Action Items at the End of Meeting 54 Extract of Section 15 from Document N3603
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The Origins, Evolution and Decline of the Khojki Script
The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Typeface Design, University of Reading, 2015. 5 Abstract The Khojki script is an Indian script whose origins are in Sindh (now southern Pakistan), a region that has witnessed the conflict between Islam and Hinduism for more than 1,200 years. After the gradual occupation of the region by Muslims from the 8th century onwards, the region underwent significant cultural changes. This dissertation reviews the history of the script and the different uses that it took on among the Khoja people since Muslim missionaries began their activities in Sindh communities in the 14th century. It questions the origins of the Khojas and exposes the impact that their transition from a Hindu merchant caste to a broader Muslim community had on the development of the script. During this process of transformation, a rich and complex creed, known as Satpanth, resulted from the blend of these cultures. The study also considers the roots of the Khojki writing system, especially the modernization that the script went through in order to suit more sophisticated means of expression. As a result, through recording the religious Satpanth literature, Khojki evolved and left behind its mercantile features, insufficient for this purpose. Through comparative analysis of printed Khojki texts, this dissertation examines the use of the script in Bombay at the beginning of the 20th century in the shape of Khoja Ismaili literature. -
I Introduction: History and Texts
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00866-3 - The Meroitic Language and Writing System Claude Rilly and Alex de Voogt Excerpt More information I Introduction: History and Texts A. Historical Setting The Kingdom of Meroe straddled the Nile in what is now known as Nubia from as far north as Aswan in Egypt to the present–day location of Khartoum in Sudan (see Map 1). Its principal language, Meroitic, was not just spoken but, from the third century BC until the fourth century AD, written as well. The kings and queens of this kingdom once proclaimed themselves pha- raohs of Higher and Lower Egypt and, from the end of the third millennium BC, became the last rulers in antiquity to reign on Sudanese soil. Centuries earlier the Egyptian monarchs of the Middle Kingdom had already encountered a new political entity south of the second cataract and called it “Kush.” They mentioned the region and the names of its rulers in Egyptian texts. Although the precise location of Kush is not clear from the earliest attestations, the term itself quickly became associated with the first great state in black Africa, the Kingdom of Kerma, which developed between 2450 and 1500 BC around the third cataract. The Egyptian expansion by the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1295 BC) colonized this area, an occupation that lasted for more than five centuries, during which the Kushites lost their independence but gained contact with a civilization that would have a last- ing influence on their culture. During the first millennium BC, in the region of the fourth cataract and around the city of Napata, a new state developed that slowly took over the Egyptian administration, which was withdrawing in this age of decline. -
WG2 M52 Minutes
ISO.IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI DOC TYPE: Meeting Minutes TITLE: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland 2009-04-20/24 SOURCE: V.S. Umamaheswaran, Recording Secretary, and Mike Ksar, Convener PROJECT: JTC 1.02.18 – ISO/IEC 10646 STATUS: SC 2/WG 2 participants are requested to review the attached unconfirmed minutes, act on appropriate noted action items, and to send any comments or corrections to the convener as soon as possible but no later than the Due Date below. ACTION ID: ACT DUE DATE: 2009-10-12 DISTRIBUTION: SC 2/WG 2 members and Liaison organizations MEDIUM: Acrobat PDF file NO. OF PAGES: 60 (including cover sheet) Michael Y. Ksar Convener – ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 22680 Alcalde Rd Phone: +1 408 255-1217 Cupertino, CA 95014 Email: [email protected] U.S.A. ISO International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 Title: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland; 2009-04-20/24 Source: V.S. Umamaheswaran ([email protected]), Recording Secretary Mike Ksar ([email protected]), Convener Action: WG 2 members and Liaison organizations Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 members and liaison organizations 1 Opening Input document: 3573 2nd Call Meeting # 54 in Dublin; Mike Ksar; 2009-02-16 Mr. -
