THE ERA Or ZOROASTER 9

W W m ‘ m m m THE ERA OF ZARATHUSHTRA w m 6‘ 31 In the Li ht o f Bab lo n ian Researches g y m mw m wm m m m m m m m m m XQ w ‘ a a w fl f m m b‘ é m / Q w S JQ ‘g m i X fi é ’e b X é m Q S m fi m L ' w I — K ka MA . ’ é te Mr Mehe r l bhaiN. u By The La . j , m m , E m S P blished b u y m T H E IRAN LE AGU E BOMBAY , m m

19 58 AC . m

- t ( R e p r i nt f rom the I ran Leagu e Quar erl y ) m ( 1 - 7 -1 9 58 ) m ’ ] w E ‘ WWeﬁ m m m m m m m m E G m wm w m wm w m

Mr . M . N. KUKA , M A .

2 0 .

A Brie f Life Sketc h o f an Iran ian Sch o l ar .

IX “

T h r eh r ih i ir i - e l ate M . M e j b a Nosh wan JKuka w as a sel f effa cin g, sh y . unassum in g m an wh o has l eft b ehind him a t reasu re of r i ch enlighten i n g Avest an and Pe r si an l ite r ature . On e such work th at f his genius l e t f or poste r it y i s the booklet on th e E ra of Zoroaster , whi ch is n ow republ ished .

uk M . A . T h e lat e M r. M eh erJibh aiN . K a,

— - B 1 - 2 - 6 6 8 1 9 34 . orn : 0 1 1 8 5 . A C D ied : , ,

A te an P arsi scholar ve r ,

H IS ST U DIES ’ M eher Jibhais f ath er E r v ad Noshir wan Ji SorabjiKuk a was th e Pan th aki (head ' p r iest) of th e ﬁ re- templ e at M how in C entra l

M eh b a r D 10 1865 . H e India . er jih i was bo n in Mhow on ecem ber , had hi s earl y sch oolin g in Mhow an d later at Indo re . H e passed th e

Matri cul ation E xamination of the Calcutta Univ er sity at th e t en der

d P r 4 h . age of 1 , a r ema rkabl e achie ve m ent in t ose ay s incipal WIT U MO ND N O E 7» , H UR A F A C Y F P RSIA

Ku M. A . By M . N ka ,

This book i s b r imful of the native Wit and h om our of the Irani ans

h r 32 t at the e is n o dull moment th r oughout its 5 pa ges .

. r 3 r E] Ideal fo r presentati on P ic e R s . / (postage ext a)

C an be had fr om

T H E IR A N LEAG U E

NavsariBuildin g H o rnby R oad BOMBAY (Ind ia) 1 , , (2 THE ERA OF ZOROA STER.

In the Li ht f B n R es ar h g o abylo nia e c es .

B Y : T H E AT E M R EH E R BH AI O H RWA N I U KA . L M n S E J A . N K , M ,

A DISTANT AT D E .

In t he dim ha z e of f ar off ant iq uity t h e ﬁ gu re that is just

r e er n d isce nibl tow i g abo ve all , an d abs orbi n g ou r att ention by its

i r r r un que p e sonalit y is that of Z or oaste , th e f ounde r of th e eligion

‘ en r T of anci t I an . he age t o whi ch he b e l on gs i s s o very remo t e that the e ye i s oft en deceived by an i lluso r y image of the f ar off scen e

— th e f o rms loomin g in the distan ce s e em to assum e a protean and

- ~ f antastic f eatu res , like obj e cts seen in the gl oamin g and it is not th erefo r e st ran ge that th e per sonality of the P r oph e t of I r an has b een

e r b ff r ni vi wed and depict ed d ive se l y y men of di e ent ages an d cli cs .

In the anci ent c lassi ca l lit e r ature w e see him r ep r esented as a m r r e y sti c , a philosophe , a magician v e se d in all th e occul t sci n ces,

t h e r r r whil e in A abi c lit e atu e he ﬁ gures me re l y as a h e resia r ch , once

r r h r a di scipl e of ce tain H eb r ew p op et s . T o some people h e app ea s a

h e Me a r r C al d an , to some a dian , and oth ers B ac t i an . In the late

A vesta an d i n the Pahlavi books t hough we ﬁ n d him del ineated with

e r h gr eater faithfuln ss , the e i s at t e same time such a halo of my th su rr oundin g hi m as to make of him m o r e a d e mi god th an a human b ein g — a ci r cu m stance whic h at on e time in d uc ed some E u r o

n r e n e o e p ea savants to d oubt his ve y xiste c . B ut n o n who has tho

— roughl y st udied the Gathas t he most ancient s c r ip tures of Ma z daism can ha v e any doubt that Zo roaste r i s the r ei n a stron g li vin g p ersona i - a r r id ea l ty p r oph e t, p r i est an d ef o r me imbu e d wit h the l ofty of , I his m ission an d st r i vin g t o incul cate pu re m onothe ism upon t h e mi nd of his age.

T H E A G E O F Z OR OAST ER . ’ T h e q uestion of Zo roast er s actual exist en c e is no lon ger a

z e t r of m oote d on e . But the subj ect that has puz led the b s sch ol a s

r A r e ou day , a s no oth er point of nci ent H ist o y has d on , i s

t h e ra r . W r that of e in whi ch he ﬂou ished hil e som e schola s

e r 2 3 er d et ermine thi s p iod t o be so o ld as 00 B . oth s ﬁx

. r it at 700 B . C . on l y T u r nin g to anci ent lit e atu re, we ﬁnd

’ 1 . B u nsen ﬁ x es the era r aster at a t 8 500 B C . E t s a e in U n ersal of Zo o bou . ( gyp Pl c iv

ist or v Vol. . 58s . H III , p ) ‘ 3 THE ERA or Z ORO AST E R

t he Gree k w rite rs assi gnin g t o him th e age of (5000 y ear s bef or e

30 C e th e P r — th e r 65 . . Pl at o , o about B , whil ahlavi w it e rs m

— s elv es th e followers of Zoroast e r giv c the ver y l at e d ate of 300 y ea r s

r 30 n l . r s 6 b 6 . p r evious to Alexande , i . . a out B . C o y T hese I anian ,

r n one of whom w r ote ea rlie r than th e Sa ssanian pe r iod , we re so f a

r r r emo ved f r om the age in which Zo oast e l iv e d , that they had a

f r r s an d er ver y ha z y not io n o the int e venin g c entu ie , besid e s they w e

i r w r r sadly wanti ng n histo ical k no led ge . It is a em a kable f act

n n r n t hat both t h e I dia s and th e I a i an s, while th ey culti vated o th e r

r h f l r T h s ci enc e s , st rangel y negl ected this b anc o i te ature . e ea rl i est histo r ic a l d ocuments of the I r anians are t he in sc r iption s of t he

A i t er n P chaem enian k in gs , but t i s doub ful wheth a y of the ah la vi wr iters k new ho w to deciph er them f or their writi ngs b et ray a deplo rable i gnorance of even th e names of most o f t h e kin gs of that

d ynast y .

T r e r h e p es ent age , how ve , havin g at its command , the r ese a rch es m ade in the l ast centur y int o va riou s dep a rt ments of

n w S of R l i e k o l edge , such as Philolo gy , cienc e eligion, Bab y on an Lit

r & t r e t h e f r ratu e, c . , is in a b e t e p osition t o tak a su r ve y of a off re H r t e e r l h e r t gion s of Anci ent ist o y . In fact h s a ch i ght of t ﬁ s two

r t r r sci en c es h as al read y b e en th own on he E ra of Z o oaste , thou gh w ff r r B t ar - f r ith indi e ent esul ts . u the se ch li gh t o Assy iol o g y whi ch has n t r t m l r n o b een hith e o e p oy ed i s , as it wi l l b e p esent l y show ,

r erf l r e r interven mo e pow u f or th is speci al pu pose , able t o pen t ate in

r n ing m ist s , an d capabl e of fu r nishin g us with th e data f or f o mi g a ’ mo re co rrec t estimat e of th e d istan c e which sepa r ates Zoroaste r s a ge

r f om ou r s .

T H E C AT H AS A N D T H E R IGVE DA .

Phi l ologis t s had al ready shown t he stron g resemblance w hich t h e langua g e of the Gath-as of Zo r oa st e r bea rs to t hat of most ancien t

r R i f h r p o tions of the gVeda, but till the b eginn ing o t e present centu y it was n ot deﬁ nitely pro ved that t he t wo sc r i p tu re s them selv e s were

e r T a l r cont mpo aneous . his has , h o wever , be en done now by ea n ed

P E r vad Sheh ri ar i Dadabh a Bh ar ucha an arsi scholar , y j i , who i n “ e in K R M n e ssay publish d the . . Gam a em or ial Volu m e, has show th at ce r tain pa ssages in t he Gathas are ref erred t o in t he R ig Veda

v ice v er sa d e d e and . If the antiq uit y of the Ve as could b eﬁnit l y e r x h t h e stabli sh e d . it wo ul d se ve to ﬁ t he age of the Gat as also , but on forme r point t oo there i s no consensus of opinio n amon g o ri ental

r e r schola s . T hey assig n to the Ved as va r ious dat s r a n gin g f om B . C .

2 30 C 12 M r . il l r P r 0 t o B . . 00. B Gangadha T i lak of o ona , in a wo k “ e Or in or T h e An iu h e 1 3 call d o t q ity of t e Vedas, publ ish d in 89 , has THE E R A or ZORO AST E R 3

w Vedas r e b . 6 sho n that th e we e comp os d somet ime etween B C . 000

4 a at h e and B . C . 000, th t is , the tim e w n the Ve r n al E q uinox poi n t was

Or n r e in io . This is a more t r ustwo t h y e vid enc th an th at r eli ed on by

z e oth e r scholars , vi the vid en ce f r o m t he ch an ges which a lan guage

r n e e unde go es i the cou rs of tim ; f o r, Asiati c lan guages ar e m o re

er in th t e r e con s vati ve thi s respect , and e changes in h m occu much mor

slowl y than they d o in E u rop ean l an guages .

h r h e e i Settin g aside , oweve , t q u st ion of th e an t q uit y of the

Ve r e de n d as , let us p ocee d t o x amine wh at indepen nt and co c lus iv e ev id enc e is avilable f rom other s our ces f or ﬁ x m g t he landm a rks of ’ er Zor oast s age .

BER O SUS O N M E DIAN KINGS.

e F ro m t h e f r agments of B er osu s , t h Babyl o nian p r iest and

r b ree r r h isto ian , which have been quot ed y some G k w i te s , i t app e ar s that Baby lonia was in ver y an cient t im es r ul ed by eight Med ian kin gs ’ he er u c m idt who bo r e t nam e of Zo r oast . G t s h has shown that th i s

e e e C 2 4 8 C p r i od of th eir r ul e must have been b twe n B . 5 t o B . bu t

m a e ee e r er it is p ossible the p eriod y hav b n s om what ea li . \Ve ﬁ n d

n o al lusion to t his ru le i n the Babylonian tabl et s an d insc r i ption s

e er r hith er t o decipher ed . but we shal l s e h eaft e what confirm ato r y

ie be r m re r e r e ev d nce of i t can e volved f o cent Bab y lonian es a ch s .

JEWISH MONT HS.

r n f M un s m The Ge man schol ar Be ey , in a wo rk called o t N a en publishe d many ye ars a go,was the ﬁ r st to show that mo st of the name s

of t he Jewish months ar e de r i vabl e f rom those of the I r ani an

r r r e the f r r t h e Zo r oast ian) months , and that t he o de of nam s in o m e is

r t t en t h e h same as in t h e l atte . I was n o th known that Jewi sh mont s

w ere id entical l y the sa m e as t h ose of t h e Bab y lon i an C alenda r which

3 “ se H r in 2 3 e u s c e c . H Q h ad b en in since t he time of ammu abi 00 ) , ‘ ’ Benf ey s r em a r ks t he ref o r e appl y e quall y to th e Bab y lonian

ﬁ e e n on ths, and t end to con r m th exist nce of a Zoroast rian sway ov er

m e m r . A f Babylonia so ti e bef o e B . C summ a r y o this t heo r y is

r e r u e r in f r m f o r t he e r de p od c d he e a tabul a te d o conveni enc of th e ea r .

“ ” 1 It is os s be t at t e a e t e se e s Z ar thu strish w in t h e A est a p i l h h y c ll d h m lv hich , v ” “ t s w r t n s t t l anguage m ean s a follower of Zo roas er . Thi o d ra li era ed i nt o Greek becom es

“ ” Z oroas tres th e sa e as the na e o r aster tse w was s o r n n e w n to , m m Z o i lf , hich p o ou c d o i g

ens t the r e s a t o na es t he s f ﬁ x s s re e b a w l t he r G e t o dd or e e . p op i y of k m u , p c d d y vo r i Ih ere s eem s t o hav e t hu s o r igi nat ed the mi sco ncep t o n abou t t he ei ght ki ng s all nam ed t Zo r oas er .

“ 2 F i Great n ar ies Vol . ve Mo ch , I

“ ” l T - 3 V e C zat n th e ast b D r . F r tz e . he Ba n an ha id ivili io of E , y i Homm bylo i Ak di

e t nam es of th e mo nths were di ff ren . 4 THE ERA or ZOROA ST E R

e r D Co rr spond in g I anian e r ivat ion . t M on hs .

ll at h u sh o or D ae 1 N isan - ( ) A vesta Naba a z ana ~ ’ New e r d Y a s ay . Voh um an o or Behman

’ Spen t a - A rm ait i 01 A A c or rupted fo rm of t h e an dad ‘ ’ p ﬁ r st s yllable s p enta

o r f the I ani an M onth . T ammu z F ravasln n am or F a r va r din

A shav ahisht a or A rdibe hesht

E 111 1 H au r v atat or Kho r dad A co r r upted f orm of H au r v at .

Ti sh r i T ish t riy a or Tir A con t r acted f orm 01

T ih r i g t ya.

Ma rch - esh van Am eret at or A m erdad T h e ﬁ r st s y l lable is a

r a e o f Ainer t de iv tiv eta .

Kh s ath r av air a n r at e r K islev h y A co t d fo m of the eh rivar r Sh I anian n ame . Mi th ra o r Mehe r A pam or A ban

r A At r o, At a or da r T he ident ical fo r m as

r A ar the I anian d .

T H E O R DER O F T H E IRA N IA N M O NT H S

In the Irran ian month s we n otice the n am es of t h e. cel est ial bein gs, wor e b r we n ot shipp d y th e Zoro ast ians . That thes e nam es re give n

e e hapha z a r d , but were base d on phy sical phenom na , ha s b en shown “ e re r er T h r d er o P ar s ee Months by th p sen t w i t in an essa y , on e O f “ an he s i h ir m e c ur e in the K R Gam a M em or iaz d Ba s o e N o n a . t f t l t . ” l um e e r re u ere e Vol f rom wh ich a few xt acts are p rod ced h , with som

er additions and al t ations .

Da hasko r D az — T er t he re r the t o e hi s month , named aft C at o , was

rs r e e r ne r t ﬁ t mont h of sp in g, and ma r k d t h revi va l (o w c ea io n) of

re Nat u .

