DOCSLIB.ORG

Friends Or Foes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Friends Or Foes FRIENDS OR FOES: CHANGING CONCEPTS OF RULER-MINISTER RELATIONS AND THE NOTION OF LOYALTY IN PRE-IMPERIAL CHINA Author(s): Yuri Pines Reviewed work(s): Source: Monumenta Serica, Vol. 50 (2002), pp. 35-74 Published by: Monumenta Serica Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40727495 . Accessed: 14/01/2012 00:20 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Monumenta Serica Institute is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Monumenta Serica. http://www.jstor.org MonumentaSerica % ifc 50(2002):35-74 4 4 FRIENDS OR FOES CHANGING CONCEPTS OF RULER-MINISTER RELATIONS AND THE NOTION OF LOYALTY IN PRE-IMPERIAL CHINA* Yuri Pines Nowthe reason why a rulerbuilds lofty inner walls and outer walls, looks carefullyto thebarring of doors and gates, is [toprepare against] the coming of invadersand bandits. But one whomurders the ruler and takes his state doesnot necessarily climb over difficult walls and batter in barred doors and gates.[He maybe oneof the ministers] who by limiting what the ruler sees andrestricting what the ruler hears, seizes his government and monopolizes hiscommands, possesses his people and takes his state. ShenBuhaiÍ^H1 Contents 1. "Whenyou dislike [the ruler], you may leave him": The Guodian credo 38 2. Ruler'sCompanions and Personal Servants of the Chunqiu Period 42 3. FollowingDao orBefriending the Ruler: Zhanguo Views of Loyalty 53 4. FromFriends to Foes - TheLate Zhanguo Reappraisal of Loyalty 62 Epilogue:From Friends to Wives: The Imperial Notion of Loyalty 71 ChineseAbstract 73 Loyalty(zhong Ä) is widelyrecognized as one of the pivotalethical norms in Chinese politicalculture. Ever since the Chunqiu #$C (722-453 B.C.E.) - ZhanguoBUS (453-221) periods,2political and philosophicaltexts argued that without"loyal ministers"(zhong chen ,*£[§) the statewould perish,and urged officialsand ministersto preservezhong even at the expenseof theirlives. The Inpreparing this article I benefited greatly from on-line discussions by the members of the War- ringState Workshop (WSW) (see http://www. egroups.com/group/wsw/). I am also deeplyin- debtedto AndrewPlaks, Irene Eber, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Michal Biran, Sato Masayuki $lWt&3L,Naomi Standen, and Gideon Shelach for their insightful remarks on theearlier ver- sionsof this article. 1 ^AmmÀft&mtmmnKZïnM.»A*K«¿stó«4*moiRB#, ##**» (Modifiedtranslation ofHerrlee G. Creel,Shen Pu-hai: A ChinesePolitical Philosopher of the FourthCentury B.C. [Chicago- London1974], p. 344). 2 Hereafterall thedates are before Common Era, unless indicated otherwise. 36 Yuri Pines pseudo-Handynasty "Canon of Loyalty" (Zhongjing AM) states: "Among whateveris coveredby Heaven, supportedby Earthand followedby men,noth- ing is greaterthan loyalty."3 This maybe a rhetoricalexaggeration, but the sen- timentcertainly represents a widely shared convictionof traditionalChinese statesmenand thinkers. This exaltationof loyaltycannot obscure major problemsconcerning actual implementationof thisvirtue in politicallife. ThroughoutChinese history, think- ers and statesmendisagreed to whomloyalty is due: to an immediatemaster, a supremeruler, a rulingfamily, the people in general,or, perhaps,to Dao it, i.e., theprinciples of good rule?Especially in theages of turmoiland dynasticdecline, conflictingloyalties instigated immensely tense personal dramas. These dramas have not remainedunnoticed: several excellent studies discuss the complicated natureof loyaltyduring ages of rebellionand dynasticchange.4 These studies, however,usually concentrate