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Synoptic Revision of the Genus Phanerodiscus Cavaco (Olacaceae) in Madagascar

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Synoptic Revision of the Genus Phanerodiscus Cavaco (Olacaceae) in Madagascar Synoptic Revision of the genus Phanerodiscus Cavaco (Olacaceae) in Madagascar Valéry MALÉCOT Team “Classification, Evolution and biosystematics” EA 3496 Laboratory of Paleobotany and Paleoecology University Pierre and Marie Curie, 12 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. [email protected]. George E. SCHATZ Missouri Botanical Garden, PO Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 63166-0299, USA george.schatz @ mobot.org. Jean BOSSER IRD, Phanérogamie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. SUMMARY The olacaceous endemic genus Phanerodiscus Cavaco is revised for Madagascar. Three species are recognized, including a new one, Phanerodiscus capuronii V. Malécot, G.E. Schatz & J. Bosser, named in order to designate the taxon bearing the invalid name Phanerodiscus louvelii Capuron. Phanerodiscus perrieri var. orientalis Cavaco & Keraudren is excluded from the genus, as the type specimen belongs to Anacolosa pervilleana Baillon, whereas all the remaining specimens belong to Phanerodiscus capuronii. The three recognized species are separated mainly on the basis of fruit appendages and distribution. Identification keys are provided in order to distinguish these three species on the basis of fruits, flowers and leaf morphology. RÉSUMÉ Le genre endémique d’Olacaceae Phanerodiscus Cavaco est révisé pour Mada- gascar. Trois espèces sont recensées, dont une nouvelle espèce, Phanerodiscus capuronii V. Malécot, G.E. Schatz & J. Bosser, nommée pour désigner le taxon portant le nom invalide Phanerodiscus louvelii Capuron. Phanerodiscus perrieri var. orientalis Cavaco & Keraudren est exclu du genre, l’échantillon type appar- tenant à Anacolosa pervilleana Baillon, alors que tous les autres échantillons ci- tés par ces auteurs appartiennent à Phanerodiscus capuronii. Les trois espèces recensées se distinguent principalement à partir des excroissances de leur fruit et de leur distribution. Des clef d’identifications sont fournies pour distinguer ces trois espèces à partir des fruits, des fleurs ou des feuilles. Key words: Olacaceae, Phanerodiscus, Madagascar, endemism. ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2003 25 (1): 119-128 © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris INTRODUCTION cot 2002), it is apparent that various nomen- clatural problems still existed for this genus Phanerodiscus is a genus of small trees of Capuron (1968) who considered it com- endemic to Madagascar that Cavaco estab- posed of three species. A comparative study lished in 1954 with the single species Phan- of Phanerodiscus samples available in major erodiscus perrieri Cavaco. It belongs to the herbaria containing Malagasy material (MO, family Olacaceae and is placed, according to P, TAN, TEF) led us to follow the taxonomy morphological (Cavaco 1954; Malécot & proposed by Capuron (1968), but mainly to Lobreau-Callen 1999), anatomical (Baas et re-examine the nomenclature. This work al. 1982; van den Oever 1984) and paly- aims to solve the nomenclatural problems nological (Lobreau-Callen 1980) data near while presenting a detailed study of various the genus Anacolosa (Blume) Blume and species attributable to the genus; a new spe- Cathedra Miers in the tribe Anacoloseae. cies is described. Phanerodiscus is traditionally defined by Regarding the exsiccatae, collection loca- its fruit surrounded by an induvial complex tions or the collector's name, noted by and by its calyx with widely developed se- Capuron (1968) but not mentioned on the pals. In contrast, the two closest genera of herbarium specimens preserved in various Olacaceae, Anacolosa and Cathedra, have institutions, are indicated in braces {}. fruits surrounded by an accrescent disk, and a Square brackets [] are given to the geo- reduced calyx and sepals fused along their graphic coordinates assigned post facto using entire length. Other diaognostic characters of the information on place names and mala- Phanerodiscus mentioned by Capuron (1968) gasy geography found in the "Madagascar correspond to characteristics of tribe Anaco- gazetteer", available at http://www. losoideae. This is particularly the cupular mobot.org/MOBOT/research/madagascar/ disk, free from the calyx and ovary, in which gazetteer/. petals and stamens are inserted. Recent phylogenetic studies suggest that TAXONOMIC HISTORY Olacaceae are paraphyletic at the base of Santalales and that genus Schoepfia should The genus Phanerodiscus was created in be excluded (Nickrent et al. 1998; Nickrent 1954 by Cavaco from material collected in & Malecot 2001). Fossil pollen of Olacaceae, the region of Majunga, north-western Mada- known under the name Anacolosidites Cook- gascar. At the time, this type had only one son & Pike, are