Vohu m ano - Nam ed afte r the a r chan ge l havin g t he

e i r a l t e e b c al ca e of c tt e, his wa s t h m on t h of Mid sp r in g . P l nt iful

1 . s e in B a 1 901 . Publi h d omb y, T HE E BA or ZORO AST E R 5

1 ﬂow of milk in cows was t h e special f eatu re of thi s month , an d in ‘ ’ this resp ect it was analogous t o t he T r i- m ilchi (May) of th e o ld Saxon s

Sp enta ar m aiti(A sp endar m ad) . N amed aft e r th e gua r dian an gel

d r ﬂ er er an d . of lan , thi s month ma ke d th e growth of ow s , h b s corn ‘ ’ A sim ila r ly na med m onth of later ti me s was the P r ai rial of the

a r F rench R epubli c n Cal enda .

hiﬂ m r — e e F r av as a (F a vard in) . This was the month d di cat d to

h e r b r r t e sp i rit s of t he anc sto s . It e gan on o about the Summ e Sol s

h r f e t h e De b ti ce , whic h wa s t e pe iod d edi cated to t he sti val of ad y

r T h r an r T ha va r ious oth e natio ns of antiquit y . e month pa al l e l to t

i a d T m m u z Se of t h e E gypt ans n a of th e mit es .

— ~ Ash v hish r dieh esh a N m a a ta ( A b t ) . a ed after the Am esh asp enta

er H r r presi ding ov eat , t hi s month was t h e hot t e st pa t of the y ea , b ein g th e s econd month of Su m me r and coe xt ensiv e with the Dog

Gar m a ada e r r d a y s , with the p of t he Cun if o m Insc r ipti ons of Da ius , an d t the T h r m id r r R wi h e o of t h e F en ch epubli can Cal endar .

r d K r - r H au v at t ( ho dad) . Nam e d af t e the Lo r d of the Wate r s

t h e th e and of Cl oud s , this was month in which , f or t h e most p a r t, t h e sky wa s ov e r cast as a result the evapo ration which h ad been ‘ of r e n most ene g t ic in th e p r e viou s mo th .

T h r i T r r h r i i is t ya ( i) . Nam ed afte t e St a T sht r y a or Siriu s , wh o

r h r r in was r e ga d ed as t e B inge of R ai n . This was th e month which

r t e n E th e ai ns set in , and which comm enc ed wit h h Autum a l q uinox .

In ver y remote a ges the ac ron ycal r isin g of Si r ius marked t h e ad v ent

r of th e ain y s eason .

A m er e a A m er dad — r e due t t ( ) . Abundant g owt h of ve g tation , to

he r the r h r r e t ainf al l of p evious m ont , ch a act e is d this m onth which

e r r e e was consequentl y nam d aft e t he L o d of V g t at ion .

' ~ Khslt a lwav air a Sheh r ivar — A r t y ( ) . satisfacto y e xplanat i on of wh ich this nam e wa s given t o t he 9 th month f r om t h e Ve rnal E q ui

t ee e nox has n ot ye b n discov r ed .

‘ ’ Mithr a M r - M r i - li ( eh ) . ith a m ean s ncreasing day ght . The

e r e r W month nam d af te this ang l was the ﬁ st month of inter , and

e v 1 . wn to t s e n t he a n seas n M t e r a t t s n t r e es O i g hi b i g c lvi g o . y h o y bou hi mo h c i

s w conﬁ r at n r the n a e the Ba n an se n nt I ar . r es r ast r m i o f om m of bylo i co d mo h y P of o J o ,

“ ” s ea n t s n t sa s in h is e n Ba n a and Ass r a . 4 64 F t p ki g of hi mo h , y , ( R ligio of bylo i y i p , oo “ ‘ ‘ N t e ar is es r e b a ser es e s ear ’and o r s er ’ Is t ere er a s o ) I y d c ib d y i of id og r aph h d t p o p . h p h p a r e eren e t o ws v n r t to a es in t s nt the ear s r n " f c co gi i g bi h c lv hi mo h , ly p i g 6 THE E RA or Z OROASTER

e W t h r commenced at inter Solst ice , f om whi ch point th e Day b egins 1 e e h to in cre as in l ngt .

A A — “ ” am ) . r l T he W p ( van Lite al y ate rs . But this name is ‘ ’ r A r a iu r gene all y coupled with that of d v s , the f e male yazata p resid

r r in g over i vers and on pu iﬁ cation . In t he latte r characte r she is ‘ ’ 2 F ebrua the G ri analogous to odd e ss of P u ﬁ c ation , t h e m onth dedi cated wh F r r t o o m was eb ua y , whi ch ran paral le l to this m onth .

Atr o r ) — r ﬁ r (Ada . At o is e, and the l ast m onth of IVin t er was so

e w n am d owing to the tha t aking place , and conse que ntl y th e weath e r

er m being v y chi ll y and oist, n e cessitating ﬁ r es bei n g kept bur nin g in

r r va ious pa ts of the hous e .

F rom the basis unde rl yin g the n ome nclatu re of the I ranian

e r months , as explained above , it is e vid nt t hat th ey a e not of fo rei gn

r an o i gin but of indigen ous g r owth , and sinc e many of them c be r e cogni zed in the B ab y l onian Cal e nda r dating f r om the t w ent y - f ou rth

r l r ed the century B . C ., it clea l y f o l ows that the latte nation is in d ebt to f ormer i n t his r e sp ect , and that the borrowin g m ust have tak en pl ace at the tim e of the Zoroast r ian r ule in Bab y lonia i n th e twent y - ﬁ fth

B u m l centur y C . Addit i onal detai ls abo t so e of the Bab y onian month s

will be giv en fur the r on .

We r e e e r e b now p oc ed to x amin e th e e vi d n ce fu nish d y th e

r r ii Babyl onian tabl ets c once ning the Pantheon . the festivals, the el g

- ous rit e s, and th e l e gend s of the Baby lonians .

r It would not be out of plac e t o giv e he e , for th e beneﬁt of thos e reade r s wh o ar e n ot acquaint ed with Ass y ri ological researches , a 3 sho r t a ccount of how th ese t abl ets were discove red and what th ey treat of .

1842 M a F r M In the y e ar onsieur Bott , the ench Consul at osul ,

e k n r r n r whil m a i ng excavatio s of c e tain moun ds n ear Kh e sabad , h ea

e r T h r th d the remains of an Assy i an p alace . e scul ptu es and m onu

1 Wen t ra w r s was nt r e nt e t he est a th e new Sun h Mi h i c o hi p i oduc d i o Rom , f i v l of ‘ ’ w was n wn as es N at al is s Inv ictis the rt - da of the n nc e god , hich k o Di Soli , ( bi h y I vi ibl

Sun was e e rat e on th e Wnt er s t e Da . e. on the 2 5 th e e er st e . ) , c l b d i Sol ic y, i D c mb (old yl )

The t ans in t e r a nt n s e r sente th e Wnt er st e Su n as n ant . E gyp i h i p i i g r p e d i Sol ic i f

z Th e r ﬁ at n Da h 2 m F r ar we ta e the Pu i c io y of t e Rom ans f ell on th e d of eb u y. I f k

9 5th e e er as r res n n t o th e 1 st da t he nt eh r the se n F e r ar D c mb co p o di g y of mo h M , co d of b u y w r res n t t e l th da an t an n es ould co po d o h o y of A v th e f est ival day of h e I r i a godd s.

In e anner a tt e a war a at n s wt at th e s e ent da of Am erdad lik m li l b ck d c lcul io will ho h v h y , th e est v a da th e ar an e r es n er e etat n and r t s r r es n s w t th e f i l y of ch g l p idi g ov v g io f ui , co p o d i h ” l st N v e er on w was e e rate th e an “ F est va na sa re t o t he of o mb , hich c l b d Rom i l of Pomo , c d ess F r t s a d a godd of ui n G r dens . 3 ’ . s e Summar i ed f r om P r ofes s o r Jast r ows wo r k ci ted abov . m s ERA or ZOROASTE R 7

f h e m ents that he ca me across , most o t m inscrib e d wit h cu n eif orm

r er e M cha act s , h sent to the Louvre use um . The importanc e of the valuable ﬁ nds i nduc ed the autho r ities of the B ritish Museum t o star t

e r e r r e re e M r : ex cavat i ons on th i own account . T h i p s ntat i ve (af t er wa r d s Sir ) Austen H e n ry Lay a r d comm e nc ed oper ati ons ﬁ rst at

Mount Nimr u d an d then at Mound K oyun jik; and du r ing th e y e a r s 184 5 to 1850 he was successful in b rin gin g to li ght th e remains of

e B t r r oth r p ala c e s . u the most valuab le of his ﬁnds w a s a lib a y of th e

K h r - Assy rian in g A s s u ban ipal . T h i s con sisted of cla y t abl et s in scr i

r e r r b e d all ove with cun ifo m chara cte s , and tr e atin g of var ious

e r M e H r E e subj cts , su ch as Ast onom y , ath mati cs , i st o y , pi cs , L e g nds ,

e H y mns , Incantations , & c som e of th e la st two b ein g in t h old

A n m r l e kkadia l angua ge, with Se it i c t ansl ati ons . A stimu us was giv n

r 1 h to furth er r esearch by th e se di scove i es , an d in 887 t e American s

h r h r t r n also join e d t e E ngl ish and t he F en c . The effo ts of h e r ep ese t at iv es of thes e nat i ons w er e c r own ed with success , and m an y impo r

er r e e tant d isco v i es w e e , and are stil l b in g made . It i s worthy of not that t h e key t o th e decipherm ent of th e Semitic cuneifo r m charact e r s 1 was fu rnish ed by the t r il in gu a l insc ripti on s of Da r iu s H yst asp es on

R r r the Behistun ock . T he ﬁ st su cc e ssf ul attemp t to de cip h e th e Achaemenian or Old Pe r sian inscript ions of Da r ius was m ad e in 1 802 2 r by Grrotef en d , and by 1840th e d e ciph erment of thes e insc iptions was p r actically compl ete . The ninety p r op e r names in the ﬁ r st columns

i Pe r l e r ( . e . of th e old rsian in sc iption) great y facilitated the d ciph e

r t he i ment of the in s c ip ti on s i n thi rd colum n . e. the on e in th e

- b r r r Semi t ic Ba y l onian cha acte s . Sin ce th en th e sci en ce of d eciphe ment has advanc e d b y r api d st r ides ; va rious s cholars of not e hav e devot ed

r their attention t o it , and now th e e is ha r dl y any Baby l onian in sc r ip

be n r er tion that cannot r ead and u de stood , al though th e might b e 3 differences of opinion r e ga r di ng t h e pronun ciat ion of c e r t ai n pr epe r

n am es .

W r e now kn ow t hat th e ea l iest settle r s in Bab y loni a wer e a

r T u anian n ation , who spok e an a gglutin ativ e l an gua ge now call ed

P - 1 . i. e. T he A ae en an Old ers an s an or r t e a and Ba n an ch m i ( P i ) , Su i ( o o M di n) , bylo i lan guages 2 H e r ee e on the ass t n t at er ta n r s ett ers re ent re r r n , p oc d d ump i o h c i g oup of l f q u ly cu i g “ st be th e n a e and t t es a n an d the ﬁ rs t n e t at he de ere “ as Adam D ar mu m i l of ki g , li h ci ph d ”— " yav u sh K shaya thiya v azar ka K shayath iya K shayathiyan am I am Dar iu s the Gr eat ” K n the K n K n s . i g , i g of i g Th ns r ns are no all in the sa e ara t ers in he es t h 8. e i c i p tio t m kind of ch c ; t old t e fo r m

se is er t en es t he de r a and ast a nat n in w the u d hi ogl yphic , h com i og p hic, l ly combi io hich

e ra t ne e a n s a e se w s a s ns he sens id og ms or h e i r p ho t ic q uiv l e t r u d i t h yll bic ig . Though t e n e e b an e ra is ear it is fﬁ t t o e the r er r n n at n of it w en co v y d y id og m cl , di cul giv p op p o u ci i o , h

er a e t e w s n th an e es he sa e ea t h e r wo or mo r o r d i e l gu ag e for x p r si n g t m id . 8 THE E R A or zonoasr s n

h m i Akkadi a n or S u cr an , and that the y wer e f oll owed by the Semit es

n r n who int er m ingl ed wit h them a d adopted thei re li gi o , so much so t hat after a t ime th e langua g e us ed b y the combined nati on f or t h e

f e o rdi n ary purpose s of l i e was th e Semiti c languag , but th e one used in the r eli gious chants and h y mns was t h e Tur anian

T h e anci ent Gree k w riter s hav e th r own som e l i ght on the r r r eligi on of B aby lonia , but what we kn ow f om these sou ces is ver y

r r . little , compared wi th wh at can be gath e e d f rom the ins c ipt i ons

T h e full d et ail s now to ha n d re ga rd i n g the na m es and att r ibut es of

r h th e gods wo rshipped i n Baby l onia , p oint , as wi ll be p e s ent l y s own ,

r i r r l towa d s anc en t I an as the bi th p ac e of som e of these deities . In support of this Vi ew an exposition wil l ﬁ r st be m ade of the poi n ts of

r e t h e r e th e r n simila ity betw en eligious id as of two nations , conce ni g the functions and att r ibutes of th ei r god s and th e ce leb rati on of thei r sa c r ed rites and f estival s ; p r oofs wil l t hen be addu ced to show in what respects t h e B aby lonians h av e bo r row ed f r o m t h e Z oroastrians ; and

ﬁ n al ly an attempt wi ll be m ade t o indicat e the A ge in which t his

r t anspl antat ion of ide as could hav e taken plac e. This wil l enabl e us t o dete r mine t h e hithermost l imit of the a ge of Z o r oaste r.

In t he Bab y l oni an Panth e on t h e gods ar e not al l ' of one age ;

r r r we see t aces of new gods havin g been int oduc ed at di ff e e nt times .

r r t i f F or our p esent pu pos e the cl assiﬁca on oll owed will be , with som e ’ on e e r Jast row s e slight modiﬁ cations , th e gi v n in P of e sso r excel l nt “ ” T he R e iion Bab o ia and Ass r ia v iz book on l g of yl n y , The gods . r o ura i 2 n prio to th e day s of H m m b bef ore B . C . ( ) ew god s ap pearin g in the histor i cal insc r i pti ons f r om t he ti m e of H amm u r abi

3 ew e in r t h e and hi s successo r s , and ( ) n gods ap p r g f om time of th e

E re As s y ri an mpi .

GO DS PR IO R T O T H E DA YS O F H A M M URA BI.

n ar Am ong these , the f oll owi g e of special n ote

— a wa r H es c alled also E and Yav . H e wa s god of th e t e s and

of H ealt h . As a wat er god h e was als o t he giver of fe rti lity and 1 pl enty . H e was a go d of the phy si cians , an d it was he that was

l t he r chief y in voked in incant ations , f or cu in g al l sorts of diseases .

T h e ear li est insc r ipt i on in which his name occu rs is t hat of U r - Bau ‘ ’ 2 E T h n e H ea t w e (c . 800 C . ) e am is comp osed of o elem nts that ‘ ’ ‘ ’2 er T h r E a Kr si gnify house and wat . e Gre eks t anslated by onos

e e r e r (Tim ) , and r ga d d th e two gods as pa al lel s .