on the last millenniumof imperialhistory. Much less attentionhas beendevoted to theorigins of theconcept of loyaltyand itsevo- lutionduring the pre-imperialperiod, the formativeage of Chinese political thought.Occidental Sinology has rarelyfocused on ethical aspects of ruler- ministerrelations in pre-imperialthought.5 3 XZffiW,t62Jrfc, AZffifä, ^±¥& (Zhongjing, repr. Congshu jicheng »JtífcjS [Beijing],vol. 893, p. 1). Althoughthe Zhong jing is traditionallyattributed to Ma Rong Ulfe (79-166 C.E.), it was compiledin all likelihoodin theSong dynasty. 4 See, forinstance, Wang Gung-wu, "Feng Tao: An Essay on ConfucianLoyalty," in: ArthurF. Wright- Denis Twitchett(eds.), ConfucianPersonalities (Standford, Calif. 1962), pp. 123-145; JamesT.C. Liu, "Yiieh Fei (1103-1141) and China's Heritageof Loyalty,"in: Journalof Asian Studies31 (1972) 2, pp. 291-297; Naomi Standen,"Frontier Crossing from North China to Liao, c. 900-1005" (Ph.D. diss., Universityof Durham, 1994), pp. 260-277; David A. Graff,"The MeritoriousCannibal: Chang Hsiin's Defenseof Sui-yangand the Exaltationof Loyaltyat theAge of Rebellion,"in: Asia Major (ThirdSeries) 8 (1995) 1, pp. 1-17; RichardL. Davis, WindAgainst the Mountain.The Crisis of Politicsand Culturein Thirteenth-Century China (Cambridge,Mass. 1996). For a somewhatdifferent perspective, see Laurence A. Schneider,A MadmanofCh'u. The ChineseMyth of Loyalty and Dissent(Berkeley 1980). 5 The issue of ruler-ministerrelations and thenotion of loyaltyin pre-imperialChina have been extensivelydiscussed by Chineseand Japanesescholars. See, forinstance, a seriesof studiesby SuzukiYoshikazu i^lf- , "Shunjüjidai no kunshinronri" ##cH#ft<9f!"Eifí«ra, in: Nihon - Chügokugakkaihõ EHÍ tlH^'É'lg 34 (1982), pp. 1-16; "Sengokujidai no kunshinronri juka o shu toshite"Kg|B#>ft *> SEfÄrä- fliSC* ± ¿ ^ t: , in: NihonChügoku gakkaihõ 35 (1983), pp. 84-98; "Sengokujidai no kunshinkankei - höka,yükyo, jüöka no baai" ttll|B#ft ofïElîSfé-ÎÎSL á»í*> «Ê«^o»â, in: TõhõgakuJR^¥ 68 (1984), pp. 1-15; see also NingKe í nj - JiangFuya HIS55, "Zhongguolishi shangde huangquan he zhongjunguan- nian" + SE£±WÄ«*n&SE&, in: Lishiyanjiu M.Í$'% 2 (1994), pp. 79-95; Liu Bao- cai giJW^, "Chunqiushidai lunli sixiangjianlun" #&B$ftffcSSÍiffif¿, in: Xibei daxue xuebao H:lk;MMÊIR 1 (1988), pp. 9-15; Liu Zehua Sdii*, Zhongguochuantong zhengzhi siwei + ia#MKfèS&t (Changchun1991), pp. 252-283; Ge Quan «£, Zhengde zhi igt«,* (Shanghai1998), pp. 193-221; Wang Zijin ï? 4% Zhongguannian yanjiu «,■£»WL1&M% (Jilin1999). AmongWestern scholars the mostimportant discussion is thatby Mark Edward Lewis in Writingand Authorityin Early China(Albany 1999), pp. 63-73. AlthoughLewis does Ruler-MinisterRelations and the Notionof Loyalty 37 Fortunately,recent archeological discoveries may spur renewedinterest in earlyChinese political ethics. In 1993, Chinesearcheologists excavated a tombat the site of GuodianUS UÈ, in Hubei province.The tomb,identified as thatof a mid-Zhanguohigh-ranking official from the stateof Chu J|, yieldeda cache of textswritten on 730 bambooslips. Most of thesephilosophical, ethical, and po- liticaltexts were previously unknown; others, like threeportions of theLaozi ^ -p, differsignificantly from the received version. This epochaldiscovery has led to heatedacademic discussions, which will surelycontinue for years to come. Understandably,most discussants concentrated on thosetexts which seem to be of pivotalimportance in pre-imperialdiscourse, such as theLaozi and several"Con- fucian"manuscripts. Less attentionwas givento thosebundles of bamboo slips thatcontain miscellaneous statements and sayings,the so-called Collected Sayings {Yu cong IpÄ).d Some of thesesayings, however, are highlyinteresting. Particu- larly,the radical pro-ministerial assessments of ruler-ministerrelations expressed in the Yu cong are unparalleledin receivedpre-Qin texts. They are not onlyin- dicativeof the Weltanschauungof the tomb'soccupant, but may also help us to betterunderstand the intellectualatmosphere among members of the shi dr stra- tumin thelast centuries prior to imperialunification. notdeal directlywith the questionof ministerialloyalty, his discussioncontains plenty on in- sightfulremarks on Zhanguoscholars' attitudes to the stateand to politicalauthority. Another relevantdiscussion is by CharlesWing-Hoi Chan, "Confuciusand PoliticalLoyalism: The Di- lemma,"Monumenta Serica 44 (1996), pp. 25-99. It worthreminding that in contrastto West- ernscholars, Chinese intellectuals' preoccupation with the issue of loyaltyderives not only from pureacademic interest, but is of highcontemporary relevance (see, forinstance, Liu Binyan'sA HigherKind ofLoyalty. A Memoirby China's ForemostJournalist, trans, by Zhu Hong [New York 1990]). 6 It is virtuallyimpossible to surveyhere all the studies,which deal withthe Guodianmanu- scripts.Many importantarticles were collected in the20th and the21st issues of theZhongguo zhexue +B §¥ under the respectivetitles Guodian Chujian yanjiu $ ß/S JÉfij íff % and Guodianjian yu ruxueyanjiu ÍEiSffiKÍI^W^L (Shenyang1999 and 2000); otherconvenient collectionsare The GuodianLaozi. Proceedingsof the InternationalConference, Dartmouth CollegeMay 1998, editedby Sarah Allan and CrispinWilliams (Berkeley, Calif. 2000), Kaku- tenSokan shisö shitekikenkyü lBJ£fëfBBffi£ÉKjfiff?ï (Tõkyõ 1999-2000,vols. 1-3) and Wu- han daxue Zhongguowenhua yanjiuyuan Í&MX^^WiJCÍkffifL&í, Guodian Chujianguoji xueshuyantaohui lunwenji ÍPJE¿ffiül^*Wj?fflí#5^ÍA (Wuhan 2000, hereafterGuoji hui). The ideologicalimportance of the Yu cong slips
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maria Khayutina • [email protected] the Tombs
    Maria Khayutina [email protected] The Tombs of Peng State and Related Questions Paper for the Chicago Bronze Workshop, November 3-7, 2010 (, 1.1.) () The discovery of the Western Zhou period’s Peng State in Heng River Valley in the south of Shanxi Province represents one of the most fascinating archaeological events of the last decade. Ruled by a lineage of Kui (Gui ) surname, Peng, supposedly, was founded by descendants of a group that, to a certain degree, retained autonomy from the Huaxia cultural and political community, dominated by lineages of Zi , Ji and Jiang surnames. Considering Peng’s location right to the south of one of the major Ji states, Jin , and quite close to the eastern residence of Zhou kings, Chengzhou , its case can be very instructive with regard to the construction of the geo-political and cultural space in Early China during the Western Zhou period. Although the publication of the full excavations’ report may take years, some preliminary observations can be made already now based on simplified archaeological reports about the tombs of Peng ruler Cheng and his spouse née Ji of Bi . In the present paper, I briefly introduce the tombs inventory and the inscriptions on the bronzes, and then proceed to discuss the following questions: - How the tombs M1 and M2 at Hengbei can be dated? - What does the equipment of the Hengbei tombs suggest about the cultural roots of Peng? - What can be observed about Peng’s relations to the Gui people and to other Kui/Gui- surnamed lineages? 1. General Information The cemetery of Peng state has been discovered near Hengbei village (Hengshui town, Jiang County, Shanxi ).
