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L. Chandra Chandi Mendut and Pawon: a New Interpretation

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L. Chandra Chandi Mendut and Pawon: a new interpretation In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 136 (1980), no: 2/3, Leiden, 313-320 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:44:21PM via free access LOKESH CHANDRA CHANDI MENDUT AND PAWON: A NEW INTERPRETATION The Chandi Mendut and Pawon belong to the system of carya-tantras. The prevalence of the carya-tantras in Indonesia is proved by the San Hyan Kamahayanan Mantranaya (SHKM), which is a tan trie text from Indonesia including 42 Sanskrit verses, each verse followed by an Old Javanese commentary. Following the pioneering studies of Wogihara Unrai and Sakai Shiro, Prof, de Jong (1974) has demonstrated beyond a doubt that the verses of SHKM are derived from the Mahavairocana- sutra and the Adhyardha-satika Prajnaparamita. Verses l-5aib, 6-9, 16-18, and 20-22 are from the Maihavairocana-sutra (T.848, Nj.530, Toh.494); while verses 26-42 stem from the Adhyardha-satika (T.244, Nj.1037, Toh.488). The Mahavairocana-sutra belongs to the carya- tantras and the Adhyardha-satika. to the yoga-tantras. , The Sanskrit text of the Mahavairocana-sutra is lost. It is extant in two translations: (i) Chinese and (ii) Tibetan. It was translated into Chinese in A.D. 724 by Subhakarasirhha with the help of the Chinese teacher Yi-hsing under the title Ta-p'i-lu-che-na-ch'eng-fo-shen-pien- chia-c'h'ih-ching (Nj.530, T.848) = Mahavairocan-abnisambodhi-vikur- vit-adhisthana-vaipulya-sutra. It was rendered into Tibetan by Silendra- bodhi and Dpal-brtsegs (Toh.494). The Mahavairocana-sutra can be represented graphically on a scroll as a mandala in two dimensions or as a three-dimensional architectonic pura-mandala. There are two traditions of its representation: (i) Sino- Japanese and (ii) Tibetan. The Sino-Japanese is termed the Mahaka- runagarbha mandala or Garbhadhatu mandala, Taizokai mandara in DR. LOKESH CHANDRA holds an M.A. from the University of Panjab, Lahore, and a D.Litt from the State University of Utrecht. A Member of Parliament and Director of the International Academy of Indian Culture, he is mainly interested in Buddhist Art. His publications include The Esoteric Iconography of Japanese Mandalas, Mongolian Kanjur vols. 1-90 (91-108 in press). He may currently be contacted at J 22 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India. Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:44:21PM via free access 314 Lokesh Chandra Japanese (reproduced by the author in 1972). The Tibetan thankas of the Nor monastery commissioned by Blo-gter-dban-po depicted 132 m'andalas of all the divisions of tantras (RaghuVira/ Lokesh Chandra 1967: 2). Among them the carya.Mantra is represented by the 122-deky Abhisambodhi-karun-odgata Bhagavad Vairocana "(mandala no. 20 in RaghuVira/Lokesh Chandra 1967), known for short as Mnon-byan = Abhisambodhi. This tantra belongs to the Tathagaita family, so we are informed by Mkhas-grub-rje (A.D. 1385-1438) in his survey of the fundamentals of Buddhist tantras (Lessing/Wayman 1968:207). The main deity is Abhisambodhi Vairocana, who is termed Garbha- dhaitu Vairocana (Jap. Taizokai Dainichi nyorai) in Japan. In the Japanese mandala he is sitting in the vajra-paryanka posture with his hands in dhyana mudra, as opposed to the Vajradhatu Vairocana, whose hands are in the bodhyagri mudra (Lokesh Chandra 1972: 1, 699). In the Japanese graphic representation, the Garbhadhatu mandala is divided into three enceintes: the first or inner enceinte, the second or middle enceinte and the third or outer enceinte. The inner enceinte comprises four quarters, of 1. Universal Knowledge, 2. Vidyadharas (with Prajnaparamita in the centre), 3. Avalokitesvara and 4. Vajra- pani. The second enceinte has six quarters, of 5. Sakyamuni, 6. Mafiju- sri, 7. Ksitigarbha, 8. Sarva-nlvarana-viskambhin, 9-10. Akasagarfoha and the allied Susiddhi. The outer enceinte of vajras has Hindu deities. CHANDI MENDUT Now let us come to Chandi Menduit. It was constructed by the Sailendra king Indra (A.D. 782-812). The Inscription of Karantenah dated A.D. 824 (De Casparis 1950: 39) names it as Venuvana: venuvandbhi- khyam ... jinamandiram, in line 21. According to De Casparis (1950: 204) it is "one complex whole with Pawon