ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3950 Date: 2011-02-19
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The Origins, Evolution and Decline of the Khojki Script
The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script Juan Bruce Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Typeface Design, University of Reading, 2015. 5 Abstract The Khojki script is an Indian script whose origins are in Sindh (now southern Pakistan), a region that has witnessed the conflict between Islam and Hinduism for more than 1,200 years. After the gradual occupation of the region by Muslims from the 8th century onwards, the region underwent significant cultural changes. This dissertation reviews the history of the script and the different uses that it took on among the Khoja people since Muslim missionaries began their activities in Sindh communities in the 14th century. It questions the origins of the Khojas and exposes the impact that their transition from a Hindu merchant caste to a broader Muslim community had on the development of the script. During this process of transformation, a rich and complex creed, known as Satpanth, resulted from the blend of these cultures. The study also considers the roots of the Khojki writing system, especially the modernization that the script went through in order to suit more sophisticated means of expression. As a result, through recording the religious Satpanth literature, Khojki evolved and left behind its mercantile features, insufficient for this purpose. Through comparative analysis of printed Khojki texts, this dissertation examines the use of the script in Bombay at the beginning of the 20th century in the shape of Khoja Ismaili literature. -
Bibliography
Bibliography Many books were read and researched in the compilation of Binford, L. R, 1983, Working at Archaeology. Academic Press, The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology: New York. Binford, L. R, and Binford, S. R (eds.), 1968, New Perspectives in American Museum of Natural History, 1993, The First Humans. Archaeology. Aldine, Chicago. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Braidwood, R 1.,1960, Archaeologists and What They Do. Franklin American Museum of Natural History, 1993, People of the Stone Watts, New York. Age. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Branigan, Keith (ed.), 1982, The Atlas ofArchaeology. St. Martin's, American Museum of Natural History, 1994, New World and Pacific New York. Civilizations. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Bray, w., and Tump, D., 1972, Penguin Dictionary ofArchaeology. American Museum of Natural History, 1994, Old World Civiliza Penguin, New York. tions. HarperSanFrancisco, San Francisco. Brennan, L., 1973, Beginner's Guide to Archaeology. Stackpole Ashmore, w., and Sharer, R. J., 1988, Discovering Our Past: A Brief Books, Harrisburg, PA. Introduction to Archaeology. Mayfield, Mountain View, CA. Broderick, M., and Morton, A. A., 1924, A Concise Dictionary of Atkinson, R J. C., 1985, Field Archaeology, 2d ed. Hyperion, New Egyptian Archaeology. Ares Publishers, Chicago. York. Brothwell, D., 1963, Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment Bacon, E. (ed.), 1976, The Great Archaeologists. Bobbs-Merrill, and Study ofHuman Skeletal Remains. British Museum, London. New York. Brothwell, D., and Higgs, E. (eds.), 1969, Science in Archaeology, Bahn, P., 1993, Collins Dictionary of Archaeology. ABC-CLIO, 2d ed. Thames and Hudson, London. Santa Barbara, CA. Budge, E. A. Wallis, 1929, The Rosetta Stone. Dover, New York. Bahn, P. -
Documentation of Tai Ahom Manuscripts: Digital Archiving of Dead Language
DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 40, No. 5, Sept 2020, pp. 286-291, DOI : 10.14429/djlit.40.5.16042 2020, DESIDOC Documentation of Tai Ahom Manuscripts: Digital Archiving of Dead Language Nilakshi Sharma Department of Library and Information Science, Mizoram University, Aizawl - 796 004, India Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tai Ahom language is an extinct language only practice during the cultural events or rituals of Ahom people. Endangered archives programme of British library is one of the major initiatives taken for the documentation and archiving endangered heritages of all over the world. A project, namely “Documenting, conserving and archiving the Tai Ahom manuscripts of Assam” is an initiative of British Library where total 55 manuscripts collections’ containing 474 individual manuscripts with 15088 images of Sibsagar district of Assam was digitally archived. The study describes various attributes of those collected manuscripts. Analysis of the study shows that most of the manuscripts were created during 18th century in Tai and Assamese language. Various historical, astrological, spiritual writings of our forefathers are there. Some are fortune telling manuscripts, Mantras, Religious prayers are there in the manuscripts. Keywords: Ahom dynasty; Tai language; Assamese language; Manuscripts; Digital archiving; Documentation. 1. INTRODUCTION Eastern Indo-Aryan language that is officially by more than In 1228, a group of Tai people came to the Brahmaputra 14 million people of Assam. It is believed that Assamese was valley of Assam. Some local people joined them afterwards and evolved from the middle Indo-Aryan Magadhi Prakrit before formed an ethnic group named as The Ahom or Tai- Ahom. -