    [Show full text]
  • Bol Shao Yung 20130225 Combined.Pdf (249.3Kb)
    On Shao Yong’s Method for Observing Things The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bol, Peter. 2013. On Shao Yong’s Method for Observing Things. Monumenta Serica 61:287-299. Published Version http://www.monumenta-serica.de/monumenta-serica/publications/ journal/Catolog/Volume-LXI-2013.php Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17935880 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP On Shao Yong’s Method for Observing Things Peter K. Bol Charles H. Carswell Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, 2 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Title: 論邵雍之觀物法 Abstract: Shao Yong’s “Inner Chapters on Observing Things” develops a method for understanding the unity of heaven and man, tracing the decline of civilization from antiquity, and determining how the present can return to the ideal socio-political order of antiquity. Shao’s method is based on dividing any topic into fours aspects (for example, four Classics, four seasons, four kinds of rulers, etc.) and generating the systematic relations between these four member sets. Although Shao’s method was unusual at the time, the questions he was addressing were shared with mid-eleventh statecraft thinkers. 摘要：邵雍在《觀物內篇》中發展出了一種獨特的方法，用來理解天人合一、追溯三代以 後之衰、並確定如何才能復原三代理想的社會政治秩序。邵雍的方法立足於將任意一個主 題劃分為四個種類（例如，四種經典，四種季節，四種統治者，等等），並賦予這四個種 類之間以系統性的聯繫。雖然邵雍的方法在當時並非尋常，可是他所試圖解決的問題卻是 其他十一世紀中葉的政治制度思想家所共同思考的。 Shao’s claim to philosophical importance is based on a single book, the Huangji jingshi shu 皇極 經世書 (Supreme Principles for Governing the World) and the various charts and diagrams associated with it, and to much lesser extent his collection of poems, the Jirang ji 擊壤集.
    [Show full text]
  • The Analects of Confucius
    The analecTs of confucius An Online Teaching Translation 2015 (Version 2.21) R. Eno © 2003, 2012, 2015 Robert Eno This online translation is made freely available for use in not for profit educational settings and for personal use. For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived. Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420 Also available as open access translations of the Four Books Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23421 Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23423 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23422 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23424 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i MAPS x BOOK I 1 BOOK II 5 BOOK III 9 BOOK IV 14 BOOK V 18 BOOK VI 24 BOOK VII 30 BOOK VIII 36 BOOK IX 40 BOOK X 46 BOOK XI 52 BOOK XII 59 BOOK XIII 66 BOOK XIV 73 BOOK XV 82 BOOK XVI 89 BOOK XVII 94 BOOK XVIII 100 BOOK XIX 104 BOOK XX 109 Appendix 1: Major Disciples 112 Appendix 2: Glossary 116 Appendix 3: Analysis of Book VIII 122 Appendix 4: Manuscript Evidence 131 About the title page The title page illustration reproduces a leaf from a medieval hand copy of the Analects, dated 890 CE, recovered from an archaeological dig at Dunhuang, in the Western desert regions of China. The manuscript has been determined to be a school boy’s hand copy, complete with errors, and it reproduces not only the text (which appears in large characters), but also an early commentary (small, double-column characters).