1 st i . 1 36 . a r w o . c t . . J o , p , p

2 . . . 64 . Do do . p THE ERA or ZOROASTER 9

Th e co r respondin g A m eshasp enta (a r ch - a n g el) of the Z oroas

A AT AT or K r r r t rian s is H U RV ( hordad) , who p esides ov e wat e s , an d 1 ‘ ’ H au rv at at m ean s hea h b th e s easons . lt , as w e l l as a undance and ent p l y .

. h e ir z ah er r r In Yashts II an d IV. , and in t S o s wh ev e th e e i s a

A n t e r m ent ion of thi s m eshasp e a, w ﬁnd m ention ed in the sa m e b eath ‘ ’ ‘ ’2 t he yair iyam cha hushitoyish o r the y ear ly good dwel lin g

t t r r H r H au rv at at i s also m et with in h e con acted f o m au v at, in t h e

H e or Yav r r r Av esta, a is possibl y a fu th e cont action of thi s .

A r dd itional points of sim i la it y b etween th ese two gods, th e Bab y

a r l r f r r e l onian and the Zoro st ian , wi l be b ought o wa d in the s ction

f ' arduk treatin g o M .

‘ ’ ‘ — t h Ban also r ead Ba gash . She was the god d ess who ﬁx ed e ’ r d f r t e er the destini e s of m en , and p ovi e d abundance o h ti ll s of soil .

r e 0 H er worship was much p e val ent in th e day s of Gud a (c . 800 B C . )

H er f esti va l had assu m ed such impo r tan c e as t o se rv e f or r eckonin g

r e h the commen c e m e nt of the y ea , whi ch t ook plac in t e b e ginn in g of ‘ ’ r da N t h z -m ak sp r in g , on the ﬁ st y of isan , an d it was known as e ag a ‘ ’

h N w r da . i.e. , t e e y ea s y

T he r e GH A - Av esta name co r spondin g t o th i s is BA . Bau, Bagha , and Bangh a are phil ologi cal l y t h e t r ansfo rm at ions of on e and th e ‘ ’ f r A r - s am e word ; o insta n c e, a name veret h a b angha occu r in g i n ‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 e A v er h - h D r Y asht XIII , 06, b co mes et ra bau in t e inh a d .

h i th h a r Bag a, n e A vesta langua ge , s s e ve al mean ings A

r 2 r 8 D e P r D r r n p o tion ; ( ) Luck , fo t une ; ( ) i vin owe , ist ibut o , o e wh o

r II 5 appo ti ons (destiny) . In the l ast sense it i s use d in Y asht V , .

In th e cuneif o r m insc r iptions of Darius H y st asp es the w or ds Bagha

z r k re D r e l r it h A r z a a (G at eity ) f quent y occu as an ep er of hu ama da .

h r n r A gain , in t e n ames of c e tain months give in t he s am e insc iption s we come ac r oss the nam e Bagha yadaish con sec rate d t o Bagha) 3 r e t r r whi ch co resp ond d to Nisan h e ﬁ st mont h of Spr i n g, o the month

za m aka e B in whi ch g , the f st i val of an , was c e l eb rated in Bab y l oni a .

’ 1 . O N eill N ih t o the G d s Vol. I. . 7 7 . , g f o , , p

2 . T h e ean ng a r n t o S ie el . m i cco di g p c

3. r n t o Sir H aw n s and M ax n e t n st we er . n er . O r a d Acco di g R li o Du ck pp J u i , ho v , r e ar it as a ara e nt t o s r Bu t n o t t he r er ew is rr e t for the g d p ll l mo h Ti h i doub fo m vi co c , u nd erm ent ioned evid ence go es t o pr ov e that Baghayadaish was t h e ﬁ r st mont h of Spr i n g ar s t e s us in his ns r t ns t at Gaum ata T he a an s e ze the e re in th e D iu ll i c i p io h , M gi , i d m pi ‘ ’ ’ mont h of Gar m apada but t hat af t er a f ewmont h s r eign he was slai n by him in the mo nt h ‘ ’ ba h is at t s n l - g ayada h Th hi i t erva was eigh t mon th s we l earn f r om an ot her s ou rce H er odotus . ‘ ’ 3 Gar m a ada th e at eat th e t test n t the ear is e b a st all p ( p h of h ) , ho mo h of y , h ld y lmo ‘ ’ O r i ental Scholars t o hav e coi ncid ed wi t h t he 5 t h mon th Ab of the Babyloni an s— the sam e ‘ ’ p er iod that in much later t im es was c o ex t en s iv e with the Th ermido r of t he F rench ‘ ’ ‘ ’ e an C a en ar . T he sth n t a t er Ab is N san w t w t eref re R p ublic l d mo h f i , i h hich , h o , B n es aghayadaish coi cid . 1 0 THE ERA or ZOROASTE R

T he only diff e rence betw een Bagha of th e Avesta and Baa of the Baby l onians is that th e f o rm er i s a mal e d eit y and the latte r a

e t h H M he. e n r Ba h f emal . In e in du y thol og y t sam ame o ccu s as g a

f n n r which was o ri ginall y a noun o th e f am i i e gend e , but late r the

l R i ed I ap el ation was gi ven to a ma le d e it y , a s we see in the g V a V I, “ 1 1 2 r A , 4 , wh e re mention is m ade of the st on g Bh a ga , the son of d iti , ” who dis oses a hin s p l l t g .

o u— h u Sh am as r U t T e S n .

Sol ar wo r ship cannot be sai d t o h ave or i ginated with an y

— r f or p arti cular nat ion , it i s comm on to all ; but the e is sc ope com pa r ison i n so me of the att r ibutes given t o the sola r d eity that are not

r appa rent or univ e r sal but are estri cted t o a f ew nat ions .

T h e f avou r it s title of Sham as in th e h ymn s i s that of Jud ge “ f t h In one of t he h y mns addre ssed to him , h e is call ed , th e Jud g e o e “ ” r r wo r ld , th e di rect o r of its laws and al so th e wa i o r h er o . \Vi th re spect t o th es e f unctions Shamas can b e compa r e d t o t h e A ves t aic

MIT H R A . o ri ginall y the C om p anion of t h e Su n but in l at er tim es

(f r om th e Achaemenian d y nast y downwar ds) conf ound ed with the

“ ” r r r sola god himself . Mith a is commonly call e d Dav ar o the Jud ge , on e of his fun ction s being to Jud ge the soul s of men on th e f o ur th

e mo r nin g aft r d eath . In Yasht X Mith r a i s depi cted as a wa r r ior r ex ce ence p a l l .

U ‘ ’ ‘ ’1 ta, anothe r name of Shamas, is d e r i ve d f r om at u to se e

In thi s c onn ection it is interest in g t o note that one of the titl es of ‘ ’ ‘ ’ M baiv ar e chashm ano ie ss s sin t en ithra is . . p o e s g thou sand eye s . A f ” gain the sun himsel i s cal led the ey e of Ahuram a z da in Yasna I .

f h e r r Som e o t oth e att i but es of Shamas are as unde r , summa r ised ’ 2 from Prof e ssor Jastrow s book

Shamas i s the god that gi ves light an d lif e to all thin gs; upon his f avou r the p r ospe r it y of th e ﬁ el ds and the w e ll - bein g of m en

i f ur r er an d r dep end . H s ov o pro duces o d stabilit y ; his w ath brin gs d r r t u H r e iscom ﬁ t u e and uin t o h e state and the ind ivid al . e e c i ves the

m h r r supp licati ons of en , l oos ens t h e bonds of t e imp is on ed , g ants

t h r ii e h ealth to e si ck, and even ev v ﬁ es th e de ad . H puts an end t o

r r wi ckedn ess , and d est oy s e nemies . H e make s the we ak st on g and

r m n p rev ents t h e st ong f r om c r ushin g t he weak . H e cleanses e by

e r taking out what ve is evil within them .

— 1 ast w o . cit . . 7 . r 8. J o p , p " 2 . bid . 7 1 300 and 301 . pp , THE ERA or Z ORO AS TER 1 1

th ar M r All e above att ribute s e al so m et with i n ith a , as can be

r h r f h a seen f om Yasht X . Mithra is t e Lo d o wide pastures , he s boons

i n l r t he r h r t o giv e at his w ll , a d th e t il e of g oun d e gua d s against

r Y t H e f e th e t l ht S Opp ession . ( . X . is o of l iar and of h e unr g eou .

n e r H e i s the al l seei g an d t h e und e ceivabl , the pr e se v e r of oat hs

“ T him M r has d and good faith . o , wi th whom ith a been sati sﬁe ,

r e he comes with help , and of him , with whom Mith a has b en

h r t h e offended , h e crushe s down t e h ouse , the bo ough , t own , the “ h e Y t . H t e r es t h e province , t coun tr y . ( X . e ak s out of dist s

he e e n a . man who has not li d unto him , y , takes him out of d ath “ Y 2 2 H e er r r o t e ( t . X . ) i s a k e ep and p otecto f h dw e ll in gs of those “ im r h who l ie n ot . (Yt . X . H t he p oo man who follows t e good

r n e r e f or i law, when w o g d and d ep i v d of his ri ght s , invok e s h elp , w th ” Y “ han ds up lift e d ( t . X . H e list ens t o ap p eal s and in him i s ” " t h l Y 1 H e t he plac e d he d eci si on fo r t e good aw. ( t . X . 6 , is r r r th r er th e i ght l o d and m aste of e wo l d , and the best cl e ans of ” . Y e r e r er t . cr atu s (of t he wo l d) , and he is th e giv of he alth ( X 5 ,

An additional point of compa ri son betwe en the Bab y lonian and

r r the I ani an god will be n otic ed in the se ctions t e atin g of R amman .

— - Nan n ar o r Si n s T h e Moon god .

The wo r ship of the functions and att r ibutes of th e lunar god

r r that are pecul iar t o B ab y loni a and I an are w o th notin g .

r- 2 In an i n s cription of D Bau (c . 800 B . C . ) th e moon is call ed ‘ ’ ‘ ’ - i e t h e Go chith ra . e. K epe r of the see d of Bull .

1 r e e re th e In a h y mn to Nanna , w ﬁnd th m oon god ad d ssin g as

f er e Lor d e increase , granti n g wat , e s tabli shin g dw l lin gs , and gran

r e tin g gift s ; one at wh os e command n our i shm ent st reams f o th , v e g t a

r r e th e ti on sp out s f o r th , and l if e i s i nc e ased . T h mo on god of

e r r II ed Iranians poss ss es simi la att ibutes . In Yasht V , he is cal l

r - r - - h e prosp e ity givin g, wat e gi vin g , w eal givin g , th e he al in g, and t

e r on that cause s t h e pl ants to g o w .

' — 2 Nin Sh akh Nin - i - in h akh r W and b. N s (i. e. the l o d of th e il d

r war H i Boa ) , was the Baby lonian god of . s name is su ggest i ve of the

ﬁ er cen ess an d r e e rr r cou a g of whi ch the animal i s th ty pe . A s a wa i o

e - he wa s at t imes id n tiﬁed with Nin ib, t h e Ass y r ian God of Batt le

V r r i ed er r and ict o y , wh o was wo sh pp und the fo m of a win ged bull .

Th e cha r act eris t i cs of th es e gods me et in th e I r anian Y a z at a

‘ VE R E T H R A GH NA whose nam e si gniﬁ e s victo rious ; smiter of th e

. ast it . . 4 1 r w o . c 308 30 . J o , p , p p ,

2 . s is a r s na rea n as th e na e is wr tten in e ra s Thi p ovi io l di g , m i id og m . 1 2 T HE ERA or ZOROA S TE R

0 M r enem y" In Yasht X . 7 , we see that wh en i th a goes to bat t l e , in

r r f r ont of him m ar ch os Ve reth raghna in th e fo m of a boar w athf ul ,

- XI r r r F V. st o n g bod i ed , and sha p tusk ed . rom Yasht it appea s that

a d m en r Veret h r aghn , when invoke by in battle , go e s to th ei assi s t anc e in va rious f orms am ong whi c h are th e fo r ms of a boa r and that of a hull .

T r r 2 3 h e wo shi p of Nin shakh must have been olde th an B . C . 00, f or about that t im e was r epai red an old temple of t his del ty by

R im sin La a of r s p .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ u - - L al t h e e E r L gal E ri m a u g means Kin g , but m anin g of ima has n ot be en deﬁni tely asce r tained . Ver y l it tl e is known about the

e r t r r - 2 8 god whose name app a s i n h e insc iptions of U Bau (c . 00 B . C . )

E r A A A ima seems to be an abb re viati on of IR Y M N of the A vesta .

h — d Is t ar . Thi s was t h e most r enowned an wi d e l y worshipp ed of

h r r r e the Baby lo n ian godd ess es, and e w o r ship dated f om very e m ot

r r r ere times . G adually man y othe godd e ss es, o iginally distinct, w

t e h r e t amal gama d with e . Lat r she was worshippe d al so as the plane

r i r t Venus . H e ch ef att ibut e was th at of h e Godde ss of B eaut y and ‘ ’ ‘ ' h n r e r of Lo ve . S e was denomi ated th e b ill iant godd ss , th e moth e of ’ ‘ ’ r t h e r h m ar c ount ies and mist e ss of mountains . S e was in voked by

n f riageable gi rl s f or gra t in g them suit abl e husbands , and by m en or

h ift e er r e t e g s of d om sti c pr osp it y . In cou s e of t ime h er cult b came

r taint e d with g oss i mmo r ality .

‘ ’ ~ r r i T h e wo r d Ishta r is n eith e Semiti c nor T urani an , and A ssy o l “ r r l ogist s a e n ot agree d as to its roots . Sa y s P of essor Say c e, Ba by l oni ans of th e historical age do n ot s eem to have known what was it s

r e r o r i gin , and it is t he f o e quite usel e ss for u s t o speculat e on th e

e r subj e ct . Its t ru et y m ology is bu ied in t h e ni ght of antiq uit y .

r r t r Prof es so Jast ow is of opinion h at the wo d i s Semi t i c , and suggests a t ent ati v e meani n g— T he goddess that brings b l e ssin g (to 2 a m nkind) .

r m r But if the wo d is Se iti c, it is ve y st r ange that it d o es not bear

h e f l t f eminine su ﬁx t , as we see i n th e names of other goddesses . Be it , “ r n t A nat , Sa p a i & c . The t o sufﬁx was added aft er wa r ds when t h e

r e f r r t We r i name t av ll ed u th e t o he st , away f om t s old associations with Chal dea and Isht a r was t ransfor med into A sht o reth and A st u te

- 6 . Le 2 1 a e er t re . S yc Hibb t c u p . 0 — 2 . r ess r ast r w e n of Ba n a . 1 2 t n te. P of o J o R ligio bylo i p , foo o

. as r w i 68 te. 3 t . c . n o t . 6 t J o , p , p , foo o

14 T HE E RA or ZOROAS TER

A furth e r ment ion of T amm u z wil l b e mad e in the section tr e a ti n g of t he festi vals .

