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3Cd7da1f20da02aa5c1939ba8a PROCEEDINGS OF THE' THIRTEENTH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CRITICAL THINKING AND ROBERT HEILBRONER EDUCATIPNAL REFORM DISTINGUISHED ECONOMIST AND SOCIAL CRITIC Critical Thinking: A Global Economic Imperative AUGUST 1-4, 1993 UNDER THE AUSPICES. OF THE RICHARD W. PAUL DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR CRITICAL THINKING Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique SONOMA-STATE UNIVERSITY (707) 664-2940 TABLE OF CONTENTS The proceedings ofthe 13th International Conference on Critical Thinking are dedicated to INTRODUCTION the memory ofthe late Edward M. Glaser whose About the Center for. Critical Thinking 1 commitment to critical thinking was lifelong and whose contribution was seminal and far-reaching. Staff Development 9 Conference History , ~ 15 Conference Theme 19 Pseudo Critical Thinking 25 CONFERENCE SCHEDULING How to Find the Session You Want to Attend 29 Audience Codes and Campus Map : 31 Planning Guide 32 Conference Schedule 35 Special Interest Groups 58 Selected Sessions (Listed by Audience Code) 61 CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS Session Abstracts 79 Presenter's Addresses 187 NCECT National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking 202 -------.~ ABOUT THE CENTER ABOUT THE CENTER FOR CRITICAL THINKING: The Center conducts advanced research and disseminates infor­ mation on critical thiiJ..king and moral critique. It has been working closely with the Foundqtion for Critical Thinking, the California State Department of Education, the College Board, the Association for Super­ vision and Curriculum Development, the National Education Associa­ tion, the U.S. Department of Education, and numerous school districts to facilitate implementation of high standards of critical thinking instruction from kindergarten through college. Its major works include the International Conference on Critical Thinking and the Staff Devel­ opment Series. ABOUT THE FOUNDATION FOR CRITICAL THINKING: The Foundation for Critical Thinking is a nonprofit public benefit corporation, legally independent from Sonoma State University. It works cooperatively with the Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, PBS Adult Learning Satellite Service, the College Board, and other research centers, institutes, and public institutions to publish and dissem­ inate a variety of critical thinking resources. Iii· ABOUT THE CENTER ABOUT THE CENTER ~ • We all learn best by working with others, dialogically, and ABOUT THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR EXCELLENCE IN [ generating mutually supportive debate. CRITICAL THINKING: ;r: • Critical thinking requires that we recognize the limitations of our The goal of the NCECT is to become an independent, nonprofit, pro­ own point of view and seek truth above advocacy of our positions. fessional organization parallel to the National Council of Teachers of Math, • We need intellectual criteria and standards by which to guide and English, ... and domain specific associations such as the American Psycho­ evaluate our thinking as we construct meaning from our world. logical Association, and the American Philosophical Association. At present, • There are numerous pseudo critical thinking approaches being the NCECT is legally and financially a part of the Foundation for Critical generated by textbook publishers and others. It is important to Thinking and shall remain so until it is able to function independently. have criteria for the assessment of such approaches. PHILOSOPHY PLEASE CALL ••• Critical thinking holds the potential for helping students learn The staff at the Center and the Foundation for Critical Thinking, how to learn, with discipline and depth, in any subject they choose to committed to the furthering of critical thinking, welcomes inquiries via study. It offers the thinker the opportunity to develop well-grounded self­ phone, fax, or E-mail. We will do our best to answer your questions or confidence in his or her ability to come to a well-reasoned idea on any direct you to other sources, when appropriate. Inquiries regarding the issue or topic. It provides the developmental foundation for good judg­ conference, staff development services, and academic credit should be ment, a quality highly prized by all. directed to the Center. Questions regarding Regional Workshops and crit­ The Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique is based on ical thinking books and tapes should be directed to the Foundation. the singular goal of helping critical thinking reach its potential. The Below is a list of organizational and project managers. These individuals objectives of our research, our teaching, our writing, and our cri­ and their staff welcome your communications. tique is to reach out to students, to teachers, to administrators, to par­ - ents, and to business people who