    [Show full text]
  • The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2012 Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Wai Kit Wicky Tse University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Tse, Wai Kit Wicky, "Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier" (2012). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 589. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/589 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Dynamics of Disintegration: The Later Han Empire (25-220CE) & Its Northwestern Frontier Abstract As a frontier region of the Qin-Han (221BCE-220CE) empire, the northwest was a new territory to the Chinese realm. Until the Later Han (25-220CE) times, some portions of the northwestern region had only been part of imperial soil for one hundred years. Its coalescence into the Chinese empire was a product of long-term expansion and conquest, which arguably defined the egionr 's military nature. Furthermore, in the harsh natural environment of the region, only tough people could survive, and unsurprisingly, the region fostered vigorous warriors. Mixed culture and multi-ethnicity featured prominently in this highly militarized frontier society, which contrasted sharply with the imperial center that promoted unified cultural values and stood in the way of a greater degree of transregional integration. As this project shows, it was the northwesterners who went through a process of political peripheralization during the Later Han times played a harbinger role of the disintegration of the empire and eventually led to the breakdown of the early imperial system in Chinese history.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China
    Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tian, Xiaofei. "4 Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China." In A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture, pp. 135-186. Brill, 2015. Published Version doi:10.1163/9789004292123_006 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29037391 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Material and Symbolic Economies_Tian Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China* Xiaofei Tian Harvard University This paper examines a group of letters in early medieval China, specifically from the turn of the third century and from the early sixth century, about gift giving and receiving. Gift-giving is one of the things that stand at the center of social relationships across many cultures. “The gift imposes an identity upon the giver as well as the receiver.”1 It is both productive of social relationships and affirms them; it establishes and clarifies social status, displays power, strengthens alliances, and creates debt and obligations. This was particularly true in the chaotic period following the collapse of the Han empire at the turn of the third century, often referred to by the reign title of the last Han emperor as the Jian’an 建安 era (196-220).
    [Show full text]
  • The Many Mean- Ings of Trigram Li 離 in the Early Yijing LAI Guolong School of Art and Art History, University of Florida Adam C
    46 饒宗頤國學院院刊 第五期 47 2018 年 5 月 頁 47– 85 On the Origin of “Shendu” Between Numbers and Images: the Many Mean- ings of Trigram Li 離 in the Early Yijing LAI Guolong School of Art and Art History, University of Florida Adam C. SCHWARTZ Department of Chinese and the Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology, Hong Kong Baptist University This article is a reinterpretation of the concept of “shendu” in pre-Qin philosophical texts, using excavated texts from Early China discovered in the This paper examines the images of trigram Li 離 in the Yijing 易經 , with Li Trigram Between Numbers and Images: the Many Meanings of second half of the twentieth century. It argues that the concept of “shendu” a focus on images in the Shuogua 說卦 commentary. The Shuogua presents in the School of Zi Si (i.e. Kong Ji, 483–402 BCE) and Mencius (i.e. Meng images either found in or to be extrapolated from the base text within a Ke, 372–289 BCE) of the Warring States period should not be interpreted structured and highly interpretive system that forms “image programs” for each moralistically, as the Eastern Han scholar Zheng Xuan did, meaning “be of the eight trigrams. I argue the Shuogua’s image programs have a defined cautious about one’s behavior while alone,” with an emphasis on external architecture, and its images are not random lists of words collected without surveillance. Instead, it was a method of inner self-cultivation with close link an agenda and devoid of relationships and mutual interaction with others.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetic and Ethic of the Chinese Diasporic Artist Mu Xin
    “Art Is to Sacrifice One’s Death”: The Aesthetic and Ethic of the Chinese Diasporic Artist Mu Xin by Muyun Zhou Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Carlos Rojas, Supervisor ___________________________ Eileen Chow ___________________________ Leo Ching Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Critical Asian Humanities in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 ABSTRACT “Art Is to Sacrifice One’s Death”: The Aesthetic and Ethic of the Chinese Diasporic Artist Mu Xin by Muyun Zhou Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Carlos Rojas, Supervisor ___________________________ Eileen Chow ___________________________ Leo Ching An abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Critical Asian Humanities in the Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies in the Graduate School of Duke University 2021 Copyright by Muyun Zhou 2021 Abstract In his world literature lecture series running from 1989 to 1994, the Chinese diasporic writer-painter Mu Xin (1927-2011) provided a puzzling proposition for a group of emerging Chinese artists living in New York: “Art is to sacrifice.” Reading this proposition in tandem with Mu Xin’s other comments on “sacrifice” from the lecture series, this study examines the intricate relationship between aesthetics and ethics in Mu Xin’s project of art. The question of diasporic positionality is inherent in the relationship between aesthetic and ethical discourses, for the two discourses were born in a Western tradition, once foreign to Mu Xin.