mainly attributable to tribe species, Phanerodiscus perrieri Cavaco. Anacoloseae, which is where Phanerodiscus Capuron (1962), in Part V of his contri- belongs. These are present from the Maestri- bution to the study of the forest flora of chien (-72 Ma) in both the northern hemi- Madagascar, considered that a taxon de- sphere and in the southern hemisphere (Mul- scribed by Perrier de la Bâthie (1952) in the ler 1981; Krutsch 1989; Askin 1989), and genus Diospyros (Ebenaceae) must be placed since the Eocene (-53 Ma) in Africa (Lucas in the genus Phanerodiscus. He then writes 1994; Kuyl et al. 1955) and India (Thanikai- the following lines: moni et al. 1984). The members of this tribe probably colonized Madagascar around the Diospyros sphaerosepala Baker var. calycu- same time (Krutzsch 1989; Schatz 1996). lata H. Perr., lc: 141 = Anacolosa, represented by two species in Phanerodiscus diospyroidea Madagascar, belongs to the "Lemurian Step- R. Capuron nom. nov. ping-stones" taxa of Schatz (1996), whereas Phanerodiscus is endemic either due to ex- where l.c. refers to Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagas- tinction in other regions or following local- car., Series B, IV (1952). ized evolution in Madagascar. In the thesis of one of the authors (Malé- ADANSONIA, sér. 3 • 2003 25 (1): 119-128 © Publications Scientifiques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris Cavaco & Keraudren (1963) described a Phanerodiscus diospyroidea Capuron is new variety, Phanerodiscus perrieri Cavaco not invalid because it is a substitute name for var. orientalis Cavaco & Keraudren. It had as a name validated by Perrier de la Bâthie pub- the type specimen RN 8156 present at P. lished with a different rank. They also mentioned a small number of para- Phanerodiscus louveli Capuron, is in part types. invalid because it was published in a docu- In 1968, Capuron, as part of his study of ment that is not considered an effective pub- the forest flora of Madagascar, wrote a paper lication since the document is typographic titled " Olacacées, Opiliacées et Santalacées (Greuter et al. 2000, Art. 29.1). In this docu- arbustives ou arborescentes de Madagascar" ment, dated 1968, among samples assigned as a typographic document bearing the letter- to “Phanerodiscus louveli”, nothing is men- head of the Centre Technique Forestier tioned as the type specimen and the name is Tropical, Section de Madagascar. In this pa- therefore invalid (Greuter et al. 2000, Art. per, we find the description of Phanerodiscus 37.1). It may be noted that the Louvel 177 perrieri Cavaco, but also that of Phanerodis- specimen present at P is indicated as the type cus diospyroidea R. Capuron. A third species in the hand of Capuron. One should therefore is also mentioned, Phanerodiscus louveli R. publish a valid taxon corresponding to Capuron. “Phanerodiscus louveli” Capuron. As regards this third taxon, Capuron From a taxonomic viewpoint, three spe- (1968) notes on page 34: Syn.: Phanerodis- cies are recognized. The type specimen cus perrieri var. orientalis Cav. and Ker. Phanerodiscus perrieri var. orientalis be- (1963) regarding the samples cited excluding longs to Anacolosa pervilleana Baillon, the type (cf. Anacolosa pervilleana Baill.), while all paratypes belong to Phanerodiscus and also mentions in his work (p. 24) Anaco- capuronii. losa pervilleana Baillon (1860-1863); Syn.: Phanerodiscus perrieri var. orientalis Cav. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT and Ker. (1963) regarding the type and de- scription. PHANERODISCUS Cavaco Only a few later studies addressed the Notul. Syst. (Paris) 15: 11 (1954) genus Phanerodiscus, mainly in palynologi- Type. - Phanerodiscus perrieri Cavaco cal or anatomical studies of the family Ola- caceae. Thus, Lobreau-Callen (1980), col- The genus Phanerodiscus, endemic lected pollen from the sample SF 11265, and to Madagascar, is composed of three species. used the name P. diospyroidea Capuron for They differ mainly in the fruit and especially the illustrated pollen. The same sample was by the shape of the induvial investments. The used by Baas et al. (1982) for the study of leaves are deciduous at unknown intervals, leaf anatomy of this genus, using the name P. but probably are annual, falling during the diospyroidea [diospyroides] Capuron. Lo- dry season. Flowering usually takes place on breau-Callen (1980) also studied the pollen leafless branches, two years of age as esti- sample SF 6320, P. perrieri Cavaco var. ori- mated by Capuron (1968). During the flower- entalis, and Baas et al. (1982) studied the leaf ing period, some branches may remain leafy anatomy of P. perrieri Cavaco based on the and non-flowering. The flowers of different sample SF 24226. species are very similar morphologically. From a nomenclatural point of view, They have 5 or 6 floral parts per cycle (se- three names have been created according to pals, petals and stamens). But the
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