are all striving to develop well-reasoned - - Trish Taylor Director of Operations ideas, and to develop people of good judgment. Renee Denise Coordinator, Center for Critical Thinking - John Pruess Coordinator, Foundation for Critical Thinking Kelly Grogan Assistant Inservice Coordinator PRINCIPLES J. J.Jones Conference Presenter Representative Annalise O'Brien Conference Registration Coordinator • Every person is capable of improving his or her thinking. David Grady Assistant Conference Coordinator • We learn what to think only as we learn how to think. Charles Evans Foundation Shipping Manager • Critical thinking always involves the thinker's continuous self­ - Emiko Lewis Resource Order Coordinator assessment of the thinking as the thinking develops. Mike Lanham Accountant • We will gain significant knowledge only if we value gaining it. - - Rena Ferric Workshop Registration Coordinator • To be educated means to predictably come to well-reasoned ideas, - beliefs, and decisions. Center for Critical Thinking Foundation for Critical Thinking • Speedy and shallow coverage, which is the survey approach to Sonoma State University 46.!i5 Sonoma Mountain Road Rohnert Park, CA 94928 Santa Rosa, CA 95404 education, often produces mislearning which retards deeper phone: (707) 664-2940 phone: (707) 546-4926 understanding and tends to breed intellectual arrogance. fax: (707) 664-4101 fax: (707) 546-4718 2 .Ie; e ABOUT THE CENTER ~ ABOUT THE CENTER BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC EXPERTS Ii CALL FOR CRITICAL THINKING ~ IN ANY SUBJECT AREA OR TOPIC, WHETIlBR ACA- FITNESS TRAINING FOR THEIIIINDAKINTOPHYSI- CAL FflNESS '!RAINING FOR THE BODY liiijiiill'lllli,1I DEMICORPRACTICAL, REQUlRINGJNTn.LECTUAL John Sculley, CEO and Chair of Apple Computer: L!:~t~lI~~~g ~ ACTIVD.Y DEVD.OPS TRAITS SUCH AS INTEL- "... as a nation, we have gone from being resource-rich in the old economy to I LECTUAL INTEGRITY, INTELLECTUAL HUMILITY, ~ resource-poor in the new economy almost overnight! Our public education has IN1ELUJCI'UAL COURAGE not successfully made the shift from teaching the memorization offacts to i~,~~;ilil~;ll~.~!iii~;~;;i!! achieving the learning ofcritical thinking skills. We are still trapped in a K-12 V FAIRMINDFDNESS,IN1ELUJCI'UAL EMPATHY, AND I public education system which is .preparing our youth for jobs that no longer exist." (Sculley, John. Remarks to then President-Elect Clinton, I ~~:~~2t6ir~~ll1~r~E 10ENnFJEs THE CRITERIA OF SOLID REASON- II> •••••••••· Stilfl~larl:Is ~ lNG, SUCH AS PRECISION, RELEVANCE, DEPTH, December, 1992) ACCURACY, SUFFICIENCY, AND ESTABLISHES A CLEAR STANDARD BY wmCHTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TIllNKING WILL BE FINALLY ASSESSFD Laura Tyson, Chair, President's Council of Economic Advisors: "High productivity work-place organizations depend on workers who can do f~ldr,g(~I1~,I"I{I~ol:tI1~(:6l1s&uctibJ1(f~· AWARENESS OF THE ELEMENTS OF mOUGHT SUCH AS ASSUMP'I1ONS AND POINf OF VIEW, THAT more than read, write, and do simple arithmetic, and who bring more to their ARE PRESENT IN ALL WELL-REASONED TIllNKING; jobs than reliability and a good attitude. In such organizations, workers are A CONSCIOUS, ACTIVEAND DISCIPLINEDEFFORT asked to use judgment and make decisions rather than to merely follow ••. .•.•..•.•...•• •••. TO ADDRESS EACH ELEMENT IS DISPLAYFD directions." (Tyson, Laura D'Andrea. "Failing Our Youth: America's K-12 Education," New Perspectives Quarterly, Nathan Gordels, edjtor. Winter, II.i>(}Uidi~~t:~~i~~'~~:~~~~g~~I)fthe>=~= CoNTINUALLY ASSESSING THE COUSE OF CON- 1993, p. 53) il IITRUCTION DURING THE PROCESS, .ADJUSTING, ADAPl'lNG, IMPROVING, USING THE CANDLES OF CRITERIA AND STANDARDS TO LIGHrTHE WAY Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor "... mastery ofold domains ofknowledge isn't nearly enough to guarantee a good II ASSesSlJlglthe Eflfecltlvl~IleSSI)hhe ==:::::::: DELmERATELY ASSESSING THE TJiINKING TO DETERMINE ITS STRENGTHS AND LIMITAnONs, income..... What is more valuable is the capacity to effectively and creatively use ACCORDING TOTHE DEFINING PURPOSE, CRITERIA the knowledge." (Reich, Robert. The Work ofNations, Vintage Books, NY, NY. AND STANDARDS, STUDYING THE IMPUCATIONS FOR FURTIIER TIllNKING AND IMPROVEMENT 1992, p. 182) 4 5 ABOUT THE CENTER ABOUT THE CENTER RESEARCH AND INSERVICE TEAM ,GERALD NOSICH is a noted authority on critical think­ ing and the author of Reasons and Arguments. He is presently working on a book on critical thinking across the curriculum. His ability to give subject-spe­ cific examples of critical thinking, as well as his com­ mand of diverse teaching strategies, have made him a popular staff development leader. Aregular presenter RICHARD W. PAUL, Director of the Center for Critical at conferences on critical thinking, he has also given Thinking, is an internationally recognized authority many workshops across the
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