Ner al T g . hi s god , in his main cha r acte r isti cs res em bles SHAO SH A of th e A the v e sta . It is true th er e i s no simila r it y in the r on oun ciat ion m p of th e tw o n a es, but t h en it shoul d be bo r ne i n m ind ‘ ’ t N r r l a d hat ergal is w itten i deog aphi ca l y , n it i s possibl e that another wa y of pronouncing the n am e m ay be hit upon h er eafte r which , he re A would m o akin to the vesta nam e .

‘ ’ W - N e e Lu a ith ergal has be n id ntiﬁed a god g l Banda . T h e latte r r m N i s anothe na e of er ga l , as c an beseen f r om the fact that whil e i n

- ashi th e inscri ptions of Sin g d of the d ynast y of U ruk , m enti on i s m ade

- Lu gal r of Banda in t he list of th e gods wo shipp ed by him , w e ﬁ nd

r of - that an oth e kin g the same d ynast y , Sin gamil p l ac e s the name of 1 N r l e y r re Lu a - e ga xactl whe e his p decessor m entions g l Ba.nda .

T h e n e meanin gs of the two n ames are al so arly id entical .

Lu al- r K g Banda St on g ing .

- N er gal Gr eat Lord .

= f ’ T h e ideo gram Lu gal( King) c an a lso b e read as sdr r u which in th e Baby lonian Semit i c lan guage h as th e same m eanin g ; and the ‘ ’ ‘ ’ i d e o gr am banda can also be read a s us which in th e B aby l oni an A ‘ ’ n r a . uia kkadia lan guage means g e t , powerf ul So the phonet i c ep v ‘ ’ l ent of th e t wo i deo g r ams is Sar r u - as whi ch com e s v er y n e ar to the

A r rao ha t e v e sta wo d S s . It i s ru that in the r ead in g suggest ed her e

e ar both S miti c and Akkadian languag e s e m ade use of , but as , after t h e settl ement of the Semites in Baby l onia the l an gua ge f or o rdina r y

r r A use was S emitic with a fai l y good sp ink lin g of kkadian wo r ds,

r such a combination i s end e red possibl e .

E th e e r e e ven if suggest d adin g stand not the t st of phi l ology , t h e identiﬁcati on that i s sou g ht t o be e stablished bet ween Ne r gal and

ff r r Sr aosh a wil l not be a ected th e eby , as it i s based not me el y on phonet i c equival ent s of n am es but on t h e cl os e r e s embl an ce b etw een

ll r . th e fun ctions of th e gods, as wi be p e sentl y shown

Ne r gal was the r ul e r of the neth er w or l d and h ad command

r e ar n ov e r al l de m ons and ev i l sp i its . H was a l s o a god o f w , a d a s

n e r e er r such , a d in conn e ct ion with his d st ucti v p ow s, h e was f eque n tl y ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’‘ i ﬁ r h r de sc r be d as th e god of e , t e a gi n g king . the viol ent on e, th e ’ r n r e r on e who bu ns . O e of the m ost comm on ideog aphs us d to exp ess ‘ ’2 h r H is h is nam e was t h at signif ying t e swo d . t ypi cal bird was the

w . . 9 5 . 1 . ast r o cit J o p , p ,

— nd 67 . s w . . 183a 2 a tr o . cit J o p , pp T HE ER A or ZOROASTER 1 5

k r th e r re C oo , the bird of dawn , at who se warning c ow e v il spi it s we 1 r i -ih supposed to vanish . Ne gal and N n w er e invoked by th e Assy rians

h n — n f f or success on t e bat t leﬁeld and on the hu t in g gr ou d . B oth o

r r th em were al so sculpt u ed on Ass y rian p alaces , the f o me r in hi s s ymboli c f o r m o f the wing e d Li on and the latt er in that of the win ged

e w r r Bull , and t h y e e suppo sed t o keep gua d over the k in g .

e th r r Just as N r ga l is e rule of the l owe wo r ld, Sr aosha is the

r r r gua dian of t he sou ls of th e de ad . F o t h ee day s and th re e ni ghts h e watch e s o ver and p rotect s th e soul t hat has just quitt ed it s ea rthl y

r r h t enement. The n he h ands o v e hi s cha r g e to Ve et r agh na (c om p a red 2 ‘ i hinv a h above wit h Nin b) wh o conducts i t to the C at brid ge . Sr os a and Ver eth r agh na ar e als o associated wi th e ach othe r in anothe r way

r - A h - h h m h a lon g with F ir e they a e the co oper at ors of s a v a is ta, the A es ‘ t e e v N r l- asp ent a of H eat . Thi s accounts f or h epith ts gi en to e ga the ’ ‘ ’ d r bu r nin g one and the go of ﬁ e .

Sraosh a is p re- emin ent ly t he sm iter of the D aev as and t h e

Demons ; H e b ows not f or fear and ﬁ ght befo r e the Daevas bef o re

r him all th e Daevas bow f or fea r and f r i ght r e luctantl y , and ush ” 3 r away to da kness .

r Sr aosh a i s also a go d of batt l e . H e is cal l ed th e stron g a med

f or du r warr ior , and he is invoked st ren gth t o sub e to mentors and t o f ‘ ’ e d Dar sh idraosh ie t h e dest r o y f oes H e i s v er y f re qu ntly cal le . .

' ned T r e th e Swor d t h e m ight y weap o . hat hi s f avou it w e apon is , as in

’ r e r r cas e of N e gal , app a s f om th e fol l owi n g d e scription of it

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ t r r T h e uplifted weapon , h e b oad weapon , the sha p and cuttin g ’5 i w e apon f or cefull y s m it in g on the head . The cock s the t y pi cal 6 h a bi r d of Sr aos a s i t i s of Ne r gal .

T he abo v e point s of comp a rison sufﬁ ci e ntl y show th at N er gal is

Sr aosha; but t he wor ship of th e f or m e r s eems to hav e g radually d et er i

r or ated , an d t h e god f om b e ing o r iginal l y a gua r dian of th e souls

s e ems to hav e b e e n t r ansf o rm e d i nto a r ul er of t h e n et h er wo r ld and

t e e e ven into a god of p e s i l n c .

Menti on i s mad e of a t emple of Ne r gal in t he insc r iption s of

r D ungi (c . 2 900 B . and the efor e the wo r ship of the god d ates f r o m

r r an ea l ie period st i l l .

— 1 . e a as se A B k s G r o o the B e in nin . l Vo . . 4 69 . ld M y o f g g II , P

2 M in - Kher ad 1 1 5 . o , II , .

3. 3. Yas h t XI 1 ,

4 Yasn a LVI 332 6. . ,

L 1 . Yt. n Yasn a VI 1 3 5 . XI 1 1 a d , 0,

6. Ven didad XV 2 3. III , 1 C, T H E E RA OF ZO ROASTE R

d — W e r n A an h ethe r th is is the corr ct p onun ci atio of th e nam e

h e m r s of th e god s eems t o a ve b en a atte of d oubt with som e chola r s ,

T or r for th e word cannot be traced to either uranian S emiti c sou ces ,

‘ ' T he name appears as Nin - dara in th e inscripti ons of Gudea an d U r

3 T he e as an d Bau (c . 000 B . god was held in stimat ion the son

me s sen ger of B e l (one of the prin cipal deitie s of th e Baby l onian s) ,

d e l and as t he warrio r and cham p ion of the go s . H was a so identiﬁ ed

n un wi th the M e ri di a S .

i th e A T AR A Adar s same nam e as t h e Irani an or dar , the an gel

z - pr e siding over F i re . Ada r is the s on of Ahuram a da , an d a c c op er a

A a A ahish ta wh o r e r t or of t h e m esh sp enta sh av , p sides o ve the tim e o f M idd ay .

- — G 300 C ih z i e . B . G s da. This n ame app ars in the list of ud ea (c 0 )

“ ’ an E U SH - R V N The l l d is similar t o the Iranian G U A , S oul of the B u , ‘ ’ e r z one of the Yazatas . T h wo d ida , in the Babyl onian lan guage, ‘ ’ means lif e ; the ﬁrst word Gish s eems to be a contraction of the

r h e e e I an ian Geus . T here are n o furth r p o int s of r s emblanc betwee n d the two gods be y on this .

h u — h Is m , A god of t he net er r e gi ons . H e was a v ery malignant

t h e i rr a T e ~ l a . h bein g , and was an attendant of p agu e god D b corres

A r , pondin g vesta name , f om whi ch the abo ve s e ems to have bee n ‘ ’ A — d e r ived i s AE SH M the n am e of th e Demon of wrath .

We n ow t e n proc e e d to h s e co d cl a ssiﬁcat ion of th e B ab ylonian

god s and take in hand those of them that appear in the histori cal i ns

i in t r i m i r o cr p t o s f or he ﬁ st t me , from th e t i e of H ammurabi , . e., f m

2 3 e h r m en about 00 B C . Amon g thes t e m ost p o in t was

M a uk t h f T h rd , e son o H ea. e principal seat of hi s wo r shi p was

Baby lon an d am on g the gods w o rshipped th ere he held the f ore - most

e e h h plac . s econd p r aps to t at of hi s father al one .

T h e old great god Bel was now f orgotten and his individuallit y int o that of the new god , who was con s equent l y addr e ssed as Bel

M r a duk .

F r om the hy mns and t h e ma gi cal te xts we see that Ma rduk

r r e r e e M d was ega d d as the Me diato bet w en H a and ankin .

T he man smit ten with di s e as e or oth e r wis e in t rouble app eal ed f or r i h elp to Ma r duk , who p omptl y brought the pet tion to h is

h H a r f at er e . T he latt er gave Ma duk the n e cessary instructi ons , 1 r r r which i n tu n wer e conve yed t o the pe son c r y ing f or di vine succou .

1 ast r w- i o c . 3. . t 1 9 J o p , p THE E RA or ZOROAST ER 17

e - Marduk was al so t he b e stow e r of bl s s i n gs , and in connect ion with ‘ ’ this functi on h e wa s n amed Silik- mulu - khi which m eans h e wh o

dist ributes good am on gst m en

In one Of the h ymn s he i s also add ress e d as the m e rciful l o r d ” 9 who loves to r a ise th e de ad to l if e

r of i h ar - r Som e schola s ar e opin on t hat e was a sol d e it y o i ginall y ,

i s are e r s t hou gh his q ualit es as uch not m ntioned in any of the in sc ip tion .

‘ ’ The ety mol o g y of th e n am e M arduk has not bee n hith e r to satis

i e B ut er e t h e A e e difﬁ cult l act or l y t r a c d . a ref en c to v st a solv s the y

] ‘ ’ ’ Mar duk is t he same as th e Av e sta A ME R E T AT of wh ich a lat er

e r Per f or m i s A m ridad and mod e n sia n M urdad . T he chan ge of the ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ is l r ﬁnal d o r t into k wel l kno wn to al p hilol o gi sts . F o i nstanc e

‘ ’ ‘ ’ e A r - M ina - P t h v est a w o d Sp enta ainu b ecomes Sp k mino in ahl avi .

‘ ’ i’ M L r ar Oth er p ronun ctions of arduk , as gi v en by en o m an t , e ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ru ki a e re e b e f r A m r ud and A m a tu bot h of whi ch r di ctly d riva l , om

A m eret at .

“ h e t m r A m eret at , in t e Av s a lan guage , m eans I m o talit y , which is ’ t h e or i gi n of M a r duk s function a s t h e rest o r er of t h e d e ad to l if e.

A gain in Y asht II an d in t h e Sir oz ah we see that thi s A m eshasp ent a p reside s o ver t h e p r osp erity of t h e h erd s and ove r th e increas e of ’ f M r r cattle , whi ch accounts or ard uk s ole as a b e st owe of b le ssin gs

H au r vat at (who has be en id ent iﬁed above wi t h H ea) an d A m eret at are t vvin Am eshasp en tas in the Av esta ; th e y are al way s nam ed to g e

r e r o t h l of the r, and fo m an in s pa ab le c oup l e . S in e B aby oni an phase wo r shi p we Se e th e r elat ionship of fathe r and son b etwee n He a an d

Marduk .

’ Marduk s id entiﬁcat ion as a sol ar deit y and his fun ct ion s as a me diator must hav e b een i d eas of a later grow t h at a ti m e when som e ‘ ’ h e t r i M T H R e e s f M r d k of t at but e s of I A b came bl nded wit h tho e o a u ,

A n additional proof of the i dent ity of M a r du k and A m eret at ' is

v f r er in gi en u th on , the p or t ion d e al ing with the month s and f es t ivals .

— R am m an r H e f r i g wa s the god of sto rms , o thunde and l ght nin t r. ‘ ’ n rﬂo wi d and rain , of ove w and inundation , and his powe r ful r oa r st r u ck " err . t h e r t or into h e a t s of men . H e was also a c on st ant associa t e of

- theSun go d Shamas , joint l y with wh om h e is f r equent l y me nt io n ed

2 a er t L t res 1 s - e w . e 36 a t r 1 16 . n S yc . Hibb c u , p . J o p f . 3 lm l e n a C d a . a M gic p p 1 0 nd 32 . 1 8 THE E RA or ZORO AS T E R

’ H am u ra is in the Babyl o n ian tex t s . In a hy mn of m b d ays i t i s si gui

ﬁ cant tha t whil e e a ch of t h e oth e r gods m enti oned recei ves a line f or

him self Rainman is the o nl y on e who i s tack ed on t o an othe r deit y ‘ on t h e -u Shamas . H e was e of t he chi ef gods not only of Bab y l onia s

A r n i t f but of the ssy ia s , who ass gned to him a p osition next o that o

A r e n A s r w r r m sshu alon . I s y ia his o ship dated from ve y ancient t i es ,

as is e vinc ed by his name appearin g as one of t h e el em ent s in t he

n am e o f th e Assy r i an r ule r Samsi - R am man who ﬂou rsh ed about 1850

t War R h B 0. A noth e r rol e of amman was t a o f a god of , an d he i s

h a - add ress ed as such in an in sc r ip ti on of Nebuc d n e zz ar .

