Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Fruit of Apple, Malus domestica, and Pear, Pyrus communis, into the Continental United States from seven countries in the European Union (Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands) July 2, 2014 Version 4 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest List for Apples and Pears from the European Union 1. Introduction 1.1. Initiation The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology prepared this pest list to examine potential pest risks associated with the importation of fresh fruit of apple, Malus domestica, and pear, Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), from the European Union (EU) states of Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands into the continental United States. This pest list is commodity-based or “pathway-initiated” because apples and pears are potential pathways for the introduction of plant pests. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as those in the EU, into the United States is regulated in 7 CFR §319.56 (2011). Currently, the entry of fresh apple and pear from the Belgium, Germany (apple only), France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands into the continental United States occurs through a preclearance program; the governments of those countries seek a change in the Federal Regulation to allow entry using a systems approach. 1.2. Standard post-harvest processing To reduce or eliminate the pest risk associated with the movement of this commodity, we assume that the commodity will undergo the following minimal standard post-harvest processing: soil, leaf, and debris removal; visual inspection and culling; and washing. By developing this pest list, we can determine if minimal standard post-harvest processing is adequate to provide phytosanitary security or if other measures may be required. 2. Pest Categorization 2.1. Pests associated with the commodity and present in the exporting countries Below, we list the pests associated with Malus spp. and Pyrus spp. (in any country) that occur in Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands (on any host) (Tables 1 and 2). We list only quarantine pests for the United States that are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commercial apple and pear fruit, with pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the European Union. Should it be necessary, these pests would require further analysis in a pest risk assessment. Quarantine pests not included can be detrimental to U.S. agriculture or ecosystems, but were not candidates for risk mitigation for a variety of reasons. For example, they were associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; may be associated with the commodity, but would not reasonably remain with the commodity during harvest and packing; or have been intercepted as biological contaminants of this commodity during U.S. agricultural port of entry inspection, but would not be present in commercial shipments. Ver. 4 July 2, 2014 1 Pest List for Apples and Pears from the European Union 2.2. Pests considered but not included on the pest list Hummer et al. (2009) indicate that Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) is present in Portugal. However, the distribution of this moth in Portugal is limited to São Miguel Island in the Azores. We understand that apple and pear exported to the United States will be produced on the mainland and this pest will therefore not be present in production areas. We further understand that movement of potential E. postvittana host material from the Azores to the Portuguese mainland is regulated to prevent spread of E. postvittana into areas where apples and pears are produced. If either of these conditions change or do not exist, we mahy reevaluate the risk associated with Epiphyas postvittana. Table 1. Quarantine pest arthropods reported on Malus spp. or Pyrus spp. and present in Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, or Spain, that follow the fruit for consumption pathway. Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. ARTHROPODS Acari: Tetranychidae Eutetranychus orientalis Pyrus (Bolland et BE, NL, ES (CABI, Yes Leaves, Fruit (van den (Klein) al., 1998) 2011; EPPO, 2006) Berg et al., 2001) Coleoptera: Curculionidae Rhynchites (Caenorhinus) Malus (Hill, EU (de Jong, 2011; Yes Fruit (Hill, 1987) aequatus (L.) 1987) Hill, 1987) Rhynchites auratus (Scopoli) Malus (Booth et DE, FR, IT, ES (Booth Yes Fruit (Booth et al., 1990) al., 1990) et al., 1990; de Jong, 2011; Hoppe et al., 2011) Rhynchites bacchus (L.) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Fruit (Legalov and (Anonymous, ES (de Jong, 2011; De Friedman, 2007) 1994; CABI, Stefani, 1918; Legalov 2007) and Friedman, 2007) Diptera: Tephitidae Ceratitis capitata Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, ES, PT (CABI, Yes Fruit (Krainacker et al., (Wiedemann) (Krainacker et al., 2007; Standertskjold, 1987; McDonald and 1987; McDonald 2011) McInnis, 1985) and McInnis, 1985) Hemiptera: Coccidae Ceroplastes japonicus Green Malus, Pyrus FR, IT (Ben-Dov, Yes Fruit, Leaf, Buds, Stem (Ben-Dov, 1993; 1993; CABI, 2011; (CABI, 2011) Masten-Milek et Pellizzari and al., 2007) Camporese, 1994) 1 A designation of ‘EU’ indicates that the pest occurs in all six countries. BE = Belgium, DE = Germany, ES = Spain, FR = France, IT = Italy, NL = Netherlands, and PT = Portugal. Individual U.S. states are listed only if the pest species is considered a quarantine pest for the United States. CA = California, HI = Hawaii, and WA = Washington. Ver. 4 July 2, 2014 2 Pest List for Apples and Pears from the European Union Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae Aphanostigma piri Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, PT (Alford, Yes Bark, Buds, Fruit (Cholodkovsky) (Blackman and 2007; Blackman and (Blackman and Eastop, Eastop, 1994; Eastop, 2000; Ruhnau, 2000) Ruhnau, 2002) 2002) Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae Leucoptera malifoliella Malus, Pyrus EU (Standertskjold, Yes Leaves [mines] (Carter, (Costa) (Carter, 1984) 2011) 1984), Fruit (PestID, 2011)2 Lepidoptera: Noctuidae Diloba caeruleocephala (L.) Malus, Pyrus EU (Bolu and Ozgen, Yes Leaves, Buds, Fruit (Carter, 1984) 2007) (Bolu and Ozgen, 2007) Lacanobia oleracea L. Malus (Carter, EU (Cabello, 1989; Yes Leaves, Stems, Flowers, 1984) CABI, 2011; de Jong, Fruit (Carter, 1984) 2011) Mamestra brassicae L. Malus (Carter, EU (CABI, 2011; Yes Leaves, Fruit (Carter, 1984) Carter, 1984) 1984) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae Cryptoblabes gnidiella Malus, Pyrus FR, IT, PT, ES (Silva Yes Fruit (Carter, 1984) (Milliere) (Silva and Mexia, and Mexia, 1999) 1999) Euzophera bigella (Zeller) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, PT, ES Yes Fruit (Davatchi and (Deseo, 1980) (de Jong, 2011; Deseoe, Esmaili, 1970; Deseoe, 1980) 1980) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Adoxophyes orana (Fischer Malus, Pyrus (De BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Hill, 2008) von Röeslerstamm) Prins and ES (Standertskjold, Steeman, 2007; 2011) Hill, 1987) Archips podana (Scopoli) Malus, Pyrus EU (Blommers, 1994; Yes3 Fruit, leaves, buds (syn: Cacaecia oporana) (CABI, 2007; Evenhuis and Vlug, (CABI, 2011; Hill, 1987) (Obraztsov, 1956) Hill, 1987), 1983; de Jong, 2011), US (WA) (LaGasa et al., 2003); Argyrotaenia pulchellana Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, IT, NL, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Toffolutti (Haworth) (Carter, 1984; ES (Standertskjold, et al., 2004; Velcheva, [syn. A. ljungiana Velcheva, 2009) 2011) 2009) (Thunberg)] 2 Although foliar pests typically do not follow the pathway, interception data demonstrate that members of this genus move with apple and pear (PestID, 2011). 3 Archips podana has a limited distribution and is under consideration for official control. Ver. 4 July 2, 2014 3 Pest List for Apples and Pears from the European Union Pest Scientific Name Reported on EU and US Quaran- Plant part(s) affected Malus spp. or distribution1 tine pest Pyrus spp. Choristoneura Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, NL (De Prins, Yes Leaves, Fruit (Carter, hebenstreitella (Muller) (Carter, 1984) 2004; Kuchlein and 1984; Dickler, 1991) [syn: C. sorbiana Ellis, 1997; Nassig, (Hubner)] 2005) Cydia pyrivora (Danilevsky) Pyrus (Hill, 1987) DE, FR, IT (Makranczy Yes Fruit (Hill, 1987) et al., 1998) Grapholita (Aspila) Malus, Pyrus BE, DE, FR, NL, PT, Yes Fruit (Hill, 2008) funebrana Treitschke (Hill, 2008; ES (Standertskjold, (syn: Cydia funebrana) Whittle, 1984) 2011) Grapholita (Aspila) Malus (Graf et DE, FR, IT, NL (de Yes Fruit (Graf et al., 1999) lobarzewskii (Nowicki) al., 1999) Jong, 2011; Gambon and Barro, 2000; Nassig, 2005) Hedya pruniana (Hubner) Malus (Dickler, BE, DE (De Prins, Yes Leaves, Flowers, Fruit, 1991) 2004; Nassig, 2005) Shoots (Dickler, 1991) Lobesia botrana Dennis & Pyrus (Ben- DE, FR, IT, PT, ES Yes4 Flowers, Fruit (CABI, Schiffermuller Yehuda et al., (CABI, 2011), US (CA) 2007; Stavridis and 1993; Whittle, (USDA, 2010) Savopoulou-Soultani, 1985) 1998) Pammene rhediella (Clerck) Malus, Pyrus BE,