N3596 Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3596 L2/09-101 2009-03-25 Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] March 25, 2009 Contents Proposal Summary Form i 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Characters Proposed 5 3.1 Character Set . 5 3.2 Basis for Character Set and Glyph Shapes . 6 3.3 Characters Not Proposed . 8 4 The Writing System 10 4.1 General Features . 10 4.2 Inadequacies of the Script . 10 4.3 Supression of Inherent Vowel . 11 4.4 Consonant-Vowel Ligatures . 11 4.5 Consonant Conjuncts . 12 4.6 Nasalization . 13 4.7 Consonant Gemination . 13 4.8 Creation of New Characters . 13 4.9 Punctuation . 14 4.10 Abbreviations . 15 4.11 Number Forms and Unit Marks . 16 4.12 Variant Forms of Characters . 16 5 Implementation 16 5.1 Encoding Model . 16 5.2 Collation . 16 5.3 Character Properties . 17 5.4 Outstanding Issues . 18 6 References 19 List of Tables 1 Glyph chart for Khojki . 2 2 Names list for Khojki . 3 3 Transliteration of Khojki characters and Sindhi-Arabic analogues . 4 List of Figures 1 Inventory of Khojki vowel letters from Grierson (1905) . 20 2 Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) . 21 3 Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) . 22 4 Inventory of Khojki independent vowel letters from Asani (1992) . 23 5 Inventory of Khojki dependent vowel signs from Asani (1992) . 24 6 Inventory of Khojki consonants (b to dy) from Asani (1992) . -
Edward Lipiński
ROCZNIK ORIENTALISTYCZNY, T. LXIV, Z. 2, 2011, (s. 87–104) EDWARD LIPIŃSKI Meroitic (Review article)1 Abstract Meroitic is attested by written records found in the Nile valley of northern Sudan and dating from the 3rd century B.C. through the 5th century A.D. They are inscribed in a particular script, either hieroglyphic or more often cursive, which has been deciphered, although our understanding of the language is very limited. Basing himself on about fifty words, the meaning of which is relatively well established, on a few morphological features and phonetic correspondences, Claude Rilly proposes to regard Meroitic as a North-Eastern Sudanic tongue of the Nilo-Saharan language family and to classify it in the same group as Nubian (Sudan), Nara (Eritrea), Taman (Chad), and Nyima (Sudan). The examination of the fifty words in question shows instead that most of them seem to belong to the Afro-Asiatic vocabulary, in particular Semitic, with some Egyptian loanwords and lexical Cushitic analogies. The limited lexical material at our disposal and the extremely poor knowledge of the verbal system prevent us from a more precise classification of Meroitic in the Afro-Asiatic phylum. In fact, the only system of classification of languages is the genealogical one, founded on the genetic and historical connection between languages as determined by phonological and morpho-syntactic correspondences, with confirmation, wherever possible, from history, archaeology, and kindred sciences. Meroitic is believed to be the native language of ancient Nubia, attested by written records which date from the 3rd century B.C. through the 5th century A.D. -
Reformed Egyptian
Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 Volume 19 Number 1 Article 7 2007 Reformed Egyptian William J. Hamblin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Hamblin, William J. (2007) "Reformed Egyptian," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011: Vol. 19 : No. 1 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/msr/vol19/iss1/7 This Book of Mormon is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Review of Books on the Book of Mormon 1989–2011 by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Title Reformed Egyptian Author(s) William J. Hamblin Reference FARMS Review 19/1 (2007): 31–35. ISSN 1550-3194 (print), 2156-8049 (online) Abstract This article discusses the term reformed Egyptian as used in the Book of Mormon. Many critics claim that reformed Egyptian does not exist; however, languages and writing systems inevitably change over time, making the Nephites’ language a reformed version of Egyptian. Reformed Egyptian William J. Hamblin What Is “Reformed Egyptian”? ritics of the Book of Mormon maintain that there is no language Cknown as “reformed Egyptian.” Those who raise this objec- tion seem to be operating under the false impression that reformed Egyptian is used in the Book of Mormon as a proper name. In fact, the word reformed is used in the Book of Mormon in this context as an adjective, meaning “altered, modified, or changed.” This is made clear by Mormon, who tells us that “the characters which are called among us the reformed Egyptian, [were] handed down and altered by us” and that “none other people knoweth our language” (Mormon 9:32, 34). -
KALĀM-E-MAWLĀ (Hindi – Gujarati Sayings of Hazrat Mawlana Ali A.S)