WG2 M52 Minutes
ISO.IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) - ISO/IEC 10646 Secretariat: ANSI DOC TYPE: Meeting Minutes TITLE: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland 2009-04-20/24 SOURCE: V.S. Umamaheswaran, Recording Secretary, and Mike Ksar, Convener PROJECT: JTC 1.02.18 – ISO/IEC 10646 STATUS: SC 2/WG 2 participants are requested to review the attached unconfirmed minutes, act on appropriate noted action items, and to send any comments or corrections to the convener as soon as possible but no later than the Due Date below. ACTION ID: ACT DUE DATE: 2009-10-12 DISTRIBUTION: SC 2/WG 2 members and Liaison organizations MEDIUM: Acrobat PDF file NO. OF PAGES: 60 (including cover sheet) Michael Y. Ksar Convener – ISO/IEC/JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 22680 Alcalde Rd Phone: +1 408 255-1217 Cupertino, CA 95014 Email: [email protected] U.S.A. ISO International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 N____ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3603 2009-07-08 Title: Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 54 Room S206/S209, Dublin Centre University, Dublin, Ireland; 2009-04-20/24 Source: V.S. Umamaheswaran ([email protected]), Recording Secretary Mike Ksar ([email protected]), Convener Action: WG 2 members and Liaison organizations Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 members and liaison organizations 1 Opening Input document: 3573 2nd Call Meeting # 54 in Dublin; Mike Ksar; 2009-02-16 Mr. -
N3596 Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3596 L2/09-101 2009-03-25 Proposal to Encode the Khojki Script in ISO/IEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A. [email protected] March 25, 2009 Contents Proposal Summary Form i 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Characters Proposed 5 3.1 Character Set . 5 3.2 Basis for Character Set and Glyph Shapes . 6 3.3 Characters Not Proposed . 8 4 The Writing System 10 4.1 General Features . 10 4.2 Inadequacies of the Script . 10 4.3 Supression of Inherent Vowel . 11 4.4 Consonant-Vowel Ligatures . 11 4.5 Consonant Conjuncts . 12 4.6 Nasalization . 13 4.7 Consonant Gemination . 13 4.8 Creation of New Characters . 13 4.9 Punctuation . 14 4.10 Abbreviations . 15 4.11 Number Forms and Unit Marks . 16 4.12 Variant Forms of Characters . 16 5 Implementation 16 5.1 Encoding Model . 16 5.2 Collation . 16 5.3 Character Properties . 17 5.4 Outstanding Issues . 18 6 References 19 List of Tables 1 Glyph chart for Khojki . 2 2 Names list for Khojki . 3 3 Transliteration of Khojki characters and Sindhi-Arabic analogues . 4 List of Figures 1 Inventory of Khojki vowel letters from Grierson (1905) . 20 2 Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) . 21 3 Inventory of Khojki consonant letters from Grierson (1905) . 22 4 Inventory of Khojki independent vowel letters from Asani (1992) . 23 5 Inventory of Khojki dependent vowel signs from Asani (1992) . 24 6 Inventory of Khojki consonants (b to dy) from Asani (1992) . -
Neo-Vernacularization of South Asian Languages
LLanguageanguage EEndangermentndangerment andand PPreservationreservation inin SSouthouth AAsiasia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 Language Endangerment and Preservation in South Asia ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso Language Documentation & Conservation Special Publication No. 7 PUBLISHED AS A SPECIAL PUBLICATION OF LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA Special Publication No. 7 (January 2014) ed. by Hugo C. Cardoso LANGUAGE DOCUMENTATION & CONSERVATION Department of Linguistics, UHM Moore Hall 569 1890 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822 USA http:/nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI’I PRESS 2840 Kolowalu Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96822-1888 USA © All text and images are copyright to the authors, 2014 Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License ISBN 978-0-9856211-4-8 http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4607 Contents Contributors iii Foreword 1 Hugo C. Cardoso 1 Death by other means: Neo-vernacularization of South Asian 3 languages E. Annamalai 2 Majority language death 19 Liudmila V. Khokhlova 3 Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and 46 loss in North East India Stephen Morey 4 Script as a potential demarcator and stabilizer of languages in 78 South Asia Carmen Brandt 5 The lifecycle of Sri Lanka Malay 100 Umberto Ansaldo & Lisa Lim LANGUAGE ENDANGERMENT AND PRESERVATION IN SOUTH ASIA iii CONTRIBUTORS E. ANNAMALAI ([email protected]) is director emeritus of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore (India). He was chair of Terralingua, a non-profit organization to promote bi-cultural diversity and a panel member of the Endangered Languages Documentation Project, London. -
