Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Fruit of , domestica, and , Pyrus communis, into the Continental United States from seven countries in the European Union (, Germany, France, , Portugal, Spain, the )

July 2, 2014

Version 4

Agency Contact:

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

United States Department of Agriculture and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest List for and from the European Union

1. Introduction

1.1. Initiation

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology prepared this pest list to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruit of apple, Malus domestica, and pear, Pyrus communis (), from the European Union (EU) states of Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands into the continental United States. This pest list is commodity-based or “pathway-initiated” because apples and pears are potential pathways for the introduction of plant pests.

The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as those in the EU, into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (2011). Currently, the entry of fresh apple and pear from the Belgium, Germany (apple only), France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands into the continental United States occurs through a preclearance program; the governments of those countries seek a change in the Federal Regulation to allow entry using a systems approach.

1.2. Standard post-harvest processing

To reduce or eliminate the pest risk associated with the movement of this commodity, we assume that the commodity will undergo the following minimal standard post-harvest processing: soil, leaf, and debris removal; visual inspection and culling; and washing. By developing this pest list, we can determine if minimal standard post-harvest processing is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may be required.

2. Pest Categorization

2.1. Pests associated with the commodity and present in the exporting countries

Below, we list the pests associated with Malus spp. and Pyrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands (on any host) (Tables 1 and 2). We list only quarantine pests for the United States that are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commercial apple and pear fruit, with pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the European Union. Should it be necessary, these pests would require further analysis in a pest risk assessment.

Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments.

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2.2. Pests considered but not included on the pest list

Hummer et al. (2009) indicate that Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) is present in Portugal. However, the distribution of this in Portugal is limited to São Miguel Island in the Azores. We understand that apple and pear exported to the United States will be produced on the mainland and this pest will therefore not be present in production areas. We further understand that movement of potential E. postvittana host material from the Azores to the Portuguese mainland is regulated to prevent spread of E. postvittana into areas where apples and pears are produced. If either of these conditions change or do not exist, we mahy reevaluate the risk associated with Epiphyas postvittana.

Table 1. Quarantine pest reported on Malus spp. or Pyrus spp. and present in Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, or Spain, that follow the fruit for consumption pathway. Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. ARTHROPODS Acari: Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis Pyrus (Bolland et BE, NL, ES (CABI, Yes Leaves, Fruit (van den (Klein) al., 1998) 2011; EPPO, 2006) Berg et al., 2001) Coleoptera: Curculionidae (Caenorhinus) Malus (Hill, EU (de Jong, 2011; Yes Fruit (Hill, 1987) aequatus (L.) 1987) Hill, 1987) (Scopoli) Malus (Booth et DE, FR, IT, ES (Booth Yes Fruit (Booth et al., 1990) al., 1990) et al., 1990; de Jong, 2011; Hoppe et al., 2011) Rhynchites bacchus (L.) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Fruit (Legalov and (Anonymous, ES (de Jong, 2011; De Friedman, 2007) 1994; CABI, Stefani, 1918; Legalov 2007) and Friedman, 2007) Diptera: Tephitidae Ceratitis capitata Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, ES, PT (CABI, Yes Fruit (Krainacker et al., (Wiedemann) (Krainacker et al., 2007; Standertskjold, 1987; McDonald and 1987; McDonald 2011) McInnis, 1985) and McInnis, 1985) Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes japonicus Green Malus, Pyrus FR, IT (Ben-Dov, Yes Fruit, Leaf, Buds, Stem (Ben-Dov, 1993; 1993; CABI, 2011; (CABI, 2011) Masten-Milek et Pellizzari and al., 2007) Camporese, 1994)

1 A designation of ‘EU’ indicates that the pest occurs in all six countries. BE = Belgium, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, IT = Italy, NL = Netherlands, and PT = Portugal. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States. CA = California, HI = Hawaii, and WA = Washington.