R ainm an is n one but t he Av est a R AMAN t h e ang e l pr e si din g

r h is f o ve the atmos phere . Just as t e B aby l onian god an asso ciate o

- e o f M r Shamas , so is Ram an the associat ithra . The t wo are f equ entl y A ment i oned t o geth er in the v esta . X In Yasht V, dedi cate d to t his y a z at a , ev er y chapter comm ence s ” “ with th e wo rd s yazdiap em cha baghem cha I sac riﬁce to the water s ” th t s t h th e r e of an d t o e d i s ributor of e s am e , which explains ol

m o r m t R am an as the g d of ai n s and of the ov erflow . In th e s a e Yash , ‘ e 46 47 azn a e v t h e r n t h e (passag s , ) the y t calls him s lf the aliant, st o g ’ r - f r- r e n t he f r n - f - r e an d t h e r er H is st ong o p ot ctio , e ei g rom t oubl s, oar .

charact e r istics as a war - god app ear f r o m passa g e 51 of th e s am e Ya sh t

r i wh e re R aman p o m s es to com e t o t he aid of t hose who . wounded in b e e r f o e h attl , invok him and p a y to hi m st r n gt .

ar n it u m “ as h r an S p a She w t e godd ess of m at im onial fe rtilit y , d ‘ ' ‘ was also in den t iﬁ ed with an ol der A kk adian di vinit y Gasm u ( 2 the

T h e nam e see m s t o have been a t r ansf o rmation of the ’ A s a P - A I A n t e r vs t S E NT A AR M IT , t h e fe ma l e m eshas p e a presidin g ov ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ e r f A rm aiti th e a th . Sp enta mean s bounti ul , and both in

‘ ’ an d a r e w h e n Av e sta S nsk it, m ans isdom . T hat t Bab yl o ian goddess is id entic al with the Ira nian wi ll be s e en f urther on in th e p o rtion

e h f r o f r d alin g with t e esti vals . H e ro le as a goddess mat imoni al

e m f r f rtilit y m u st hav e be en a seconda r y one , a d ev el op ent o he o ri ginal cha r acte r of t h e godd ess of a gricultu r al p r osperity - t he

M ot e r E ar h bountiful h t ,

A Nabu v er y p op ula r god with th e Baby lonians as wel l as the A r n . H e th e od of t he ss y ia s was g wisdom and intelligenc e , and of

“ ar t of wr iting f rom whi ch c aus e h e was f re quentl y in vok e d by the s r r s r c ibes . P ofes o Sa y ce an d oth er scholar s ar e of opinion that he

1 Jas ‘ tr o . u o cit . 1 57 . p , p

‘ ‘ 2 . a e H ibber t Learn er s 1 1 1 S yc , p . , T H E ERA or ZOROASTER 19

- . o n l r i was r igi a l y a water deity . In el gi ous and histo rical t ext s he is lauded as th e deit y wh o open s up th e subt e r ranean sou rces in o r d e r to

h s r e r e t h r i r rigate t e ﬁelds . H e wa al so ga d d a s e pat on of agriculture

h on r r r S f an d t e e who cause d co n to sp out fo th . om e o his other

“ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ e e e th r of t he t h e e ral ep ith ts w r e uph olde worl d g ne overse e r, t he ’ ‘ ’ h er t r h e . p rocl ai m e , a nd t e h al d of god s In his last me ntioned ‘ ’ cha ract e r he was oft en amal gama t ed with a ﬁ r e- god Nusku T h e sceptr e an d t he s t ylus wer e h is embl ems “

‘ rr e e A am - n d — T The co espo ndin g Av sta d ity i s p ap t. he n ave l of

n r “ t h e waters . T he s eco d half of thi s nam e , c ont a cted , b e come ‘ ’ Nabu .

A r 34 A - e er t he c co di n g t o Yasht VIII , , pam h apat spr ad s ov 1 r r ﬁ elds co rporeal world the water s which a e to be d ist ibut e d to th e .

“ Y a t 52 we see r the on e In s XIX , , him desc ibed as god wh o helps ” “ e W h t ear e h e at hi s app al , hose ear i s t e q ui ck es to h wh n is worship ” m — and t h e god wh o made m an , who shaped an epithets which are v e r y simila r t o tho se of Nabu a s th e General Ov er s eer and up h older of t h e Wo rld .

Dr r r n t h t . Geiger beli eves that th e Irani an Deity ep e se ts e Li gh ~ e e f A 31n Nzt at ning which d well s in t h cl ouds . Thi s Asp c t o 1 a p mi ght

l e f or r explain why Nabu was called a p ro c aim r , Li ghtnin g is a p o

h e cl aimer of t rainstorm .

“ ~ - Ap am Nap at is freq uent ly invoked with th e ﬁ r e y a zata N air yo ’ n h r e en e as Sa g a an d th e e is an i nti m at e c onn ecti on b t we th m , just . t r an d he e i s between Nabu Nusku .

u k m — A r - r i N s ﬁ e god , who though app ea in g n the hist o ri cal

r r e n e n insc i p t ions from the time of th e Ass y i an rul o l y , was w l l know

t h e t r e r t r u e in ime of H am m u abi , as c an , be s e n f om he e l igi o st xt s .

T h e Baby l onians regar ded him as the m ess en g e r of th eir p rincip al

- M deit y B e l a r duk , but i n the A ss y rian period his f unction hail d e ed d was ve lop into that of a m ess en g e r of t h e go s in gen eral . H e , ‘ ’ th e n d i i he on o e han , amal gam at ed with Gribl t h e F regod, and on t

r ie h r s in w i" oth e d ntiﬁ e d with Nabu . T e compound id eo g am hi ch h n am e i s wri tten includ e t he sam e s ign h - th e st y lus o r scep t re that is 2 e er e o r i y us d to desi gnate Nabu . It se em s Gi bil an d Nusku w ig nal l

r - n r a d a< wo shipped as ﬁ re gods in diff erent pl ace s , a d w e e am al gam te

t he a e r r in e Bab y loni n mpi e g e w e xt nt .

‘ ‘ ’ h ’ ) w n s r 1. T e Wo rd fo r field s is Show/br a hich can al s o be t ran sl at ed U o u t r ie o ’ C s i ti e . ’ 2 ast r - ééon o R a an : m u"A sa r iu l 32 0. J ow R cl g f b/ﬂ k y . 2 0 T HE E RA or zonoiasm n

r r A - - a d In an A ssy ian i nsc ipti on of sshur ban p l, Nus ku is d esc r ibe ‘ as t h e on e wh o glor iﬁ eg sov er ei gnt y

‘ Nusku is an ab r id ged an d cor r upt e d f orm of the Av e sta NAIB

- - YO SANGH . e of t he M r r M z T h e A th e n am essen g e of Ahu a a da .

‘ I r anian deity is desc r i bed i n t he A tash Niy ay es h as th e on e wh o d r m . wel l s in the Na ve l of Kings , whi ch tallie s with the Ass y ian o ’ r h s r na c d esc i p ti on of Nusku .

t r f l ' e uentl V In Y asna LX XI and in o he passages we ﬁnd him q .

w - na t w s e N an d associate d ith Apam p a, (as e e in the case of abu

r t t Nusku . ) T h is is e asily a ccounted f o on h e suppositi on th a

A - Na t r is r of pam p a thou gh a wate d eit y also, in h i s cha acter

F r - Li ghtnin g, a i e god .

T he p res ence of Nusku was i nd i spensabl e in t he t emples, wh e n s e ff r t h r ac riﬁci al gif ts w re o e e d t o e god s , or an y r e li gious ce emon y performed . T h e i d ea under l y in g this w as t h e b eli ef that th e sac rifi ce consume d by the ﬁ r e was convey ed to th e gods in t h e form of the

r - asc e ndin g smoke . H enc e the ﬁ e god becom e s th e m e sseng er bet

n a l e ween t h e gods and m e . Th e sam e i de a is t r c e ab in the f unctions

- A f of Nair y o San gha of the Irani an s and gni o the H indus .

T h e Sc eptr e as t h e s y mbol of bot h Nabu and Nusku h as also it s

r in t e r n s T h th e f r of o i gin h I ani a M y th . e Sceptre is m ateri ali sed o m ‘ ’ ‘ ’ h r t h e K ar eno o Glory so f r eq uent l y de s cribed in th e Av e sta .

‘ ’ In Yasht X IX the r e is ment ion of t h e Akhar etem Khar eno or ‘ ’ r ~ the Imperishabl e Gl o y b e lon gin g t o the pi ous , f or obtai nin g posses sion of which the re i s a st r uggl e betwee n the f orces of the Go od

r h e Spi it and t e E vil Spi r it , wher eupon th e Glor y sw ells up and rush s

the Vour - K H e z b Na at into sea u asha . e r it is at on ce s ei ed y Apam p , who is ther efo re the possesso r an d pr es er ver of the Impe r i shabl e

r h e t re N u Glo y , s y mbolised by t Sc ep of ab .

r r h Anoth e kind of Glo y , cal l ed t he Kav aem K ar eno o r the ‘ " Kingl y Glo r y is pre ser v e d by t he An ge l of F i r e as appea r s f r om t h e r e l t th A i a s h ~ N e . f equ nt a lusions o it in e tash y h Nusku , t e Bab y l on ian ir - is r F e God, th e ef o r e r ep resen t ed wi th a sc eptre

We i r e n ow com e t o the gods pecul a r t o t h e Assy ia n panth on

A mongst t he se t h e f o r emost plac e is held by

A s s h u r “ H h f t h n o t r o t n , . e was e sup em e god e Ass y r ians , an d o ly ~ we re h is t e i t h is f r r s at u s p l ac ed n h e temples , but o m w as also r ep s en t

2 2 TH E ERA or zonoas'rnn

‘ r e n in r e d f rom th e insc riptions . Th e ﬁ st name has b e te p n ted as th e ’ t r r c f h kin g god , and i appea s i n th e insc iptions t e As s y ri an K in g

Sa r gon (c . 72 2 B C ) ; t h e sec ond appe a rs i n the ins c riptions of Senna

e ri ( lieve ar h ch b. c . 700 B . I be both e var i ant s of t e sam e Ave sta ‘ ~ ’ ’ — KH SH AT AR A VAIR YA or Sher iv er that of one of t he Am eshas ‘ ’ ‘ ’ Kh ha h a in p entas . s t r . Ave sta , m e ans King .

A nothe r f o rei gn god app ea r in g in th e Ass y r ian insc ription is

- h ia. f m M is r O wh o also ve r y l itt l e i s known . The n ame is a

t r r m th e e a H r hi sli ght ly al e ed f o of Av st MIT RA . Ge ald Mass e y, in s “ ‘ ’ t/ B e innin s r r t r Book of w g g , t ansla t e s Misa i as th e god Mi h a .

Quitting t h e Babylonian Panth eon let us n ow t urn our ey e s t o

st s m w t th e f e ivals and ac r e d onths of that n ation , and examin e ha fur th er evidence they f u rnish about the r elati onship betwe en babyl oni a

n d r r a I an i n ve y ancient tim e s .

W e hav e s een ab ov e t hat the Babyl onian m onth Sivan cor r esp on

r A t e ded t o t h e I ani an mont h sp en dad, and t ha th e Babyl onian godd s s ‘ ’ ‘ ’ id ent i cal wi t h t h e sam e A m eshasp en ta A sp endad or SpentaA r m ait i

ar s was S p an it u m godd es s of f e rti l ity . A f est ival of this god dess u ed t o th 2 h b e hel d on e 5t of Sivan .

r t r r t r e In the I anian mon h , wh e ein thi y d ays have all diffe ent n am

' ar and e co ns ec r ated to diff er nt y az atas . th e 2 5 th day acco rding t o th e

r t e e Calenda gi ven in h e Avest a l ite r atu r e an d now in vogue, is d dic at d

A hi n - A rm aii t o s s v a gha , wh o has nothing i n common with Spenta t , t h e e A m cshas ent a r r t he r But ser femal p p esidin g ov e ea th , a clo e t r r h al l x amina ion ev eals some i nte e st i ng f a cts . It has bee n el d by ’ A e S r t t D - - ddaT - - m ihr D e- a- dzu v sta chola s ha ae p a , D ea p a and a p

8th th e 15 and 2 3r ee n the , th the d days i n a l l m onths . se e m to hav e h

er r th r r t of lat int oduc ti on into e Calend e , (when a so of h ebd omadal

was e rt di vision d emed nec es sar y) , f or in the t h ree nam e s the ﬁ rs t p a co m m on t o al l i s a nam e of the C reato r and the l ast p ar t is a rep eti t ion

th e 9 th l 6th t t e m n t T he eren e t t can of , and 2 4 h day s of h o h . inf c h a be d r a wn ir om thi s is t wo- f o ld :

(1) T hat t h e nam es a bove men ti oned r e p laced oth e r n am es s t and

e s t h e o t er d ay i ng in xact ly the sam e place s , and thus th e p o i i on of t h of t the mo n h was n ot dis t u rbed . Or 2 ( ) That nam es disca r ded wer e t hos e of last t hre e da v s of t h e

“ m h t h e 2 8th t he 2 9 th an d t h 130th an d by t n s r t n s r ont , e he i e i o of l a THE ERA or ZOROAS TE R 2 8

h t h r ee days of the newnam e s at t e inte r vals 7, 7, and 8 days , the

t e 30t h was t posi t ion of t he d ays f r om t h e 9 th o th sligh l y shifted .

h r h Thus Ada r f r om being th e 8th b ecame the 9 th , M i f r o m th e 14 t 1 t h t beca me the l 6t h, Din f r om the 2 s t be c a m e e 2 4 h , and so on up to

ran r t h e 2 7t h th e 8 t h . Ane , p evi ou sly now o day

t h r r r r t r That e l atte infe ence , an d not the f o m e i s h e c o rect one ,

will be p resen t l y shown .

‘ ’ r a i Acco din g t o t h e second theo r y the d a y Z m ad , which is at

t . 2 r r p resen the 8th day of the m ont h , was o i ginal l y , i n ve y ancie nt t h 2 5 h r imes , t e t day . And s o it i s but natu a l t o exp e c t th at the day

r h con sec at ed t o t h e ya z at a of t e E ar th , in the m onth c onsec r at e d t o th e Am h rt h es asp enta of the E a , sh oul d h ave bee n h eld as a f estival ,

(as appe a rs f r o m t he Bab yloni an festival on t h e 2 5th of Si van )

al t hough it i s tr u e that no su ch I r anian fe s t iv al has b een p res e r ved

t o u r th r r . d own o days , among e Zo oast i ans

The above theo ry r eceives f u r the r cor roborat ion f r om a B ab yl on ian t h fes i val i n t e month of Tamm u z . It has been shown abOVe t hat t his

t rr m t r r h r I m on h c o e sponded to the on h Fa va din of t e I anians . t i s not

known on wh at pa rticular day of t h e m ont h the B ab y lonian fest ival

ut r m J rr r th was held , b f o the ewi sh Cal enda r, (which was bo owed f om e

a h r B by loni ans and h as been in use si nc e t e Cap t i vity) , it appea s that

t he 17th z w off of Ta m mu was h e ld a s a f ast . N o if we t ake , as

e D - - - - explain d a bo ve , th e d ay s ae p Ada r and Dae p a Mih r f r om the

r th e 1 t h F r th I anian months , 7 day i s a va r di n of the same name as e

r r in mont h a fest i va l d ay of the Z o oast a s .

T h e Baby l onian o rdina r y yea r was one of 360 day s and thi s was

b r ought into harmony with t h e sola r yea r by inte rcalati ons of v a ri ous h kinds, one o f which was t e ins erti on of an inte r cala ry m onth r I r . was m ev e y si x ye a s Th i s month na ed E l u whi ch , as we have see n

r re d t t h e r r above , c o spon e d o I ani an m onth Khordad . Wh eth e the

I r anian m ode of inter icalat ion i n v e r y r emote ag e s was similar or not

has n ot b e en deﬁ nit e l y asce r tained ; th e t r ac e s hithe r to disc ov ered of

t h e t r r n t 3 oldes I anian y e a point t o a yea r of 863d ays and o 60. But

that t h e A m eshasp en t a Kho rdad or H aur vat at had s omthing t o d o with

in t e rcalat ion i s appa r e nt f rom t h e f a ct t hat i n th e Avest a whe reve r

r t t h e e i s a menti on of thi s A m eshasp ent a the r e i s at th e sam e ime , an “ m ha invocation add resse d to t h e Se asons and to th e y e a r, The A es s

1 In th e ss rian ear w i was a l ni- s lar one th e m nt inter alate was se n A y y h ch u o , o h c d co d 2 4 T H E E RA or zonoaswn

1 a we r er t r e penta H au rv tat p r ai se . The p osp i y of the Seasons p ai s

r we . The y e a rs , the pu re . l o r ds of pu ri t y p aise we .