Revivalism in Northeastern India In
B. Terwiel Recreating the past; Revivalism in Northeastern India In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 152 (1996), no: 2, Leiden, 275-292 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 12:30:10PM via free access BJ. TERWIEL Recreating the Past Revivalism in Northeastern India Introduction In this article I would like to introduce the problems of reviving a ritual once it has disappeared without a trace, posing the modern actors an inter- esting set of dilemmas. The paper centres upon the example of the Ahom, an ethnic group in Northeast India which over the past centuries has lost trace almost completely of the culture of its Southeast Asian forebears. During the past fifteen years I have witnessed and personally played a minor, essentially indirect, role in the blossoming of a revivalist movement among the people of Ahom descent. It is a movement that has taken root in the face of what seem to be almost overwhelming odds. Tai-speaking peoples Tai-speaking peoples form the most numerous and most widely spread peoples in Mainland Southeast Asia. They first became recognizable as such in the first millennium A.D. in what is now Kuangsi Province in Southern China. In the middle of the eleventh century they became embroiled in a long and fierce war with the Chinese, which ended in a resounding defeat of the Tais. Hereupon many Tais suddenly began migrating southwards and south-westwards into the region of Mainland Southeast Asia. They fanned out rapidly, and within a few hundred years had conquered most of the valley regions where they are now found: in northern Vietnam, in Laos, in all of Thailand, in Northern Myanmar, in the Chinese province of Yunnan, and in Northeastern India. -
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models
An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Ethan Le Dr. Mark Stamp Undergraduate Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science San Jose State University San Jose State University San Jose, CA, U.S.A. San Jose, CA, U.S.A. Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] An Analysis of Hamptonese Using Hidden Markov Models Le and Stamp Table of Contents Section Page 1. Introduction 5 of 54 1.1. James Hampton 5 of 54 2. Purpose 7 of 54 3. What is Hamptonese? 8 of 54 3.1. Description of Hamptonese Text 8 of 54 3.2. Transcription 9 of 54 3.3. Frequency Counts 14 of 54 4. Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) 14 of 54 4.1. Hidden Markov Models Applications 15 of 54 4.1.1. HMM in Speech Recognition Algorithms 15 of 54 4.1.2. Music-Information Retrieval and HMMs 16 of 54 4.1.3. English Alphabet Analysis Using HMMs 17 of 54 5. English Text Analysis Using Hidden Markov Models 17 of 54 6. Modeling the Hamptonese HMM 19 of 54 7. Hamptonese Analysis 19 of 54 7.1. Reading Techniques 19 of 54 7.2. HMM Parameters 20 of 54 8. Hamptonese HMM Results 21 of 54 8.1. Non-Grouped 21 of 54 8.2. Grouped 22 of 54 9. English Phonemes 27 of 54 9.1. English Phonemes and Hamptonese 29 of 54 10. Entropy, Redundancy, and Word Representation 29 of 54 10.1. Entropy 30 of 54 10.2. Redundancy 31 of 54 10.3. -
Piltdown 3--Further Discussion of the Ra¯M Khamhaeng Inscription
Piltdown 3--Further discussion of the Ra¯m Khamhaeng Inscription Published in Journal of the Siam Society (JSS), Volume 83, Parts 1 & 2 (1995), pp. 103-198, but with so many typographical and printing errors, and misplaced footnote numbers, that it was extremely difficult to use, even with the errata list published in the following number of JSS This paper was originally presented at a panel on the Ram Khamhaeng inscription for the International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics In Chiang Mai in October 1991. Some changes have been made to take account of comments by participants at that conference and of other published work which has subsequently come to my attention. The first part of this paper contains answers to the responses or criticism which have been elicited by my "Piltdown Papers", 1 and 2.1 Some of these answers involve presentation of new material, and this forms the second part of the paper, to the extent that the two parts may be separated. The nature of the material involves some overlap. The third part is concerned with the origin of Thai writing systems. Some of it was presented orally together with "Piltdown" 1 in Canberra, but it cannot be fully understood nor criticised until presented in written form. There are certain questions and criticism which I shall not attempt to answer, and which I think are unanswerable, not because they are weighty, but because they are outside the realm of scientific discourse within which historians and linguists must work. For example, I shall make no attempt to counter arguments of the type, "why couldn't a great genius, such as 'Ram Khamhaeng' devise from nothing a perfect writing system?" This question in unanswerable. -
KALĀM-E-MAWLĀ (Hindi – Gujarati Sayings of Hazrat Mawlana Ali A.S)
