejahteraan masyarakat pada suatu daerah. Apabila pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu daerah meningkat diharapkan pertumbuhan tersebut dapat dinikmati merata oleh seluruh masyarakat. Ketimpangan wilayah merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang pasti timbul dalam pembangunan. Ketimpangan yang lazim dibicarakan adalah ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi. Ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi secara wajar memang akan terjadi dalam proses pembangunan ekonomi seiring dengan adanya perbedaan sumber daya alam dan infrastruktur yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing daerah. Walaupun pada dasarnya kesenjangan 116 | P a g e Jurnal Ekohum Volume X Edisi Juli – Desember pembangunan adalan inherent dengan proses pembangunan itu sendiri (Ardani, 1992) dalam (Tarmizi, 2011). Ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antar kabupaten/kota merupakan aspek yang umum terjadi, Ada beberapa faktor-faktor yang melatar belakangi terjadinya ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antara wilayah yaitu (1) perbedaan kandungan sumber daya alam, (2) perbedaan kondisi demografis, (3) kurang lancarnya mobilitas barang dan jasa, (4) konsentrasi kegiatan ekonomi wilayah, dan (5) alokasi dana pembangunan antar wilayah. Ukuran ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antarwilayah atau daerah dapat dianalisis dengan melalui perhitungan Indeks Williamson. Dasar perhitungannya adalah dengan menggunakan PDRB per kapita dalam kaitannya dengan jumlah penduduk per daerah. Secara luas, apabila angka indeks kesenjangan Williamson semakin mendekati nol, maka menunjukkan kesenjangan yang semakin kecil dna bila angka indeks menunjukkan kesenjangan semakin mendekati satu, maka menunjukkan kesenjangan yang makin lebar. Ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antar kabupaten/kota dalam suatu provinsi dilihat dari perbedaan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi antarwilayah, yaitu perbedaan antara daerah maju dan daerah terbelakang. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan Klassen Typology yaitu dengan mengelompokan daerah-daerah tersebut kedalam beberapa tipe. Daerah tipe I adalah daerah dengan tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi dengan tingkat laju pertumbuhan yang tinggi, daerah tipe II adalah daerah dengan tingkat pendapatan yang rendah tetapi dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang tinggi, daerah tipe III adalah daerah dengan tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi tetapi dengan tingkat pertumbuhan yang rendah, dan daerah tipe IV adalah daerah dengan tingkat dan laju pertumbuhan pendapatan yang rendah. Provinsi Sumatera Utara tidak terlepas dari masalah pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antar kabupaten/kotanya. Sehingga dalam prakteknya bagaimana proses pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi yang terjadi di daerah tersebut dapat dimaksimalkan dan menekan nilai ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi tersebut kearah pemerataan pembangunan ekonomi dengan memaksimalkan sektor- sektor ekonomi yang mempunyai nilai keunggulan kompetitif di setiap daerah untuk dikembangkan. Provinsi Sumatera Utara dipilih sebagai daerah atau objek penelitian pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi antar kabupaten/kota adalah karena ingin mengetahui seberapa besar perbedaan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi yang terjadi di masing-masing kabupaten/kota dan dampak yang ditimbulkan bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat. Perbedaan pembangunan ekonomi akan membawa dampak perbedaan tingkat kesejahteraan antar kabupaten/kota yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan ketimpangan regional antar daerah semakin besar. Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) dan pelaksanaan pembangunan yang tidak merata pada tiap-tiap kabupaten/kota akan menyebabkan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi yang tidak merata, dimana jika semakin kecil PDRB per kapitanya maka bisa diartikan semakin buruk tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Begitu juga sebaliknya apabila PDRB semakin besar maka bisa diartikan semakin baik tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Maka untuk mengukur pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan pembangunan ekonomi suatu daerah menggunakan PDRB per kapita antar kabupaten/kota, karena alat ini merupakan salah satu alat untuk mengukur tingkat kesejahteraan penduduk di suatu daerah. Tinjauan Pustaka Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan suatu gambaran mengenai dampak kebijaksanaan pemerintah yang dilaksanakan khususnya dalam bidang ekonomi. Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan laju pertumbuhan yang dibentuk dari berbagai macam sektor ekonomi yang secara tidak langsung menggambarkan tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi. Bagi daerah, indikator ini penting untuk mengetahui keberhasilan pembangunan di masa yang akan 117 | P a g e Jurnal Ekohum Volume X Edisi Juli – Desember datang. Pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan ukuran utama keberhasilan pembangunan, dan hasil pertumbuhan ekonomi akan dapat pula dinikmati masyarakat sampai dilapisan paling bawah, baik dengan sendirinya maupun dengan campur tangan pemerintah (Sirojuzilam, 2015). Pertumbuhan ekonomi diyakini oleh sebagian besar ekonom sebagai indikator yang paling tepat dalam menggambarkan proses kemajuan pembangunan suatu negara. Hal ini terkait dengan kemampuannya dalam menggambarkan tercapainya suatu proses peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui peningkatan kapasitas produksi nasional, peningkatan jumlah konsumsi, dan yang terpenting adalah peningkatan pendapatan. Namun, pada kenyataannya pertumbuhan ekonomi hanya menggambarkan nilai secara agregat, bukan secara parsial. Faktanya, proses pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di dunia pada saat ini memperlihatkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang tinggi tidak selalu dibarengi dengan pembagian porsi pendapatan yang merata diantara para pelaku ekonomi (Lincolin Arsyad, 2010). Menurut Sjafrizal (2012), menyatakan bahwa teori pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah merupakan bagian penting dalam analisis ekonomi wilayah dan perkotaan. Alasannya jelas, karena pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan salah satu unsur utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi wilayah dan mempunyai implikasi kebijakan yang cukup luas. Sasaran utama analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah ini adalah untuk menjelaskan mengapa suatu daerah dapat pertumbuh cepat dan ada pula yang tumbuh lambat. Disamping itu, analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah ini juga dapat menjelaskan hubungan antar pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan antar daerah dan mengapa hal tersebut terjadi. Menurut Sjafrizal (2012), menyatakan bahwa teori pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah merupakan bagian penting dalam analisis ekonomi wilayah dan perkotaan. Alasannya jelas, karena pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan salah satu unsur utama dalam pembangunan ekonomi wilayah dan mempunyai implikasi kebijakan yang cukup luas. Sasaran utama analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah ini adalah untuk menjelaskan mengapa suatu daerah dapat pertumbuh cepat dan ada pula yang tumbuh lambat. Disamping itu, analisis pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah
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