We h av e se e n above t h at t h e Babylonian m onth M ar ch eshwan is A a the s ame as I rani an mo nt h A m eret at , and that the m eshasp ent af te r whom t h e Ir a ni an month is nam ed i s id en t i cal with the Baby lo

r r t t nia n god Ma r duk . Th i s receives conﬁ mation f om the f act h a al t hough Ma r duk had the fo remos t place i n t h e Bab yl o nian panth e on i d h t th e m onth sac r e d to hi m was not t he ﬁ rst month N sa , but t e ei gh h

r h mon th M a c eshwan .

We shal l next deal with othe r poi nts of s im il a ri t y between t he

r t Bab yloni an and the I ran ian belief , such as thos e c once ning the my h s

t e t he r r t e e and l e gends, h h y m ns and s ac i ﬁcial i s , d m onolo gy and

t r r h e r e b t he incan ta ions . Af t e r a b ief su vey of t e evid enc fu nish d y se , as wel l as by ce rt ai n Geog raphical nam e s and wo r ds c o m mon t o bot h

t rr we lan guag es , we shal l tr y to ascer t ai n whi ch of th e na ions h as bo o d

r t r r t rr f om the o he , and when and i n what espec h as such bo owing t ak en place .

In the C osmolo gical myth of th e Bab ylonia ns we ' see t hat bef or e

h r r e t e c eat ion of the Unive r s e two thin gs we e in e xi stenc .

t h e h r r O T iam at , godd ess of Chaos, an d Ap su , t e p i m o dial c e an .

t t h e t r rm it : r in A In Tiama i s noti ceable Aves a oot te e da kness , and psu t he r u 2 er Avest a oot p wat .

th e a t D e th who In B bylonian accoun of the e lug . e on l y m an ,

w m r a al on g ith his fa i l y , escapes f r o m the unive sal cal am ity , nd f r om

r w r r h - wh ose p o gen y the o ld is epopulated , is named K asis ad ra ,

r Xi- su hr os r m (P onounced t b y th e G eeks) . The nam e i s the sa e as the

A U khsh a - er e r H h r h t r r v e sta y t ta o os eda , t e f u u e Savi ou of manki nd ‘ ’ — ‘ ’2 acco r din g to the Ir ani an b e li ef . Kh asis ad r a m eans ve ry pi ous ; ‘ ’ ‘ ’ - m r r and U kh sh yat er e ta eans gr owin g piety , acco ding t o D r . Ge i ge .

T h e Baby lonian accoun t of the Deluge diff e r s tota lly i n oth e r r r m t e - e spects f o the accoun giv n in the Vendidad , of the snow s t orm w t m hich ook place in t he ti e of Jamshed . But in th e f or me r th e god

m t w e r t h who c auses th e delug e is Ra man , a dei y h os appea ance in e

a t 2 3 or r t t t he r . r B by l onian pantheo n da es f om about B . C 00, sho l y af e

r t h e r r n ul e of Zo oast ians in Baby lonia ,

The Bab yl oni an s b eliev e d t hat e ach man had hi s own pat r on god

wh r t r r r and godd ess o m ade hi s welfa e hei p eculia ch a ge , and t o wh ose

r v i h r fﬂ d s e ce e was speci al ly devo t ed . In any t r oubl e o a ict i on he woul

ﬁ r st t u rn to t hes e two dei t i es a nd i m pl o r e t hem t o ex ert thei r inﬂuenc e

‘ ’ ‘ ’ 1 . n st ea P r s er t th e Seas n s s m e t an l t he ear l dewl lin . r s a e. T I d of o p i y of o , o y y good g 2 Jast r w— o n t e . cit t o p . " p . 505 . foo o . THE ERA or ZOROASTE R 2 5

1 r r a h s i n hi s b ehalf . Th ese gua di an d e iti e s e s e mbl e the F r v as i r wo rshippe d b y t h e I a nians .

Am ong t h e Demons whom th e Bab yl on ians f e a r e d t he most m ay

m A a im m b e ment i on ed th e E kim u and th e sh kku . T he E k u wa s th e

r r wande r in g shade of a man wh o had n ot rec ei ved p op e bu rial , and h e

t e m was held t o be ve r y m al i ci ous , bewi ching all whom h et with , and t caus ing them gr ie vou s si ckne s s . In t h e Avesta is m en i on ed a wicked

Akam anan h r r v ia Aka demon g , th e oot unde l yin g whi ch , , wi cked , ” r kim u evil , i s p r obably the oot of E m a l so .

t r Ash akku was the dem on of was in g di seases . Acc o d in g t o 2 ‘ ’ ‘ - = P r ofe sso r Say ce t he wor d i s t he Akkadian a si g st ren gth d est r oy ’ e t r r in g . But t he word s em s e vid en l y t o be of A yan o i gi n . In Sansk r i t ‘ ’ ‘ ’ A sh akt im eans wan t of st ren gt h , w eakness and i n the Aves t a yaska ‘ ’ i s illne ss, weakness .

In o rd er t o keep away t h e demons and prevent thei r enter i ng the

r hou ses th e Babylonians used to han g up in th e h ou s e , p obably at th e

r e h ent anc e , t abl ts insc r i bed with e xt r acts f r om t e r e l i gious t ext s . A simi l ar cus t o m which h as su rvi v e d amon gth e Zo r oast rians i s that of

‘ wr i t in g in If ehl avich a r acte r s on a pi e ce of pape r a r el i gious f o rmula

t r t he r 5 th and pas ing such pape on d oo , on the da y of the month

e Asp n dad , in o rde r to secu r e th e dwellin g against the in r oad of de mons and of noxious animals .

Th e Baby loni an p r iests we r e di vi ded into man y cla sses ac cor ding t t o he spec ial f unc t i ons assi gne d t o the m . Some had t o attend to th e

r r r r sac iﬁces , some consulted the o acles, th e e we e tho se whose fun ction t o r th r wh o was exo cise e evi l spi r i ts , an d agai n othe s had to keep watch

m t t h in th e temple at ni ght . The ti e t hat was deemed m os sui table by e exo rcists f or the exe r cise of t h ei r fun cti ons f or b r eaking the spell of t h e r t m d emons and d ivin g th e m away was ni ght i e , and th e god s of

t f r nigh w e r e sp eci al l y i nvok e d o th e o ccasion .

T h e I r anians too had th ei r p r i ests divid ed i nto seve r al classes .

r w r th e Z as h o er r r r m The e e e aot w p f o med eli gi ous c e e oni es , the

r b r F a a etar s wh o a rr ang ed t h e mate r i al s used in t h e sac r iﬁc e , the

Athr av ans t th e F r t e r aoshar v r ezas we wh o end e d i e , h S a who apon i n

r hand we e supposed t o sca re awa y th e evi l spi r i t s f r om th e sac riﬁce ,

r r r and o t he s . M o eover , the ce r emoni e s f o ex o r ci sin g th e d em ons and

t r r r r r at c on ol ling t hei e vi l i nﬂu e nc e s we e pe f o med ni ght time , as can ‘ ’ t r h i r m r be ga h e e d f r om t e Aiv sru th e Gah p r aye r , wh e ein the t im e of ni ght is r efe r red t o as set apa rt f or th e f uncti ons of the hi gh priest the

1 L — . . WKin B 2 . ls see Len m a t g abylonian R eligion and M ythology p . 09 A o or n h a ean - ld M a i . 1 99 2 01 . C gc , pp

2 . L — i e t e u s . 4 H bb r ct re p 55 . 2 6 THE ERA or ZOROASTE R

m r e v i- daev o - da a ie t h e Z arthush tr ot e o . T he Vendidad . (p op r ly t ,

r chants given f or use a gains t t he Dae vas) was, and i s s ti l l . ecited at

i r r t . ni gh t ti me . e f om midni gh to mo n ing

r n Am ong th e Baby l onians , as wel l as a m on g the I ani a s , and

r t h e r seve ral oth er A ry a n nati ons , the p i vil eg e of exe r ci sin g p iestly

r r f r r h s wal m f uncti ons was ese ved o ce tai n f amili e s , and an y p y b le ish

r was re ga r ded as a di s qual iﬁc at ion f o t he cal ling .

In o rde r t o cha rm away dis eases t h e Bab y loni ans in thei r i ncanta

r e r w e r ti ons , invoked b y nam e ce t ain m d i cinal he bs a nd e ds . A simi la

t th XX 3t o invo ca ion occu rs in e Vendi dad ( ,

Anothe r Baby loni an m od e of c u ri ng a pa t ient was to recit e

t h e s w r one r incantat ions i n whi ch d i ea se s e e b y o ne n amed and c u sed ,

v r and w e r e command e d to l e av e th e body . T he p r imiti e I anian

r m od e of h ealing was si m ila as evi d enced in Yasht III . and Vendid ad

XX . (7 t o

In th e B ab yloni an r eli gio us c e rem onies a wate r basi n calle d

‘ ’ e t h Apsu was ind ispensable . So has i t b en in e Y asna and Vendidad ,

t r r r r t r eci al s of the Zo oast ians . Anoth e sac e d objec t i n h e Baby lonian

‘ ere e r f or carr in th e c monie s was the ship , shaped lik a c escent , y g gods , ‘ ' A si mila r objec t us ed by t h e Zo r oastr ians is c al l ed th e Mah r u or ‘ ’ - bar moon shap e , whi ch i s used as a suppo rt f or th e es m a r od s .

Othe r obj ects used in the Babyl onian r eli gious ce remonies we r e

r r t r re w t er ﬁ r r r g een b anches of e e s , p u a , e, g ains of co n , win e , s cente d 1 r r w r Z o s wood , he bs , sa ff on , ﬂesh of a hi te lamb and s o f o t h . T he or a

t rian s ﬁ re w r use , ate , wine , m il k , s cente d wood, le aves of the p ome

r t the bar es m a o r the t r r r g ana e , twi gs of ama i sk , t h e consec at ed b e ad ,

e n and m at . T he dat e palm which is a sin qua non in eve r y Z o roast r ia

e r e r r t mple , wa s hel d sac d in Baby lon i a al so, an d was t he e f eque ntl y

r r e t d e er and m r ep es n e on s al cy lind s monu ents , with human f o ms i n r t e r i ad o a ion b fo e t .

’ ’ s The Babylonian festivals we re call ed znnu , a wo rd wh ich seems

t er v r t h e v e Y N i r M r o be d i ed f om A sta A S A, .e a sac iﬁce ; ( od e n h er Jas na . P sian , a festiva l)

S om e of th e B abylonian le g en ds are s i m ila r t o th ose t hat we meet

t h e Shahnam ah r n o t r wi th i n , the P e sian E pic , but as we see ac es of

them in the Avest a it is possible th at the i de as may ha ve been bo rr owed

th e r r t r r b y I anians f om h e othe r na t ion at a l at e p e iod .

r a ﬂ r 0 B C 3 . . Sa gon of Ag da who ou i she d about 80 , sa ys in one of

his insc r iptions that af t er his bi rt h he was abandon e d by h is m othe r

— L u 1 . Sa e H s yc ibber t ect r e p . 5 39 . THE E RA or ZOROASTER 2 7

ﬂ t t h E who set hi m o a in g on e uph r ate s , i n a basket ; that he was rescued

the r er wh o r t t by Akki , ga d e n , b ough him up as hi s own son , an d tha 1 ter r t he e r la , by th e f avou of godd ss Ishta h e cam e to b e a ki n g .

h h h Ac c o rd ing to the S a nam a , t h e kin g Dar ab sho rt l y aft e r his

r h wa r bi t , s sim ila ly l ef t t o his fat e in a basket set floating on th e

E r he was w r r uph ates , and pi cked up by a ashe man wh o b ought him up .

l a r E r w t an E A Baby oni n h e o tna had f iendship i h agle . At on e

m h — r ti e when t e wife of E tana had d ifﬁ cul ty i n chi ld bi th , t he E agl e ‘ ’ 2 r r or r r t r p ocu ed f he the Plant of Bi h which en su ed s afe delive r y .

’ r r t he h hn m h us om s A simil a sto y i s told , i n S a a a , of R t f ather ,

h o r t th im r h th r Zal , w had f iend ship wi h e S u g ( e g rifﬁn) . The mothe of

r r r Rusto m had g eat difficulty i n gi vin g bi th , and was i n a c i tical

r f or t h e S r the condition , whe eupon Z al sent imu gh , and it was due t o ’ t r bi r d s valuabl e advic e that h e m oth e r was safely del ive e d .

T h e Bab ylonian l e g en d also inf o rm s us that on anothe r occasion

d r t h e E a gle ca rr i ed E t an a up t o H e aven , an that aft e t hey had passed

r h r n a rat s eve al gates of H eave n the y fell d own . T e pa t of the tablet r

r r in g the accid ent which befell th em i s b r ok en , but i t app ea s f om

r t t r anoth e abl et t h at bot h of them e scap e d with h ei liv e s .

e w t Sh h h i A som hat simi lar a c count in h e a nam a i s that of Ka kaus, wh o th r had an ambiti on t o s cal e e heavens . To g atif y thi s whim h e had a li ght th r one c onstr u cte d which h e placed on the bac k of f ou r

r t er e a gle s and too k hi s sea t the eon . The ea gle s bor e him alof , but aft awhi l e t h e y f ell down en m asse in a d es ol ute p lace wh e nce Kaikau s

a e h is t w s pick d up al ive by a t e ndants .

Wn ow r e n t h e r b r e p oc ed t o ex ami e e vid ence f u nish ed y ce t ain

Babylo ni an wo r ds and G e og rap hi cal names .

W e ha ve al r eady seen that s ome of th e Babyl onian wo rds are

m t n r si ilar t o or have hei r o rigi n in th e Avesta la guag e . A few mo e 3 r r r r wo r ds a e gi ven h e e f o c ompa ison .

It mu st ho weve r be bor ne in m ind that the wo rds have unde r gone

r r ce tai n t ransfo r m at ions acco r d ing t o t h e u les of Phil ology . Thus th e

‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ' s ound of r in Avesta become s 1 i n Babyl onian . and simila r l y ch ‘g ’ ' ’ ‘ ’ 11 kh r t becom e s , b ec omes and so f o h .

— 1 . L. B W. K n a l n an i e iin n M . i g by o R l go a d ythology p . 1 98 — 2 . " - i 84 . bd pp . 1 1 85

3 ' . M o st of t he Babylonian words have been tak en f rom Gerald Massey a A Book of T he

Be innin s ol . g g V . II 98 TH E E BA or Z O RO AS T E R

n Babyl o i an (Se mi t i c) . A vest a .