and Borobudur", and "chronologically speaking, it is the oldest of the three". He further staites: "When Indra built 'the Venuvana, he realised 'that he belonged to the Family of the Tathagata, identified with the Cailendra ancestors". King Indra himself has provided a key to the identification of the Mendut by using the expression Tathdgata-kula. It is a technical term of the carya-tantras, which are classified into three families (kula): Tathagata-kula, padma-kula, arid vajra-kula (Wayman 1973: 237). The Tathagata-kula comprises two tantras, namely the Mahavairocan-abhi- sambodhi-tantra and the Acala-kalpa (Toh.494, comm. Toh.2662-9). The Mahavairocan-abhisambodhi-tantra is the source of the Garbha- Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:44:21PM via free access Chandi Mendut and Pawon: a New Interpretation 31,5 dhatu mandala, which has been known to European scholars in its Japanese version since die last century. The identification of the central deity in the temple of Mendut vacillated (and rightly so) between Sakyamuni and Vairocana. Bernet Kempers (1959:40) himself is conscious that "it is not the 'human Buddha' Sakyamuni who is meant". Though he came very close in his statement that "The first is known in Buddhist iconography as Garbha- dhatu, the second as Vajradhatu. This system or variety of systems was also known in Central Java", he was under the impression that "several systems of Buddhist mythology and cosmology" overlapped. This was inevitable in the absence of exact knowledge that the placement of the statues of deities inside and the reliefs outside corresponds to a particular mandala. The use of the term Tathagata-kula eluded precise inter- pretation which enables us to establish that the Mendut belongs to the family which is symbolised by the Garbhadhatu mandala. The Mendut temple has inside the cella: 1. the Five Tathagatas, viz. Vairocana flanked by Avalokitesvara and Vajrapani, while the remaining four Tathagatas once occupied the niches which are empty today. On the four walls outside we find: 2. eight bodhisattvas at the corners. 3. Prajfiaparamita on the large central panel on the right wall. 4. Akasagarbha/Khagarbha on the large central panel on the left wall. 5. Lokesvara on "the back wall. The arrangement of the Mendut corresponds to the Japanese mandala as follows: Mendut Japanese Mandala 1. The five Tathagatas In the eight-petalled lotus in the centre 2. Avalokitesvara Quarter 3 3. Vajrapani Quarter 4 4. Eight Bodhisattvas Four bodhisattvas are in the (Krom 1918:419-437) eight-petalled lotus Four bodhisattvas in Quarters 6, 7, 8 and 9-10 (Susiddhi represents 'the merits of Akasagarbha) 5. Prajfiaparamita Central deity in Quarter 2 6. Akasagarbha/Khagarbha Quarter 9 Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:44:21PM via free access 316 Lokesh Chandra 7. The small relief representing Quarters 1 (Universal Know- a wheel between two deer, the ledge), and 5 (Sakyamuni) symbol of the First Sermon at Sarnath Mahavairocana at Mendut is in the dharmacakra mudra. In the Nispan- nayogavall (text p. 66) Mahavairocana is in the dharmacakra mudra in the Durgati-parisodhana-mandala: Sn-Sdkyasimho bhagavdn Mahd- vairocanah suvarna-varno dhrta-dharmacakra-mudrah. The bronze image of Vairocana and VajradhatvTsvari in the Leiden Museum (no. 2862) has the dharmacakra mudra. CHANDI PAWON Between Mendut and Borobudur, in a straight line, stands the Pawon, 1150 metres from Mendut and 1750 metres from Borobudur. It is also called Brajanalan. It is "often regarded as a porch-temple to Bara- budur, dedicated to Kuvera, the god of riches. The bearded dwarfs above the entrance, pouring out rings and other trinkets from bags, are consistent with this view" (Kempers 1959:41 pi. 65-66). There is no clear indication that it should be considered as being dedicated to Kubera. It has small windows, which "are a feature seldom if ever met with in temples with the exception of those of the type of Sari [Kempers 1959, pi. 117]. Here they are merely decorative". The word pawon means kitchen (De Casparis 1950: 203). In Bali, there are five stanzas to Vajranala, entitled (Paiica)-Bajra- nala-stava (Hooykaas 1973:86), in which he is described as seated in a mandorla of flames, pure as die autumnal moon, with three eyes and four arms holding a staff (danda), abhayada mudra, rosary (aksa- sutra) and vase (kamandalu). Each of