    [Show full text]
  • Warring States and Harmonized Nations: Tianxia Theory As a World Political Argument Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2020, 205 P
    JYU DISSERTATIONS 247 Matti Puranen Warring States and Harmonized Nations Tianxia Theory as a World Political Argument JYU DISSERTATIONS 247 Matti Puranen Warring States and Harmonized Nations Tianxia Theory as a World Political Argument Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistis-yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi heinäkuun 17. päivänä 2020 kello 9. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, on July 17, 2020 at 9 o’clock a.m.. JYVÄSKYLÄ 2020 Editors Olli-Pekka Moisio Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä Timo Hautala Open Science Centre, University of Jyväskylä Copyright © 2020, by University of Jyväskylä Permanent link to this publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-39-8218-8 ISBN 978-951-39-8218-8 (PDF) URN:ISBN:978-951-39-8218-8 ISSN 2489-9003 ABSTRACT Puranen, Matti Warring states and harmonized nations: Tianxia theory as a world political argument Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2020, 205 p. (JYU Dissertations ISSN 2489-9003; 247) ISBN 978-951-39-8218-8 The purpose of this study is to examine Chinese foreign policy by analyzing Chinese visions and arguments on the nature of world politics. The study focuses on Chinese academic discussions, which attempt to develop a ’Chinese theory of international politics’, and especially on the so called ’tianxia theory’ (天下论, tianxia lun), which is one of the most influential initiatives within these discussions. Tianxia theorists study imperial China’s traditional system of foreign relations and claim that the current international order, which is based on competing nation states, should be replaced with some kind of world government that would oversee the good of the whole planet.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tricky Game: a Re-Evaluation of Liubo 六博 Based on Archaeological and Textual Evidence*
    A TRICKY GAME: A RE-EVALUATION OF LIUBO 六博 BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TEXTUAL EVIDENCE* ARMIN SELBITSCHKA 1 Introduction In the past, scholarship has barely acknowledged the entertaining qualities of the ancient Chinese board game liubo 六博. Instead, the main focus has been on its occult properties for close to a century.1 This is due to the idiosyncratic TLV pattern that adorns the surfaces of liubo game boards.2 Since the early 20th century, authors have disagreed on whether __________________________ * Work on this article has been facilitated by a short-term research grant of the “LMU-UCB Research in the Humanities” program at the University of California at Berkeley. I am grateful to Mark Csikszentmihalyi for his generous support and hospitality during four wonderful weeks at UC Berkeley in the spring of 2012. I am also indebted to Michael Loewe, Keith Knapp, Roel Sterckx, and the anonymous Oriens Extremus reviewer for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of this article. I am also grateful to Martin Hanke for his careful final editing. Any remaining mistakes are, of course, my own responsibility. 1 Most recently, for instance, Chiang 2012; von Falkenhausen 2006, 316; Field 2008, 95–97; Juliano 2005; Li Ling 2000, 22; Mackenzie 2004; Major 1999, 127; Raphals 2013, 137, 344– 346; Tseng 2011, 55–59; M. C. Wang 2006, esp. 24–28; Zheng 2012, 73, 74. For a more cau- tious assessment, see Bower 2005. For a notable exception, see Wu 1987. 2 Rather than being an acronym as one might suspect at first glance, the letters TLV describe the shape of the individual elements of the pattern.