KALĀM-E-MAWLĀ (Hindi – Gujarati sayings of Hazrat Mawlana Ali A.S) With the introduction, annotation, transliteration, translation and approximated Arabic sayings and Quranic verses By Dr. Amin Valliani, ITREB (Pakistan), Karachi. 1 Ever-Blessing Words From the very beginnings of Islam, the search for knowledge has been central to our cultures. I think of the words of Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first hereditary Imam of the Shia Muslims, and the last of the four rightly-guided Caliphs after the passing away of the Prophet (may peace be upon Him). In his teachings, Hazrat Ali emphasized that “No honour is like knowledge.” And then he added that “No belief is like modesty and patience, no attainment is like humility, no power is like forbearance, and no support is more reliable than consultation.” Notice that the virtues endorsed by Hazrat Ali are qualities which subordinate the self and emphasize others ---modesty, patience, humility, forbearance and consultation. What he thus is telling us, is that we find knowledge best by admitting first what it is we do not know, and by opening our minds to what others can teach us. Mawlana Hazar Imam, Address at the Commencement Ceremony of the American University in Cairo, dated 15th June, 2006. 2 This book is a humble tribute to my late teacher Itmadi Noor Din H.Bakhsh (d.2000) who inspired me to undertake this research based academic exercise. 3 Acknowledgments Upon completion of this project on Kālām-e-Mawlā, I bow my head and heart to thank the He, who made me able to undertake the academic task. -
Typographic Development of the Khojki Script and Printing Affairs at the Turn of the 19Th Century in Bombay by Juan Bruce
Typographic development of the Khojki script and printing affairs at the turn of the 19th century in Bombay by Juan Bruce Khōjā Studies Conference, cnrs-ceias, París, December 2016. Paper based on the dissertation The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script submitted in September of 2015 by the same author as part of the requirements of the Master of Arts in Typeface Design at the University of Reading, uk. overview The Khojki script is an Indian script whose origins are in Sindh (now south of Pakistan), a region that has witnessed more than 1,200 years of interplay between Islam and Hinduism. After the gradual occupation of the region by Muslims from the 8th century onwards, the script took on different usages among its community, the Khojas. Sindh, Punjab and Gujarat, were the first places that received gradual Muslim religious incursions into Hindu communities, to which language and writing constituted the first barrier for conversion. It is believed that one prominent Muslim pir (Pir Sadruddin) was very much active inside the Hindu Lohana community in the 14th century, a caste of merchants and traders. As a way to approach and transmit the teachings to the people, the pir adopted the Lohānākī script of this community. Later on, the converted came to be known as the Khoja caste. Significantly, a totally different creed, known as Satpanth, grew inside the community after the blend of these cultures. Academic interest has been stimulated by the special nature of the Satpanthi literature and its place in the Indian subcontinent. It has emerged as a fascinating example of an Islamic religious movement expressing itself within a local Indian religious culture. -
General Historical and Analytical / Writing Systems: Recent Script
9 Writing systems Edited by Elena Bashir 9,1. Introduction By Elena Bashir The relations between spoken language and the visual symbols (graphemes) used to represent it are complex. Orthographies can be thought of as situated on a con- tinuum from “deep” — systems in which there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds of the language and its graphemes — to “shallow” — systems in which the relationship between sounds and graphemes is regular and trans- parent (see Roberts & Joyce 2012 for a recent discussion). In orthographies for Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script and writing system, the retention of historical spellings for words of Arabic or Persian origin increases the orthographic depth of these systems. Decisions on how to write a language always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning. Debates about orthography usually focus on such issues rather than on linguistic analysis; this can be seen in Pakistan, for example, in discussions regarding orthography for Kalasha, Wakhi, or Balti, and in Afghanistan regarding Wakhi or Pashai. Questions of orthography are intertwined with language ideology, language planning activities, and goals like literacy or standardization. Woolard 1998, Brandt 2014, and Sebba 2007 are valuable treatments of such issues. In Section 9.2, Stefan Baums discusses the historical development and general characteristics of the (non Perso-Arabic) writing systems used for South Asian languages, and his Section 9.3 deals with recent research on alphasyllabic writing systems, script-related literacy and language-learning studies, representation of South Asian languages in Unicode, and recent debates about the Indus Valley inscriptions. -
Writing Systems • 1 1 Writing Systems Andrew Robinson