Kiri . Gaetha E ar t h Wo rld .

Bar Pathra Persian P ur Chi ld . ( ) Son .

ham m a H am a r K H eat . S umme .

Khshwas Sish (Pe r si an ) Six.

' Daral o t Dare ha Long , las in g . g Lon g .

Sam A shem F r r . Wheat . lou , co n Dahuti Daiti Gif ts . Bestowin g .

H war U rm Da , . y , Sun shi nin g Zi i Li f e . ] T o liv e .

Sharru A Khshathra Ki n g , A king .

Sar A chief .

A sm a Sam u S y. Sk y , k

T uham i Yem a Twins . Twin . am Kar W r r r V r . al led ound , a f o t ess . An encl osu e Rislu R alu A chi ef . A ch i ef .

Daenu Jd e Daena R the f acul t A u g . eli gious l aw y

of d i sc e rnment .

A inn vant “ s u r t Is A pr i e st . A p ies .

Ak dian e Babyloni an ( ka ) . Av sta .

am ount ain . H A mountain . Khar B Bi wo a . t . two

Kar Khar F ood . T o eat

Dub D a t Doubl e . v wo

M akh r M az r r S up eme . Sup em e , g eat .

R uck To shi ne .

A bba te r A r Wa . p Wat e .

Patesi er t r r Paili r er r r Vic e ge n , ule . A ul , l o d , maste . l l m d r r l M a ava g A p iest , honou ab e. g Pi ous .

Comi ng t o t h e Bab yloni an G eog r aph y w e ﬁnd that th e m ost

t e t w r E r U r E re ancien and w l l known o n s we e i du , , ch , and Lagash . ‘ ’ A t o r r r t r r cco rding P of esso Sayc e , E idu i s a con acte d f o m of the ‘ ’ i u it r t Akkadian E r d ga go od ci t y . But possib l y i s a cont ac ion of ‘ ’ th I A - DAK r t r e Avesta A RY H Y U T he nob le count r y , o , he A yan

t r . E r or r r e r a coun y ech U uk , whose m ode n nam i s Wa k , is aki n to the

VE H R KAN ment i on ed in th e Vendidad . U r (the pr e sent Mu ghi r)

1 . Max D n — u ck er V01. V.

30 THE ERA or ZOROA STE R

( l ) \Vhe n t h e name s of th e gods wo r shipped b y a n at i on cann ot th be t r aced et ym olo gical ly t o the l anguage of e people , but are de ri va ble f r om t he language of ano t he r nation wor shippi ng simi la r god s and

r it r asc ribin g t o t hem si mil a r att i bute s , can saf e l y be infe r e d t hat th e

r fo rme r n ati on has bo rrowe d f om t h e latt e r .

(2 ) In t he c ase of two nations wo rshippin g gods p ossessing simi lar tt t t h e ar names a nd a r ibutes, if w e ﬁnd hat the name s i n one e

t r abbr e viations of t hos e use d by the o h e , (as we have seen above in

- at Na k air o an h r Nabu and Apa m Nap , s u and N y s g a, Ma duk and

A m r a r at r e m it h e e etat , H e and H au v ) , the lo gi cal infe nc e f r o i s that t nat i on usin g sho rt f o rms of nam e s h as c op ied f r om the one i n whi ch a whol e nam es r e f ound .

(3) If we know that th e worship of c e r t ain gods wa s unknown t r o a nation upto a ce tain tim e , and if the r e i s evidence t o show that s ho r tl y bef ore t he i nt r oduc t i on of the n eww orship the nation had com e into contact wi th anothe r nation wo r shipping th e above gods . the onl y l e gitimate c onclusion that can b e c ome t o is t hat the f o r me r nati on

r t had lea n t h e n e w wor ship f r om th e l att e r .

(4 ) Th e Science of Reli gi on te ache s u s t h at in al l r eli gi ons the re t is a t h e be ginnin g a t endency towa rd s a mul t ipl i cat ion of go ds , e ach

r god b e ing assigned a sepa ate functi on , but in th e cou r s e of t ime th e

m - N gods become a al gamated , as we see i n the case of Nusku G i bil , usku

N - M r & c - R a O r - abu , Bel a duk , . , of the Baby lonians and Am m on , si i s Apis

r h t ﬁ nd t r t r (S e apion) , &c of t e E g ypti ans . If h en we hat in a pa i cul a nat ion the r e ar e t wo god s sli ghtl y d iff e r ing f r o m e ach ot h e r in th e i r func ti ons . while i n othe r n ation the two have be com e amal gam ate d int o o r ne god , o the re i s on e god endowed wi t h the a tt r ibutes of both , th e inf e r ence i s n ot wr ong that the p hase of wo r ship i n t h e f o r m e r n t t h e r f r t r a ion i s olde one . T ake o exampl e MITH RA . Mi h a , as hi s ‘ ’ m m r - na e i plies , i s o i gin all y d a y li ght ; he i s n ot the Sun , bu t is

t t r m it t dis inc f o hough in l ate r times b oth w e r e conf ounded , and wh en t h e Romans adopte d th e M ith r ai c cu lt t h e y m eant by Mi t h r a th e - r - Sun god onl y . Simi l a ly we see i n th e Baby l oni an Sun god

S m t h e r r t e t t r Ju d e an d ha as inc o po a d func i ons of M i h a as the g , i n

M r t he r er t d a duk cha act i s i cs of M ith r a as the M e iator .

I f t hes e f ou r tests are applie d t o the points of simi lar ity shown b a ove , it wi l l be see n t hat some of the p ro minent featu res in th e w r m t h e d r o ship of ost of gods esc ibed above are of I r anian moul d , and t hat t h e Bab yl onians af t er wa rds adopte d th e ideas and graduall y

e ve e t em r d lop d h on th ei own li nes . THE E BA or ZOROASTE R 31

It n ow rem ains f or us to asce r tain wh e n and howth i s t ran sp lan t at ion of I r anian conceptions on Babylonian soi l coul d have taken place . F or t h is pu rp ose i t wi ll be ne cessar y t o give a list of th e a a a I ranian Y z t s who se r ved a s pr ototyp e s f or the Bab y lonian god s , t og ethe r with the date of the ea r l i es t i nsc ripti ons in which t he

rr c o espondin g Baby loni an gods are m e ntioned .

the A r H - H In ss y i an pe ri od we come acr oss AS A A URA, H H AT A AI Y M IT RA, and K SH H R V R A

r 2 300 t E N In the insc iptions of about B . C . we no ice SP TA

T T A - AIR Y AN A ARMAI I, AME RA T , APAM N ARAT , N OS GH .

RA MAN and M ITH RA (as Sham as t he a ssoci ate of Ramman) .

In the i nsc r ipti ons p rior to the abov e date we ﬁnd t r ac es of

VE RE T H RAGH NA DA - U PAMA A H , MI N , MIT RA (as Shamas the

J MAH or - E H ud g e) , th e Moon god , and the d emon A S MA .

In t he ins c r iptio ns olde r sti ll we r e co gni se H AU R VAT AT and

A IR Y A MAN “ A 2 9 B H ( c . 2 800 B . S HAOSH ( c . 00 . C . ) BAG A ,

D and E E - H 38 0 A A R , G US URVAN (c . 8000 B . and AS I (c . 0

B .

F r om thi s li s t we may s et aside f or t h e p resen t t h e gods known

r or r r r in th e l ate A ss y i an p e iod , as t he y d o n ot much help towa d s

t r d e e s abl ishin g the g eat antiqui t y of the I r anian reli gion , an w ma y

e - - a lso l ea v out of conside rat i on the Sun god and th e Moon god , re ga rdin g wh ose cult th e evid ence to hand i s not q uite sufﬁcient t o sh ow which nation w a s t he ﬁ r s t to assi gn t o the m c ertain p e cul i a r

n t eu - r t h e fu c ions . G sh u rvan m ay also be lef t out of consi de ati on , as mater i al s f or ident i fyin g wit h t his Y az at a th e Babyl onian god Gish z d ar i a e somewhat mea gr e .

r - ar ait i Am eret at R n Nair osan h a Re ga din g Sp ent a m , , ama , y g and Apam - Nap at whose c ounte rpa rts appea r i n t he Babyloni an panthe

r t H r r e t m on f om abou the t ime of ammu abi , we hav e st on g t s i on y i n

r t r r . th f avou of h e p io ity of th ei r wor ship In the ﬁ r st pl ace , e B aby l oni an nam e s of t h e gods are cont r actions of t h e wh ol e name s in the

r A vesta , t o whi ch th e r ef o e the y b e l on g o ri ginally ; and in the sec ond place the Babyl onian gods d o not seem to have had an y ex istence

2 30 C r r t r th e r r rr by until about 0 B . . , o sho l y aft e p e i od ef e e d t o

r r t he d or r r , B e osus , when B aby l oni a was ul e d b y Me es th e Z o oast i ans who though they d isap p ea red f r om the page of Bab yl oni an hi st o r y 32 THE ERA or zonoasrnn

h e t f or sev e ra l succee din g c entu ries . lef t on the m ind of t subje c l r e na t i on t h e i mp ress of t hei r el i gi ous beli f .

e r r we r r r f ar B f o e , howeve , tak e the o i gin of Zo oast ianism so back i nto antiqui t y we have t o asce r tai n wh e the r th e Y az at as just

- - r r T h e r named are o f post Zo r oast rian or p ro Zo oast i an time . I anian d ei t ies wo r shipped pr i o r t o th e t im e of Zo r oaste r we re al so c omm on

2 - - r t r Na at t o t he Vedic A yans , and among h e s e we c om e a c oss Apam p ,

r tat a r A rm ait i Nair osan h a. B Am e e re e e , and y g ut Raman a nd nowh - r r m en tion e d in t he Vedas and are pu re l y p ost Z o oast i an deities .

In th e Gath as of Zo r oa st e r the wo r d A m er etat i s f req u ent ly us ed i n

f or et ff r it s abst ract sense , and at ti m es , po ic e e ct , the idea i s pe soni

h r r ﬁ ed . The l atte r use led to t e t ransf o mati on of the abst act ide a

r r l l r m int o a sepa rat e entity , o as an A chan ge , in ate ti es .

f ar r r th e s t he We hav e then s o , a i ved at c onc lu ion that a ge o f

r r 2 30 Zo roast e r i s p io t o B . C . 0 .

In the insc r ipt ions ear l i er th a n thi s pe ri od we have se en the

Ai m an r h r a h n a r or A r D m name s of Bagha , r y a a, Ve et g , Ad a ( ta ) , a i

m H aur vat at Sraosh a . up a an a, the dem on A eshma , , and Ashi

- r t t r t he The ﬁ r st fo ur are p re Z or oas t ian dei i e s, as h ei r nam e s occu in

- r r r r Ri g Ve da also . About D a mi up am an a and Aeshma f u the e sea ch is

r r necessa r y , and these may th e ef or e be lef t out ; but t h e last th e e

H R A T R A A H I ar - Z oroa t ri AU V T A , S OSH and AS e d ec idedl y post s

m r r in Gath as r an . Th e y ake thei appea ance the as abs t act i d eas,

r e ar e A m er et at and o ccasional ly pe soniﬁ d , as notic e d in the case of , Y t h e i r t ransf ormat ion int o az at as i s a subseq u ent d evelop m e nt .

m t h r r Since the f e al e Y a z ata ASH I , as e Baby l oni an Ishta , app e a s

th e r 3 B C it r t in insc iptions of about 800 . . , m a y safel y be p esum e d th a t h h r e Zor oastr ian reli gi on a nd c onseq uent l y t e a ge of Z o oast e r , ” ar e of an ear lier date Stil lf

In ou r q uest of the a ge of Zo r oaste r we have t hus a rr ived at the

r t 3 B our r hoa y antiqui y of 800 . C . , but the obje ct of s ea ch lies st i ll

“ 1 . Wen th e M e es m ent ined b B er s s as r l n v er Ba l n a ad b h h d ( o y o u u i g o by o i ) , y

am m ra ior his s ess r s een d r iv en out N rt ern M es tam ia t e were re la e H u b ucc o , b of o h opo , h y p c d b em ti settl ers wh o a te t o a er tain e tent the r el in the natin wh m y S i c dop d , c x , igo of o o th ey had di spossessed Com in g i n to a region wh ere for nearly 2 000 years th e m on ot heistic

Me es h ad een esta lis e t e t o avert the wrat th e God the lan a t ed t o a d b b h d , h y, h of of d , dop ” e tain e ten t s w r hi rs i . An ien t alendar s and n stellatins . 84 and 85 . c x o h p c C Co o , pp 2 e i . T h I ran ans and th e Vedic Aryan s seem t o hav e separat ed at abou t the t im e of ’ r aster s m is s n for we ﬁ nd Gush tas and s m e his warr ir s m ent ned in the Vedas Zo o io , p o of o io ,

and l ew se s m e Ve i ers a es i i t ik i o d c p o n g m ent oned n h e Gath as.

3. T s d es not m ean t at all the Yas t s and r ra e s r s im ilar a t i hi o h h o the p y r a e of n iquty. Wat is r e e is e v er th ant it th e r i a d s T s h p o d h iqu y of wo sh p n not of the wr iting . he olde t s r t r es ar e the Gathas nl c ip u o y . THE E BA or ZOR OASI' E B 33

— t r r r ere fu rthe r off , we have still to r ave se seve al centu ies we can

- r e r m re ach the hi t he r most outp ost s of that me m o abl epoch . T o f o an

e stimate of th e len gth of t hi s i n t e r v enin g spac e w e sh al l n ow h av e t o examin e when and h ow ce rtain r e ligi ous id e as and f o rm s of spee ch

t d t n of t he Ar yan nati on came o be a op ed by the Babyl oni a s . The

h h t r we e Median r ul e of t e 95t c en u y B . C . acc ounts , as hav e s en , but f or a par t of the r e se m b lanc e we have noti ced ; it t h r ows no li gh t whatso e ve r on h ow the god s wo r shipped p re vi ous ly to th at a ge f ound

r wa h thei y into th e Babyl oni an pant eon . The expl anati on of thi s sh ould be sought in anothe r di r ection .