    [Show full text]
  • A Visualization Quality Evaluation Method for Multiple Sequence Alignments
    2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2011) Wuhan, China 10 - 12 May 2011 Pages 1 - 867 IEEE Catalog Number: CFP1129C-PRT ISBN: 978-1-4244-5088-6 1/7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ALGORITHMS, MODELS, SOFTWARE AND TOOLS IN BIOINFORMATICS: A Visualization Quality Evaluation Method for Multiple Sequence Alignments ............................................................1 Hongbin Lee, Bo Wang, Xiaoming Wu, Yonggang Liu, Wei Gao, Huili Li, Xu Wang, Feng He A New Promoter Recognition Method Based On Features Optimal Selection.................................................................5 Lan Tao, Huakui Chen, Yanmeng Xu, Zexuan Zhu A Center Closeness Algorithm For The Analyses Of Gene Expression Data ...................................................................9 Huakun Wang, Lixin Feng, Zhou Ying, Zhang Xu, Zhenzhen Wang A Novel Method For Lysine Acetylation Sites Prediction ................................................................................................ 11 Yongchun Gao, Wei Chen Weighted Maximum Margin Criterion Method: Application To Proteomic Peptide Profile ....................................... 15 Xiao Li Yang, Qiong He, Si Ya Yang, Li Liu Ectopic Expression Of Tim-3 Induces Tumor-Specific Antitumor Immunity................................................................ 19 Osama A. O. Elhag, Xiaojing Hu, Weiying Zhang, Li Xiong, Yongze Yuan, Lingfeng Deng, Deli Liu, Yingle Liu, Hui Geng Small-World Network Properties Of Protein Complexes: Node Centrality And Community Structure
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of an Alleged Tradition: a Prophecy Flattering Han Emperor Wu and Its Relation to the Sima Clan*
    The Power of an Alleged Tradition: A Prophecy Flattering Han Emperor Wu and its Relation to the Sima Clan* by Dorothee Schaab-Hanke . es muß stets eine lange Übermittlerkette vorhanden sein, damit sich die Hinweise oder Gedanken, die Kommentare, wie immer man es nennt, dehnen. Sie müsen durch zehn Hirne hindurch, um einen Satz zu ergeben.** (Alexander Kluge) Introduction During the early reign of Liu Che ᄸ࿺, posthumously honored as Emperor Wu r. 141–87) of the Han, a severe struggle for infl uence and power seems to) ܹن have arisen among competing groups of experts concerned with the establishment of new imperial rites. This is at least the impression that the Shiji͑৩ (The Scribe’s Record) conveys to the reader in chapter 28, the “Treatise on the Feng and Shan Sacrifi ces” (Fengshan shuܱᑐए). According to the account given there, the compet- ing partners in this struggle were mainly the ru ኵ (here used in the sense of scholars who maintained that any advice in the question of ritual should entirely be based upon evidence drawn from the “Classics”) and a group of specialists called fangshī ʦ (a term which should be translated by “masters of techniques” rather than by the often used, but rather biased term magicians). * I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Hans Stumpfeldt (Hamburg), Dr. Achim Mittag (Essen) and Dr. Monique Nagel- Angermann (Münster) for their helpful and inspiring comments on the text. Special thanks to Dr. Martin Svens- son Ekström (Stockholm), Prof. Dr. E. Bruce Brooks and Dr. A. Taeko Brooks (Amherst, Mass.) as well as two anonymous readers for the BMFEA for their competent and engaged revising of the draft.
    [Show full text]
  • Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950
    Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access China Studies published for the institute for chinese studies, university of oxford Edited by Micah Muscolino (University of Oxford) volume 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Understanding Chaoben Culture By Ronald Suleski leiden | boston Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover Image: Chaoben Covers. Photo by author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Suleski, Ronald Stanley, author. Title: Daily life for the common people of China, 1850 to 1950 : understanding Chaoben culture / By Ronald Suleski.
    [Show full text]