9780198606536_essay01.indd 2 8/17/2009 2:19:03 PM writing systems • 1 1 Writing Systems Andrew Robinson 1 The emergence of writing 2 Development and diffusion of writing systems 3 Decipherment 4 Classification of writing systems 5 The origin of the alphabet 6 The family of alphabets 7 Chinese and Japanese writing 8 Electronic writing 1 The emergence of writing istrators and merchants. Still others think it was not an invention at all, but an accidental discovery. Many Without writing, there would be no recording, no regard it as the result of evolution over a long period, history, and of course no books. The creation of writ- rather than a flash of inspiration. One particularly ing permitted the command of a ruler and his seal to well-aired theory holds that writing grew out of a extend far beyond his sight and voice, and even to long-standing counting system of clay ‘tokens’. Such survive his death. If the Rosetta Stone did not exist, ‘tokens’—varying from simple, plain discs to more for example, the world would be virtually unaware of complex, incised shapes whose exact purpose is the nondescript Egyptian king Ptolemy V Epiphanes, unknown—have been found in many Middle Eastern whose priests promulgated his decree upon the stone archaeological sites, and have been dated from 8000 in three *scripts: hieroglyphic, demotic, and (Greek) to 1500 bc. The substitution of two-dimensional sym- alphabetic. bols in clay for these three-dimensional tokens was a How did writing begin? The favoured explanation, first step towards writing, according to this theory. -
Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3978 L2/11-021 2011-01-28 Final Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey Department of History University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] January 28, 2011 1 Introduction This is a proposal to encode the Khojki script in the Universal Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). It replaces the following documents: • L2/08-201: “Towards an Encoding for the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646” • N3596 L2/09-101 “Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646” • N3883 L2/10-326 “Revised Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646” This document is a revision of N3883 L2/10-326. Major changes from the previous proposal include the removal of some vowel and consonant letters, the reassignment of glyphs for some consonant letters, revision of the code chart, and the inclusion of new specimens. The ISO proposal summary form is enclosed. 2 Overview Khojki is a writing system used by the Nizari Ismaili community of South Asia for recording religious literature. It was developed in Sindh, now in Pakistan, for representing the Sindhi language. The script spread to surrounding regions and was used for writing Gujarati, Punjabi, and Siraiki, as well as several languages allied with Hindi. It was also used for writing Arabic and Persian. The name ‘Khojki’ (ሉሲሐ ,k̲ h̲ wājah “master خواجه khojakī, Devanagari खोजक khojakī) is derived from the Persian honorific title lord”. It is a translation of the Sanskrit ठाकुर ṭhākura, which was used as a title of address by the Lohānạ̄ community, who were were among the early Hindu converts to the Nizari Ismaili tradition in South Asia.1 Khojki is a Brahmi-based script of the Sindhi branch of the Landa family, which is a class of mercantile scripts related to Sharada.2 It is considered to be a refined version of the Lohānākị̄ script that was developed as a liturgical script for recording Ismaili literature. -
Ebook Download the Meroitic Language and Writing System
THE MEROITIC LANGUAGE AND WRITING SYSTEM PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Claude Rilly | 262 pages | 27 Aug 2012 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9781107008663 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom The Meroitic Language and Writing System PDF Book Geographical Journal, , — Known as Demotic, this form of writing was used at first primarily for administrative documents, letters, and tax records. Afr Archaeol Rev 31, — Egyptian imports included luxury goods, especially vessels for serving and display Torok ; Edwards , p. It appears that Axum was an important collecting point for African ivory, from where it was exported to Adulis and traded to the Roman Empire Adams , p. Thebes, Egypt, BC. However, this has been quite heavily criticized by Wenig Meroitic inscriptions. Campell, J. Hebrew alphabet The Hebrew alphabet, known variously by scholars as the Jewish script , square script , block script , or more historically, the Ashuri alphabet, is used in the writing of the Hebrew language, as well as other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, and Judeo-Arabic. Coptic is an Egyptian language which is derived from Demotic. Other editions. During the fourth century BCE, the Kushite centre was moved from Napata southward to Meroe near the fifth cataract, which remained an important royal city until the fourth century CE Shinnie ; Adams ; Welsby ; Edwards Meroitic Inscriptions: Part I. The Meroitic state was involved in furnishing goods for this trade, probably brought from the African savannah in the west as well as Southern Sudan. Indo-Roman trade. Instead, there are several other cultural features indicative of Indian influences, such as a column drum showing a number of gods depicted in an unusual high relief, and one engraved figure in a yoga-like position.