The ear l iest h it h er t o kn own pe opl e that s e tt led in Baby l onia w e r e a nomad t rib e sp eakin g a language c l assi ﬁ ed as Tu r anian or of t h e r a gglutinative g oup . Th e par ts t hat th ey sett led in were cal l e d

a r b y them Sh mi r and Akkad , and h enc e t h e i lan guag e has be en diff erent ly te rme d Akkad ian or Sum e r i an by m od e r n Scholar s .

r r r r 0 C Th e e i s hi sto i cal evid ence t o p ove that ev en so e a ly as 450 B . 1 W r m t r A ss r iol o th e y had a ell e st ablish ed f o m of G o ve rn en the e . y gi sts con cu r on t h e point t hat th es e T u r ani ans we r e not indi genous t “ h o the soi l but c am e f r om s om e o t h er countr y . If we exami n e t e elementar y cha r acte r s of th e i r cunei f o r m w riti n g wi th a view t o di sco ve r in g wh at t h e interna l objects we re which t hey o r i gin all y

r he t r t rep esented , we ﬁ nd that the natu r e of t objec s thus f o med in o graphi c s i gns s eem s t o i ndicat e a s the ori ginal s e at of this w r i t i ng a

t r — r r r er f l and o he th an C haldea , a m o e No rthe n egion with a v y dif e ” " r e nt fauna and flo r a The Akkadians we r e wel l sup plied with t h e nam e s of m et als t h ough no me t al lic o r e s whate v e r could at any time 3 have been f ound i n Chal d e a . Mo reo v e r t he A kkadi an wor d u s e d f or e ver y ki n d of c ame l i s one t ha t can b e etymolo gi call y expl aine d t o have been o r i ginally intende d f or a special v a rie t y— th e t wo- hum ﬁ ped animal s of Bact ria F r om t hese an d oth e r fac t s Or ient al i sts hav e come t o th e concl usi on that th e or i ginal ho m e of t he B aby lonian

r r T h e Tu anians was the m ount ainou s di s t r ict of C ent al Asi a . nam e “ ” r e t r Ak kad gi ven to a po r tion of thei old sett l ements , si gniﬁ s i n hei ‘ ’ lan guage mountain or hi gh - c ount ry — a nam e given in r em emb r anc e of thei r old home although it was at va ri ance with the cha r acte r of

w t n ow we the l oc ality in hich hey d lt .

r wer e The Tu ania ns e f ol l ow d by the S em ites , who g r adually

r he B extende d th ei sway ove r t whole of aby l oni a . The two nations

— 1 . R obert t on V ies o th e ast P . 1 65 . o c f p ,

2 Len m ant - al ean Ma i or . 859 . Ch d g c , p — 3 n s o the ast . 2 8 . . ert V ie R ob o o c f p , p

4 . e . . 3 . L norm ant O cit . 60 p , p 34 THE E RA or zonos s r na soon amal gamate d and cam e t o h ave the same reli gi ous belief s in comm on Th e Semiti c l anguage was used b y bo th f or o rdina r y p u r .

t r r f or r r r . T he t poses, h e Akkad ian was ese ve d eli gious lite atu e Semi es

4000 B C . f r the must hav e a r rived much ca r li e r than . , o in ti me of

t r Sa r gon (3800 B C .) he y had al ead y succeed e d i n buildin g up an emp i re . The re ar e m any ind icatio ns t h at they t oo came f r om the

So i t appea r s that th e o r i ginal home of the Babyl oni ans was Ce ntral Asi a — th e same r egio ns whi ch we re oc cupied by the Indo

I r a nian n ati on . T hat t hese Ir anian re gi on s w e r e not occupied solely

r but r - r a e by the A yans we e peopled by no n A yan nat i ons as we l l , p p 2 r r m t a s also f o h e Ave st a .

Anothe r c i r cum stan c e t hat p oints t o the dwel li ng tog ethe r of the nati ons speakin g the Ind o - I r ani an and t h e Tu ranian langua ges

t r r t t is th e m ys e ious si gniﬁ cati on they att i bu t ed o c e r ai n numbe r s . ‘ ’ 60 was one of the numb e r s t o whi ch such i mpo r t anc e was given by ‘ ’ ‘ ’ e r 1 N r t h e Baby l onians . A cycl of 60 y ea s was called Sos 0 S08 a e , ‘ ’ — r r r - an d 60 sos a Se . The Chin e se an ot h e Tu anian nati on have also ‘ ’ r e r r r a sac e d cy c le of 60 y a s . Th e H ind us too eckon by B ihaspati cyc l es of simi la r numbe r s of y ear s ; and besid es they divid e the d ay ‘ ’ ‘ ’ ‘ ’ h ti into 60 g a s, each ghat i i nto 60 pal s

Anot he r sacred numb er both amon g t h e Tu r anians and the A r yans i s A week of s ev en day s i s an inst itut i on in almost al l

t r t h ese n a ions, and the days of t h e week a e named f r om the sam e

e t e r r cel stial obj ec t s and in h s am e o de .

e Dav kina t h A Babyl onian godd ss , e wif e of H ea, bea r s the same

oki th e t r t e H r name as D e , mo he of h ind u God K ish na .

A l l the se c i r cums t an ces point to the f act th at the Babyl oni an

e h Tu ranians , b ef o r e t h e y cam d own t o t e plains wat e r e d b y the

r an d t he E r t w t w t - r t h e T i g is uph a e s , d el i h the Ind o A yans in coun 3 r e t r t i e s of C n al As i a .

T his t hen e xplains th e p rese nce of I rani a n Go ds in th e Baby l o

r t r nian p antheon , th e si m ila i y in Ge og aphical names , and the

r h e i T h tt r sp rinkling of Avest a wo d s in t Bab ylon an lan gua ge . e l a e

— 1 ert n V ie o the ast . 4 6. . Rob o o c f p p

2 Geier— ivilizatin o the E astern Ir anian s t ranslat n D ast r D ar a . g C o f , io of u b

- Vol. . 1 9 2 4 . I , p t assa e r m the at has seem s t o all e t o t s r m s t an e. In he 8rd 3. A p g f o G ud hi ci cu c i s Gatha (Yasna XLI V) we ﬁ nd Zor oaster com plainin g of t he host i lity of a certa n per on ’ m ent ned as “ e er s tr n Bendv a is ers n m st av e een a ranian the io th v y o g . Th p o u h b Tu of ‘ ’ sam e ra e as the e le so re entl re er red to a ve for we a e seen t at Banda in c p op f qu y f bo , h v h , ‘ th e A adian lan a e m eans st r n ’ kk gu g , o g . TH E E BA or zonos sr nn 35

p eopl e had mad e these things t hei r own when the y wer e dwel lin gwith

h e w th e Ir ani ans i n t e sam regions , and h e n they c ame d own to their 1 r r new home the y of c ou s e b ought these i deas along with them .

n ow r when r h r It emains to be seen th ey s epa at ed , wh e t e r bef o e

r r r r the adv ent of Zo oaste o aft e .

When we s ee that th e wor sh ip of the I ranian Y azat as SRAC R T H as r SH A , H AU VA and AS I w p eval ent with th e Babyl onians in

the m ost anc i en t tim e s and also hear in m ind th at these Y az atas are

- r r of a post Zo oas t ian a g e , th e onl y c on clusion t hat we can come t o i s

t ha t the sepa r at i on must have t aken place some t ime af t er the age of

r er r Zo oast . We ﬁn d the Bab yl onians al ead y settled and having an

r m C est abli shed go ve n ent i n B . 4500, and supposin g that they had

r r rl r c o m e down onl y a hund ed yea s ea i e , th e l atest date that we can

th e e r w be t B C 4 00 t o i assign to s pa ation ou ld abou . 6 . If we add th s

about f ou r t o ﬁ ve hund red year s . t h e least p e r io d necessa r y f or the abs t r act i d eas of th e ti m e of Zo r oaste r to c r yst alli z e i nt o Yezata ~ f o rm s . we come upon B C . 5000 as the point in the t im e h orizon be yo nd which we shoul d d i rect our m ental te l e sc ope to look f or th e age of t he Q r w r t t t li I anian L a gi ve . It is possible ha th e a ge may be s i ll ear er , and per haps fu r the r r esea rch e s i n Bab yl oni a and Pe r sia m ay tend t o

‘ c o r r obo r at e th e state ments of the anci ent G r eek writ e r s who

r er era r r assi gne d to Z o oast the of 6000 Ye a s bef o e Plat o , although th e

r a r r r he evidence al e d y to hand d o e s not ca y us so f a . But t ﬁel d of

r e search is n ot yet exhaus te d . Many inscr ipt ions and m onument s

’ 1 . s m ilar inin is e res sed b h nsen in E t s la e in U nie s A i op o xp y u gyp p c v r al H is tor y. “ H e sa s : T he two reat rm at iv e ran es the m an ra e the Sem iti and r an y g f o b ch of hu c , c A y , e t indelile m ar s t e r m m n r n in lan a e and rem inis en es h e xhibi b k of h i co o o igi , gu g c c of t ante l v an retim e and t he iv l satin the rem ev al w rld w i were interw v e di u i fo , c i i o of p o , h ch o n i nt o t h e t radi t ion s of each E ach com m enced a cou r se of i nd ep end ent dev el op m en t by which hu m ani t y was raised one s tep fo rm s th e point of junc t io n of the a t e n an em ii s st em s relii an sep ra A r ya d S t c y of gon d of th ought. T he st r n inﬂ en e e er ise v er m an nd by Ma sm em anate r om al ea o g u c x c d o ki gi d f Ch d ,

t it s r i n was r an t at is r ast r an. We can ﬁ nd n o r t f r M a h Ma ian o t e hough o gi A y , h Zo o i oo g, g w s ﬂ the m t in e rew or al ee. T he r eas n h t i in en e was s o s t r n l ( i gh y) , H b Ch d o y h u c o gy ex ercised by t he Chaldea ar ose partly f r o m it s m ore west ern pos itio n and partly f rom t h e p repo nderance of Chald ean ast ron om y and ast r ol ogy over thos e of th e A ryan as well as old ” t ia lat n K V Part VII . n i . B I Egyp popu o ( , )

ir ls l s s c l s he r l n in a ea t n n. an ans 2 . I be iev e a differe t line of qu y o d t o hi o c u i o T I i re ar i s or at er th e azata resiin e he star as the e h st isht i a ie . ir r Y v r t t e ar T r . S g d d y ( u ) , h p d g o , o n In s t V e r n al r s n the star is an i sl l e f r as G d of R ai . Ya h III t h ac o yc i i g of x ou y ook d o

ein t he ar in er th e rain s eas n . In ent ral sia t h e r iinal m e t he b g h b g of y o C A , o g h o of ranians th s seas n s ets in s n a ter t he t m nal n and t ere r e in I , i o oo f Au u Equi ox , h fo som e v er y ancient t i m e wh en Si riu s was identiﬁ ed as t h e R ain- b r in gin g God the star m u st ° a e ee n a t 1 80 a ar t r m t he Sun at t he t m e the t m nal in t at is h v b bou p f o , i of Au u Equ ox ; h s n t s w t o say th e R igh t A scens ion of the tar m ust hav e bee hen om e here n ear At p resent t h e R igh t A sc en s ion of the star is which has been b r ough t abou t by t he lapse of about

7 2 x 100 7 2 00 ears a r n t o th e law the Pre essin the in es. T is y , cco di g of c o of Equ ox h t r the ant it w s i w ih a es us a t o the er a t 5 300 B. . f o i T isht ria r k b ck p i od of bou C qu y of y o h p , h c seem s t o be st - r as tr an sin e t he star - had a different nam e am n the Vedi po Zo o i , c god o g c n I di ans. 36 THE ERA or Z OR OA STE R

ar r r r r d c red e bei ng unea thed eve y yea , m an y still em ain to be e iphe ; and when the se shall hav e al l unbosom e d th e mselv e s of th e sec rets t r h l he y hold , the mist that envelopes the a g e of that enowned p ioso

r r w l er a d dis e phe and p ophet of anti quity il , a t no v y di st nt at e , be p r

r sed , and we sh all be in a p osit i on to gaug e mo e accur at e l y the

t h m r in r ° di stance hat sep a r at e i f om us . As it i s , the B aby l oni an sc ip

r r r h a m t i ons have end e e d no l ittle se r vi c e in the m atte . T ey h ve a ply r epai d the debt wh ich the y owed t o th e i nsc r ip tions of the Z or oastr i

k n an king Dar ius f or f u rni shin g th e ey t o th e i r deci phe r m e t .

In conc lusion, I hav e onl y to add that m y ac quaintanc e with t h e n A v t t r Babyl onia and th e esta l i e ra ure s not bei n g ﬁ st h and , I may ,

r r t ve y likel y, hav e gon e a st a y in some r espect s; bu thou gh m y c on

e l r e lusions mi ght not b e h ld va id on al l p oi nts , it would be a matt e of sat isfa cti on t o m e eve n if thi s pap e r m e r el y ser ve s t o di r e ct res ear ches i nto a n e w channel , wh i ch mi ght l e ad t o f resh d i scove ries con cernin g th e Zo r oast r ian r eli gi on . "E ND ]

We have been appr oached b y s ome schola r s that this impo r tant

a r ticle m ay be r ep r inted i n a p amphl e t f orm f or wid e r con ’ h e s d n r t t E . cul at i o . We app ove of sug g e i o n . . I. L Q ]

0 0.

THE A GE O F Z AR AT HU SH TRA

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d z ered r 1 772 t h er r e , o of e Ch r ist i an a, t he Presi d ent of t h e Pa si

e r t un ch er e C ur t r M ah a u r Pancha y t of Su a , M j e se jee, ecei ved a j ,

t r t r ast r e si gned by hi y seven lea ned D oo s, Mobed , and Behe

i r h t h e deens nhabitant s of Y e z d in Pe si a , ce r t if ying t at

r Anni ve sa r y of the bi r thday of Z or oaste r was Kh o r d ad , th e

t d er e n l 2 1 r si x h ay of F v r dee , the st month on M onday , 7 5 yea s ( acc or din g to the Per si a n computati on) f rom t h e Deluge h a ve 1 i n g been complet ed and t h e six t h da y of 2 7 6r eached , wh e n

Z r a r r cio ste was bo n .

er D at r wh ( The p i od of elu ge is placed y ea s , out of which en

2 1 r r ra 7 6ye a s a e deducted , t h e bi r thday of Z ar ath u sht would be pl aced at d yea rs . E . I . L . Q. )

Presented to the

LIBRARIES of the

UNIVERSITY OF TOR ONTO W illard G. Oxtoby T WN T H E R IGHT S OF Z OR OA ST R IANS. F A A O

2 0

T h e v ex an d h um iliate the Zoroas trian com m unity or oth er n - m w un er th e rote t on of Is am is n a f on Mu sli s , ho are d p c i l u l wul , and it is obligatory on all Mu sli m s duly to obs erv e the injunctions of His H o lines s the Seal o f the Pr o hets res e t n the p , p c i g ir

oo t reatm ent the wnn n of th e r affe t ns and th e ar n g d , i i g i c io , gu di g of th e r v es h ono r an d oss ess ons nor sh o l the s werv e b i li , u p i , u d y y ’ ” m h a a ha r b r a th from th s lease God A m ht . so uc s i s e d i , p l ig y

- Mujtahid o f Karballa.

( 2 1 - 2

“ N om "

PA R SIS PE R SIA .

Anythi ng which serv es to stren gthen th e bond s between the Zoroas trians and thei r anci ent h om e is worthy of all com m end ation an d su pport; Ith i nk you wil l ﬁ nd am ongst th e

y ou n ger generation of Persians in Persia a v ery m uch m ore f r en f ee n — e a Wm m rat n - f r the h of n e ar a o o Ch r i dly li g , i d d d i i , u c

Z as r T h e t t th e k bo h e n a n oro te . ruth is tha tal a ut t u ch ngi g ” E ast which p eople are so f ond of i ndulgin g in h ere is great

n o sen s and the h an e f o t o k in Pers a s n e t he R e o t on n e, c g o u l o i i c v lu i ” of 1 906h as been v ery g reat .

P rof . E . G. Bro wn e.

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