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Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Aphanostigma piri Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, PT (Alford, Yes Bark, Buds, Fruit (Cholodkovsky) (Blackman and 2007; Blackman and (Blackman and Eastop, Eastop, 1994; Eastop, 2000; Ruhnau, 2000) Ruhnau, 2002) 2002) : Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliella Malus, Pyrus EU (Standertskjold, Yes Leaves [mines] (Carter, (Costa) (Carter, 1984) 2011) 1984), Fruit (PestID, 2011)2 Lepidoptera: caeruleocephala (L.) Malus, Pyrus EU (Bolu and Ozgen, Yes Leaves, Buds, Fruit (Carter, 1984) 2007) (Bolu and Ozgen, 2007) Lacanobia oleracea L. Malus (Carter, EU (Cabello, 1989; Yes Leaves, Stems, Flowers, 1984) CABI, 2011; de Jong, Fruit (Carter, 1984) 2011) Mamestra brassicae L. Malus (Carter, EU (CABI, 2011; Yes Leaves, Fruit (Carter, 1984) Carter, 1984) 1984) Lepidoptera: Cryptoblabes gnidiella Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, PT, ES (Silva Yes Fruit (Carter, 1984) (Milliere) (Silva and Mexia, and Mexia, 1999) 1999) bigella (Zeller) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, PT, ES Yes Fruit (Davatchi and (Deseo, 1980) (de Jong, 2011; Deseoe, Esmaili, 1970; Deseoe, 1980) 1980) Lepidoptera: orana (Fischer Malus, Pyrus (De BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Hill, 2008) von Röeslerstamm) Prins and ES (Standertskjold, Steeman, 2007; 2011) Hill, 1987) podana (Scopoli) Malus, Pyrus EU (Blommers, 1994; Yes3 Fruit, leaves, buds (syn: Cacaecia oporana) (CABI, 2007; Evenhuis and Vlug, (CABI, 2011; Hill, 1987) (Obraztsov, 1956) Hill, 1987), 1983; de Jong, 2011), US (WA) (LaGasa et al., 2003); pulchellana Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Toffolutti (Haworth) (Carter, 1984; ES (Standertskjold, et al., 2004; Velcheva, [syn. A. ljungiana Velcheva, 2009) 2011) 2009) (Thunberg)]

2 Although foliar pests typically do not follow the pathway, interception data demonstrate that members of this move with apple and pear (PestID, 2011). 3 Archips podana has a limited distribution and is under consideration for official control.

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Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. Choristoneura Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, NL (De Prins, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Carter, hebenstreitella (Muller) (Carter, 1984) 2004; Kuchlein and 1984; Dickler, 1991) [syn: C. sorbiana Ellis, 1997; Nassig, (Hubner)] 2005) pyrivora (Danilevsky) Pyrus (Hill, 1987) DE, FR, IT (Makranczy Yes Fruit (Hill, 1987) et al., 1998) (Aspila) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, NL, PT, Yes Fruit (Hill, 2008) funebrana Treitschke (Hill, 2008; ES (Standertskjold, (syn: Cydia funebrana) Whittle, 1984) 2011) Grapholita (Aspila) Malus (Graf et DE, FR, IT, NL (de Yes Fruit (Graf et al., 1999) lobarzewskii (Nowicki) al., 1999) Jong, 2011; Gambon and Barro, 2000; Nassig, 2005) Hedya pruniana (Hubner) Malus (Dickler, BE, DE (De Prins, Yes Leaves, Flowers, Fruit, 1991) 2004; Nassig, 2005) Shoots (Dickler, 1991) Lobesia botrana Dennis & Pyrus (Ben- DE, FR, IT, PT, ES Yes4 Flowers, Fruit (CABI, Schiffermuller Yehuda et al., (CABI, 2011), US (CA) 2007; Stavridis and 1993; Whittle, (USDA, 2010) Savopoulou-Soultani, 1985) 1998) rhediella (Clerck) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL (de Yes Fruit (Carter, 1984) (Carter, 1984) Jong, 2011; Huisman et al., 2004) cerasana (Hubner) Malus, Pyrus DE, FR, IT (Nassig, Yes5 Leaves, Flowers, Fruit [syn: P. ribeana (Hubner)] (Carter, 1984; 2005; Tiso et al., 1993), (Tiso et al., 1993) Tiso et al., 1993) US (WA) (LaGasa et al., 2000) (Denis & Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL Yes6 Leaves, Fruit (Carter, Schiffermuller) (Carter, 1984) (CABI, 2011; Nassig, 1984) 2005), US (WA) (LaGasa et al., 2000) Syndemis musculana Malus (Carter, BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Carter, (Hubner) 1984) ES (de Jong, 2011) 1984)

4 Lobesia botrana (European grapevine moth) is a quarantine pest for the United States because it has a limited distribution and is under official control (USDA, 2010). 5 has a limited distribution and is under consideration for official control. 6 Pandemis heparana has a limited distribution and is under consideration for official control.