KALĀM-E-MAWLĀ (Hindi – Gujarati sayings of Hazrat Mawlana Ali A.S) With the introduction, annotation, transliteration, translation and approximated Arabic sayings and Quranic verses By Dr. Amin Valliani, ITREB (Pakistan), Karachi. 1 Ever-Blessing Words From the very beginnings of Islam, the search for knowledge has been central to our cultures. I think of the words of Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first hereditary Imam of the Shia Muslims, and the last of the four rightly-guided Caliphs after the passing away of the Prophet (may peace be upon Him). In his teachings, Hazrat Ali emphasized that “No honour is like knowledge.” And then he added that “No belief is like modesty and patience, no attainment is like humility, no power is like forbearance, and no support is more reliable than consultation.” Notice that the virtues endorsed by Hazrat Ali are qualities which subordinate the self and emphasize others ---modesty, patience, humility, forbearance and consultation. What he thus is telling us, is that we find knowledge best by admitting first what it is we do not know, and by opening our minds to what others can teach us. Mawlana Hazar Imam, Address at the Commencement Ceremony of the American University in Cairo, dated 15th June, 2006. 2 This book is a humble tribute to my late teacher Itmadi Noor Din H.Bakhsh (d.2000) who inspired me to undertake this research based academic exercise. 3 Acknowledgments Upon completion of this project on Kālām-e-Mawlā, I bow my head and heart to thank the He, who made me able to undertake the academic task. -
Typographic Development of the Khojki Script and Printing Affairs at the Turn of the 19Th Century in Bombay by Juan Bruce
Typographic development of the Khojki script and printing affairs at the turn of the 19th century in Bombay by Juan Bruce Khōjā Studies Conference, cnrs-ceias, París, December 2016. Paper based on the dissertation The origins, evolution and decline of the Khojki script submitted in September of 2015 by the same author as part of the requirements of the Master of Arts in Typeface Design at the University of Reading, uk. overview The Khojki script is an Indian script whose origins are in Sindh (now south of Pakistan), a region that has witnessed more than 1,200 years of interplay between Islam and Hinduism. After the gradual occupation of the region by Muslims from the 8th century onwards, the script took on different usages among its community, the Khojas. Sindh, Punjab and Gujarat, were the first places that received gradual Muslim religious incursions into Hindu communities, to which language and writing constituted the first barrier for conversion. It is believed that one prominent Muslim pir (Pir Sadruddin) was very much active inside the Hindu Lohana community in the 14th century, a caste of merchants and traders. As a way to approach and transmit the teachings to the people, the pir adopted the Lohānākī script of this community. Later on, the converted came to be known as the Khoja caste. Significantly, a totally different creed, known as Satpanth, grew inside the community after the blend of these cultures. Academic interest has been stimulated by the special nature of the Satpanthi literature and its place in the Indian subcontinent. It has emerged as a fascinating example of an Islamic religious movement expressing itself within a local Indian religious culture. -
General Historical and Analytical / Writing Systems: Recent Script
9 Writing systems Edited by Elena Bashir 9,1. Introduction By Elena Bashir The relations between spoken language and the visual symbols (graphemes) used to represent it are complex. Orthographies can be thought of as situated on a con- tinuum from “deep” — systems in which there is not a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds of the language and its graphemes — to “shallow” — systems in which the relationship between sounds and graphemes is regular and trans- parent (see Roberts & Joyce 2012 for a recent discussion). In orthographies for Indo-Aryan and Iranian languages based on the Arabic script and writing system, the retention of historical spellings for words of Arabic or Persian origin increases the orthographic depth of these systems. Decisions on how to write a language always carry historical, cultural, and political meaning. Debates about orthography usually focus on such issues rather than on linguistic analysis; this can be seen in Pakistan, for example, in discussions regarding orthography for Kalasha, Wakhi, or Balti, and in Afghanistan regarding Wakhi or Pashai. Questions of orthography are intertwined with language ideology, language planning activities, and goals like literacy or standardization. Woolard 1998, Brandt 2014, and Sebba 2007 are valuable treatments of such issues. In Section 9.2, Stefan Baums discusses the historical development and general characteristics of the (non Perso-Arabic) writing systems used for South Asian languages, and his Section 9.3 deals with recent research on alphasyllabic writing systems, script-related literacy and language-learning studies, representation of South Asian languages in Unicode, and recent debates about the Indus Valley inscriptions.