the four Nepalese mudra. manuals that I have consulted illustrate mudras to Vajranala. The Pawon seems to have been a temple to Vajranala, who is connected with fire: sar- vdgneya, sdnti-karmani samiddha (in the Balinese stotra). The word sdnti-karmani is a clear reference to santika homa. Vajranala was the presiding deity of homa, which explains idie presence of small windows as an escape for the smoke of homa ceremonies. Homa is a distinctive characteristic of vajrayana. It 'had to be provided for with a special temple, because of the smoke. In the vajrayana (Shingon) monasteries of Japan, special halls are constructed for the performance of homa. As the vajrayana of both Japan and Indonesia go back to the same sources, it is but natural that both should follow the same pattern of Downloaded from Brill.com09/28/2021 10:44:21PM via free access Chandi Mendut and Pawon: a New Interpretation 317 giving such a prominent place to homa, to the extent that a separate temple was erected for it.
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  • A Lesson from Borobudur

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    5 Changing perspectives on the relationship between heritage, landscape and local communities: A lesson from Borobudur Daud A. Tanudirjo, Jurusan Arkeologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta Figure 1. The grandeur of the Borobudur World Heritage site has attracted visitors for its massive stone structure adorned with fabulous reliefs and stupas laid out in the configuration of a Buddhist Mandala. Source: Daud Tanudirjo. The grandeur of Borobudur has fascinated almost every visitor who views it. Situated in the heart of the island of Java in Indonesia, this remarkable stone structure is considered to be the most significant Buddhist monument in the Southern Hemisphere (Figure 1). In 1991, Borobudur 66 Transcending the Culture–Nature Divide in Cultural Heritage was inscribed on the World Heritage List, together with two other smaller stone temples, Pawon and Mendut. These three stone temples are located over a straight line of about three kilometres on an east-west orientation, and are regarded as belonging to a single temple complex (Figure 2). Known as the Borobudur Temple Compound, this World Heritage Site meets at least three criteria of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: (i) to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius, (ii) to exhibit an important interchange of human values over a span of time or within cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town planning or landscape design, and (iii) to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literacy works of outstanding universal value (see also Matsuura 2005).
  • Why I Became a Hindu

    Why I Became a Hindu

    Why I became a Hindu Parama Karuna Devi published by Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Copyright © 2018 Parama Karuna Devi All rights reserved Title ID: 8916295 ISBN-13: 978-1724611147 ISBN-10: 1724611143 published by: Jagannatha Vallabha Vedic Research Center Website: www.jagannathavallabha.com Anyone wishing to submit questions, observations, objections or further information, useful in improving the contents of this book, is welcome to contact the author: E-mail: [email protected] phone: +91 (India) 94373 00906 Please note: direct contact data such as email and phone numbers may change due to events of force majeure, so please keep an eye on the updated information on the website. Table of contents Preface 7 My work 9 My experience 12 Why Hinduism is better 18 Fundamental teachings of Hinduism 21 A definition of Hinduism 29 The problem of castes 31 The importance of Bhakti 34 The need for a Guru 39 Can someone become a Hindu? 43 Historical examples 45 Hinduism in the world 52 Conversions in modern times 56 Individuals who embraced Hindu beliefs 61 Hindu revival 68 Dayananda Saraswati and Arya Samaj 73 Shraddhananda Swami 75 Sarla Bedi 75 Pandurang Shastri Athavale 75 Chattampi Swamikal 76 Narayana Guru 77 Navajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru 78 Swami Bhoomananda Tirtha 79 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa 79 Sarada Devi 80 Golap Ma 81 Rama Tirtha Swami 81 Niranjanananda Swami 81 Vireshwarananda Swami 82 Rudrananda Swami 82 Swahananda Swami 82 Narayanananda Swami 83 Vivekananda Swami and Ramakrishna Math 83 Sister Nivedita