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Table 2. Quarantine pest pathogens reported on Malus spp. or Pyrus spp. and present in Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, or Spain, that follow the fruit for consumption pathway. Pest Scientific Name Reported on Malus spp. Distribution7 Plant References or Pyrus spp US part(s) affected8 BACTERIA Erwinia pyrifoliae Kim Pyrus No NL9 F EPPO, 2014; Kim et al., et al. 1999; Kim et al., 2001 FUNGI Alternaria gaisen Pyrus No10 FR, IT F, L, S, Br CABI, 2011; Farr and Nagano (= A. Rossman, 2011; Jones kikuchiana S. Tanaka) and Aldwinckle, 1990 Ascochyta piricola Sacc. Malus, Pyrus No IT F, L Farr and Rossman, 2011; Watson, 1971 Monilinia fructigena Malus, Pyrus No BE, DE, F, I, S Farr and Rossman,

Honey ex Whetzel FR, IT, 2011; Jones and ES, NL Aldwinckle, 1990;CABI 2011 VIRUSES, VIROIDS, and MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISMS 11

Pear blister canker Pyrus No FR, IT, Systemic Flores et al., 2003 viroid (PBCVd) ES

7 BE = Belgium, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, IT = Italy, NL = The Netherlands, and PT = Portugal 8 F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd = Seed, W = Wood, B = Bark, Br = Branch. 9 Official status in the Netherlands is “Present, only in some areas, only in protected cultivation” (EPPO, 2014). 10 U.S. record is not valid (CABI, 2011). 11 Pathogen is not seed transmitted (CABI, 2011; Jones and Aldwinckle, 1990). Even if the fruit tree could bear fruit, and fruit would pass as export quality, the systemic pathogen is highly unlikely to establish in the United States because of the exact conditions required to transmit the pathogen to a host, including an effective, infested vector, and proximity to the host.

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3. Literature Cited

7 CFR § 319.56. 2011. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7, Part 319 (7 CFR § 319.56 - Foreign Quarantine Notices), Subpart 56 (7 CFR § 319.56 - Fruits and Vegetables). Alford, D. V. 2007. Pests of Fruit Crops, A Color Handbook. Academic Press, Burlington, MA. 480 pp. Anonymous. 1994. Harmful Pests of China Fruit Trees. (Second). China Agriculture Press. 1063 pp. Ben-Dov, Y. 1993. A Systematic Catalogue of the Soft Scale of the World. (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) : With data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, Florida. 536 pp. Ben-Yehuda, S., Y. Izhar, M. Wysoki, and Q. Argaman. 1993. The grape berry moth, Lobesia botrana Denis & Schiffermueller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in pear orchards in . International Journal of Pest Management 39(2):149-151. Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 1994. Aphids on the World's Trees: An identification and information guide. CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon UK. 1003 pp. Blackman, R. L., and V. F. Eastop. 2000. Aphids on the World's Crops: An Identification and Information Guide (2nd). John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England. 466 pp. Blommers, L. H. M. 1994. Integrated pest management in European apple orchards. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39:213-241. Bolland, H. R., J. Gutierrez, and C. H. W. Flechtmann. 1998. World Catalogue of the Spider Mite Family (Acari: Tetranychidae). Brill, Leiden - Boston - Koln. 392 pp. Bolu, H., and I. Ozgen. 2007. Life History and Biology of (Figure of Eight) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology 137(2):133. Booth, R. G., M. L. Cox, and R. B. Madge. 1990. IIE Guides to Insects of Importance to Man. 3. Coleoptera. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. 384 pp. Cabello, T. 1989. Natural enemies of noctuid pests (Lep., Noctuidae) on alfalfa, corn, cotton and soybean crops in southern Spain. Journal of Applied Entomology 108(1 5):80-88. CABI. 2007. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, United Kingdom. CABI. 2011. Crop Protection Compendium. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International (CABI), Wallingford, UK. Carter, D. J. 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe with Special Reference to the British Isles. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, and the Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London. 431 pp. Davatchi, A., and M. Esmaili. 1970. The quince moth Euzophera bigella Zell.(Lep. Phyticidae) in . Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquees (29):67-79. de Jong, Y. S. D. M. 2011. Fauna Europaea version 2.4. Last accessed 09/2011, Web Service available online at http://www.faunaeur.org. De Prins, W. 2004. Interessante waarnemingen van Lepidoptera in België in 2003 (Lepidoptera)(vervolg). Phegea 32(1 en 2):70-76. De Prins, W., and C. Steeman. 2007. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Belgium: Adoxophyes orana. Flemish Entomological Society. Last accessed November 9, 2007, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/vve/Checklists/Lepidoptera/Tortricidae/Aorana.htm. De Stefani, T. 1918. Rhynchites bacchus, a Coleopteron injurious to Apples, Apricots and Plums, in Sicily. Bulletin of the Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases 9(3). Deseo, K. 1980. The fruit pyralid (Euzophera begella Zell. Lepidopt. Pyral.) in Emilia-Romagna. Informatore Fitopatologico 30(4):13-19. Deseoe, K. 1980. [Euzophera bigella Zell. and parasitella ssp. unicolorella Staud.(Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) two phytophagous insects of minor importance in the vineyards of Emilia [Italy]]. Informatore Fitopatologico (Italy) 30(6):7-9.

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Dickler, E. 1991. Tortricid pests of pome and stone fruits, Eurasian species. in L. P. S. Van der Geest and H. H. Evenhuis, (eds.). Tortricid pests their biology, natural enemies, and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York-Tokyo. EPPO. 2006. Distribution Maps of Quarantine Pests for Europe: Eutetranychus orientalis. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. 2 pp. EPPO. 2014. First report of Erwinia pyrifoliae on strawberries in the Netherlands (2014/030). EPPO Reporting Service, 2, 7-8. Paris. Evenhuis, H., and H. Vlug. 1983. The Hymenopterous parasites of leaf-feeding apple tortricids (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 126:109-135. Farr, D. F., and A. Y. Rossman. 2011. Fungal Databases. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory. Last accessed hthttp://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/index.cfm. Flores, R., C. Hernández, S. Ambrós, G. Llácer, and J. C. Desvignes. 2003. Pear blister canker viroid. aab Description of plant viruses. Last accessed 09/20/11, http://www3.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/webdpv/web/adpv.asp?dpvnum=365. Gambon, N., and P. Barro. 2000. Damage by Cydia lobarzewskii (Nowicki) in apple orchards in Friuli- Venezia Giulia. Notiziario ERSA 13(1/2):19-22. Graf, B., H. Höpli, and H. Höhn. 1999. The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii: predicting the phenology of adult emergence. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93(3):297-302. Hill, D. S. 1987. Agricultural pests of temperate regions and their control. Cambridge University Press. 659 pp. Hill, D. S. 2008. Pests of Crops in Warmer Climates and their Control. Springer Science + Business Media, B. V., Berlin. Hoppe, J. R., E. Boos, T. Ludwig, M. Wiedemann, and T. Stützel. 2011. SysTax - a Database System for Systematics and University of Ulm. Last accessed 12-01-2011, Huisman, K., J. Koster, E. van Nieukerken, and S. Ulenberg. 2004. Microlepidoptera in Nederland in. Entomologische berichten 64(6):170-187. Hummer, K., R. Williams, and J. Mota. 2009. Pests of blueberries on Sao Miguel, Acores, Portugal. Acta Hort. (ISHS) 810(287-292). Jones, A. L., and H. S. Aldwinckle. 1990. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. 100pp. pp. Kim, W.-S., Gardan, L., Rhim, S.-L, & Geider, K. 1999. Erwinia pyrifoliae sp. nov., a Novel Pathogen That Affects Asian Pear Trees (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 49(2), 899-906. Kim, W.-S., Jock, S., Paulin, J.-P., Rhim, S.-L., and Geider, K. 2001. Molecular detection and differentiation of Erwinia pyrifoliae and host range analysis of the Asian pear pathogen. Plant Dis. 85:1183-1188. Krainacker, D., J. Carey, and R. Vargas. 1987. Effect of larval host on life history traits of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Oecologia 73(4):583-590. Kuchlein, J. H., and W. N. Ellis. 1997. Climate-induced changes in the microlepidoptera fauna of the Netherlands and the implications for nature conservation. Journal of Insect Conservation 1(2):73- 80. LaGasa, E. H., P. Hertzog, D. Bowden, and B. Fair. 2003. Archips podana (Scopoli) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Host Survey 2002 - Northwest Washington Occurrence of an Old World Tree-fruit Pest New to the United States. Washington State Department of Agriculture, Laboratory Services Division, Pest Program. 7 pp. LaGasa, E. H., T. A. Murray, M. Hitchcox, and A. Pauley-Cawley. 2000. 1999 Western Washington Exotic Defoliator Parasitoid Survey. Laboratory Services Division, Pest Program, Washington State Department of Agriculture. 2 pp. Legalov, A. A., and A. L. L. Friedman. 2007. Review of the leaf-rolling of Israel (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: and ). Israel Journal of Entomology 37:181-203.

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Makranczy, G., M. Tóth, J. P. Chambon, C. R. Unelius, M. Bengtsson, and P. Witzgall. 1998. Sex pheromone of pear moth, Cydia pyrivora. BioControl 43(3):339-344. Masten-Milek, T., G. Seljak, and M. Simala. 2007. Ceroplastes japonicus (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) As new pest in Croatia and its distribution. Pages 330-334. Proceedings of the 8th Slovenian Conference on Plant Protection. McDonald, P., and D. McInnis. 1985. Ceratitis capitata: Effect of host fruit size on the number of eggs per clutch. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 37(3):207-211. Nassig, W. A. 2005. Künstliche sexuallockstoffe in der faunistik: ergebnisse einer studie an wicklern in Hessen (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 26(3):137- 146. Obraztsov, N. S. 1956. Some considerations about an abdomial organ in certain Tortricidae . The Lepidopterist's news 10:153-156. Pellizzari, G., and P. Camporese. 1994. The Ceroplastes species (Homoptera: coccoidea) of the Mediterranean basin with emphasis on C. japonicus green. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 30(1):175-192. PestID. 2011. Pest Identification Database (PestID). United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine. https://mokcs14.aphis.usda.gov/aqas/login.jsp. Ruhnau, M. 2002. Apple Study: Obstacles and the Potential for Pesticide Reduction. Pesticide Action Network (PAN) Germany, Hamburg, Germany. Silva, E., and A. Mexia. 1999. The pest complex Cryptoblabes gnidiella (Milliere)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Planococcus citri (Risso)(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on sweet orange groves (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) in Portugal: interspecific association. Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas 25(1):89-98. Standertskjold, H. 2011. EU application to export apples and pears, pest lists. Personal communication to M. Bandla on 07-27-2011, from H. Standertskjold (European Commission Directorate General for Trade). Archived at the PERAL library, Raleigh, NC. Stavridis, D. G., and M. Savopoulou-Soultani. 1998. Larval performance on and oviposition preference for known and potential hosts by Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). European Journal of Entomology 95(1):55-63. Tiso, R., A. Butturini, E. De Berardinis, and G. Briolini. 1993. A phenological model for the apple and pear leaf-roller Pandemis cerasana (Hb.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Boll. 1st. Ent. Univ. Bologna 47:101-110. Toffolutti, B., I. Clabassi, G. Gori, and C. Zampa. 2004. Use of indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide for the control of (Thunb.) in apple tree: evaluation of the effectiveness and the side effects on phytoseiidae [Malus pumila Mill.; Friuli-Venezia Giulia]. Italian Phytopathological Society, Biennial meeting, Montelsivano, Pescara (Italy). 4-6 May 2004. USDA. 2010. FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER: Lobesia botrana (European grapevine moth), DA-2010-32. in. USDA. 2011. FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER: Epiphyas postvittana (Light Brown Apple Moth), DA-2011-41. in. van den Berg, M. A., E. A. de Villiers, and P. H. Joubert. 2001. Pests and Beneficial Arthropods of Tropical and Non-citrus Subtropical Crops in South Africa. Ad Dynamics, Nelspruit, Republic of South Africa. 525 pp. Velcheva, N. 2009. Lepidopteran fauna in new planted apple orchard in west . Biotechnology and Biotechnology Equipment 23:127-131. Watson, A. J. 1971. Foreign bacterial and fungus diseases of food, forage, and fiber crops: an annotated list (Agriculture Handbook No. 418). United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, U.S.A. 116 pp. Whittle, K. 1984. Pests Not Known to Occur in the United States or of Limited Distribution (PNKTO). 12 pp.

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Whittle, K. 1985. Pests Not Known to Occur in the United States or of Limited Distribution (PNKTO). 12 pp.

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