Odontoglossum HBK Houlletia
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May 2014 Volume 54 Number 4 YEARSYEARS Patron the Queensland Governor Ms Penelope Wensley, AC President Mr
queenslandorchid.wordpress.com PO Box 126 Browns Plains BC QLD 4118 Australia 80 May 2014 Volume 54 Number 4 YEARSYEARS Patron The Queensland Governor Ms Penelope Wensley, AC President Mr. Albert Gibbard [email protected] 07 3269 1631 Secretary Mrs. Maree Illingworth [email protected] 07 3800 3213 Treasurer Mr. Nick Woolley [email protected] 07 3201 6414 Editor Mr. Kev Horsey [email protected] 07 3281 9203 Next Committee Meeting at 10 am 19th May 2014 Next General Meeting at 8pm on 12th May 2014 Reg & Maree Illingworth’s Home at Venue: Red Hill Community Sports Centre 51 Lionheart St Forestdale 22 Fulcher Road, Red Hill, QLD 4059 Affiliated Societies, Judging Roster for May Beaudesert O & F.S. 3rd Wednesday @ 7.30pm Adrian Bergstrum ............. .............. Brisbane O.S. 4th Monday @ 7.45pm Arthur Cornell. Brent Nicoll. Adrian Bergstrum Eastern District O.S 4th Thursday @ 8pm ………. ………… …….. ………. John Oxley O.S. 2nd Wednesday @ 7.30pm Les Burow. John Buckley. Logan & District 3rd Tuesday @ 7.45pm David Buhse. Kaye Buhse. Lyn Calligros. Les Burow. Judges for Q.O.S. General Meeting on 12th May 2014 Judging starts at 7-45 pm John Rooks. Arthur Cornell. Lynda Rapkins. Les Vickers. Gary Yong Gee. Helen Edwards. May Meeting Information Visiting Society in May Guest Speaker is Ann Sales Eastern District Orchid Society The Subject is ‘Cattleyas’ Brisbane Orchid Society See Ann’s profile Page 3 The Queensland Orchid Society Inc. founded on Wednesday, 24th January 1934 Members who contribute to this Bulletin endeavor to assure the reliability of its contents. -
Generic and Subtribal Relationships in Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) Based on Matk/Ycf1 Plastid Data
LANKESTERIANA 13(3): 375—392. 2014. I N V I T E D P A P E R* GENERIC AND SUBTRIBAL RELATIONSHIPS IN NEOTROPICAL CYMBIDIEAE (ORCHIDACEAE) BASED ON MATK/YCF1 PLASTID DATA W. MARK WHITTEN1,2, KURT M. NEUBIG1 & N. H. WILLIAMS1 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-7800 USA 2Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Relationships among all subtribes of Neotropical Cymbidieae (Orchidaceae) were estimated using combined matK/ycf1 plastid sequence data for 289 taxa. The matrix was analyzed using RAxML. Bootstrap (BS) analyses yield 100% BS support for all subtribes except Stanhopeinae (87%). Generic relationships within subtribes are highly resolved and are generally congruent with those presented in previous studies and as summarized in Genera Orchidacearum. Relationships among subtribes are largely unresolved. The Szlachetko generic classification of Maxillariinae is not supported. A new combination is made for Maxillaria cacaoensis J.T.Atwood in Camaridium. KEY WORDS: Orchidaceae, Cymbidieae, Maxillariinae, matK, ycf1, phylogenetics, Camaridium, Maxillaria cacaoensis, Vargasiella Cymbidieae include many of the showiest align nrITS sequences across the entire tribe was Neotropical epiphytic orchids and an unparalleled unrealistic due to high levels of sequence divergence, diversity in floral rewards and pollination systems. and instead to concentrate our efforts on assembling Many researchers have posed questions such as a larger plastid data set based on two regions (matK “How many times and when has male euglossine and ycf1) that are among the most variable plastid bee pollination evolved?”(Ramírez et al. 2011), or exon regions and can be aligned with minimal “How many times have oil-reward flowers evolved?” ambiguity across broad taxonomic spans. -
Estudio De Factibilidad De Exportación De Orquídeas Ecuatorianas Utilizando La Estrategia B2c”
UNIVERSIDAD DE GUAYAQUIL FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS MAESTRÍA EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CON MENCION EN COMERCIO EXTERIOR TESIS PRESENTADA PARA OPTAR EL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES CON MENCIÓN EN COMERCIO EXTERIOR “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” ELABORADOR POR: TANIA PALACIOS SARMIENTO TUTOR DE TESIS: ING. MARIO VASQUEZ J. GUAYAQUIL – ECUADOR DICIEMBRE - 2015 1 DERECHOS DE AUTORÍA POR MEDIO DE LA PRESENTE CERTIFICO QUE LOS CONTENIDOS DESARROLLADOS EN ESTA TESIS SON DE ABSOLUTA PROPIEDAD Y RESPONSABILIDAD DE TANIA PALACIOS S. CON C.C. No. 0917542672, CUYO TEMA ES: “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” TANIA PALACIOS S. C.C. No. 0917542672 GUAYAQUIL, DICIEMBRE DE 2015. 2 CERTIFICACIÓN DEL TUTOR ING. COM. MARIO VASQUEZ JIMENEZ, TUTOR DE LA TESIS PARA GRADO DENOMINADA: “ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE EXPORTACIÓN DE ORQUÍDEAS ECUATORIANAS UTILIZANDO LA ESTRATEGIA B2C” COMO REQUISITO PARA OPTAR POR EL TÍTULO DE MAGISTER EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES POR LA EGRESADA: TANIA PALACIOS S. C.C. No. 0917542672 CERTIFICA QUE: SE HA DESARROLLADO, REVISADO Y APROBADO EN TODAS SUS PARTES, POR CONSIGUIENTE SE ENCUENTRA APTA PARA SU TRÁMITE DE SUSTENTACIÓN. ______________________________________ Ing. Com. Mario Vásquez Jiménez TUTOR DE TESIS 3 AGRADECIMIENTO TANIA PALACIOS Agradezco a mi amiga Viviana Medina, mi compañera y amiga de estudios del pregrado en la ESPOL, ya que gracias a su intensa insistencia y tortura diaria me ayudó a encender motores para terminar este gran reto; el mismo que ha sido a base de mucho sacrificio. Y también agradezco a mi Dios, ya que me ha concedido vida y gracias a su voluntad puedo terminar este sueño que creí no lograrlo. -
PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTAS in VITRO LIBRES DEL VIRUS Cymmv EN UN HÍBRIDO COMERCIAL DE CATTLEYA (ORCHIDACEAE) UTILIZANDO RIBAVIRINA
PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTAS IN VITRO LIBRES DEL VIRUS CymMV EN UN HÍBRIDO COMERCIAL DE CATTLEYA (ORCHIDACEAE) UTILIZANDO RIBAVIRINA. LORENA GUADALUPE FRANCO MEJÍA Práctica de Especialidad presentado a la Escuela de Agronomía como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Bachillerato en Ingeniería en Agronomía INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE COSTA RICA SEDE REGIONAL SAN CARLOS 2006 PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTAS IN VITRO LIBRES DEL VIRUS CymMV EN UN HÍBRIDO COMERCIAL DE CATTLEYA (ORCHIDACEAE) UTILIZANDO RIBAVIRINA. LORENA GUADALUPE FRANCO MEJÍA Practica de Especialidad presentado a la Escuela de Agronomía para obtener el grado de Bachillerato en Ingeniería en Agronomía INSTITUTO TECNOLOGICO DE COSTA RICA SEDE REGIONAL SAN CARLOS 2006 PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTAS IN VITRO LIBRES DEL VIRUS CymMV EN UN HÍBRIDO COMERCIAL DE CATTLEYA (ORCHIDACEAE) UTILIZANDO RIBAVIRINA. LORENA GUADALUPE FRANCO MEJÍA Aprobado por los miembros del Tribunal Evaluador: Ing. Agr. Sergio Torres Portuguez MSc. Asesor Ing. Biotec. Wayner Montero Carmona. Jurado Ing. Joaquín Durán Mora MSc. Jurado Ing. Agr. Fernando Gómez Sánchez MAE. Coordinador Trabajos Finales de Graduación Ing. Agr. Olger Murillo Bravo. MSc. Director Escuela de Agronomía DEDICATORIA El presente documento se lo dedico a mi madre, a mi hijo Francisco Javier, a mi compañero y amigo Tobías. AGRADECIMIENTO A todos los funcionarios del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica en San Carlos, por su sencillez y profesionalismo con que se desenvuelven en sus puestos de servicio hacia los estudiantes. A los funcionarios y amigos que ya no están entre nosotros, pero si con nuestro Padre Celestial, y que conservamos en nuestros corazones. Y el más sincero agradecimiento al personal del Laboratorio de Biotecnología (Sergio Torres, Wayner Montero y Jaime Soto) y al Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, a Omar Gatjens y Alejandro Arce por las pruebas de laboratorio, todos me enseñaron humildad, perseverancia, respeto y sobre todo amor a la investigación. -
ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA: CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE Conservación Orquídeas De
ISBN: 978-958-5418-30-1 ISBN: ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE : CONSERVACIÓN ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE ORQUÍDEAS DE CUNDINAMARCA CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO SOSTENIBLE Citación de obra completa sugerida: Castellanos-Castro, C. y Torres-Morales, G. 2018. Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible. Insti- tuto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá ORQUÍDEAS DE “José Celestino Mutis”, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria Corpoica, Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Bogotá CUNDINAMARCA D.C., Colombia. 328 p. Citación de capítulo sugerida: conservaciÓN Y Ibarra, J., Rincón-Useche, C., Rincón, A., Cely, N. y Rojas, C. 2018. Aprovechamiento comercial de orquídeas: Contexto socioeconó- APROVECHAMIENTO mico en San Antonio del Tequendama y Fusagasugá. En: Castellanos-Castro, C. y Torres-Morales, G. Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: SOSTENIBLE conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible (92 - 125 pp.) Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Hum- boldt, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Jardín Botánico de Bogotá “José Celestino Mutis”, Corporación Colombiana de Investiga- ción Agropecuaria Corpoica, Gobernación de Cundinamarca. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. SISTEMA GENERAL DE REGALÍAS Fondo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación GOBERNACIÓN DE CUNDINAMARCA Orquídeas de Cundinamarca: conservación y aprovechamiento sostenible / editado por Carolina Castellanos-Castro -
Pollinator Specificity and Seasonal Patterns in the Euglossine Bee-Orchid Mutualism at La Gamba Biological Station
Acta ZooBot Austria 156, 2019, 171–181 Pollinator specificity and seasonal patterns in the euglossine bee-orchid mutualism at La Gamba Biological Station Santiago R. Ramirez The plant family Orchidaceae exhibits some of the most spectacular and intricate ad- aptations for insect pollination. Across the Neotropical region male euglossine bees provide pollination services to approx. 700 orchid species that have evolved scent pro- duction in exchange for sexual reproduction. Male orchid bees collect scents from flowers and other sources to concoct perfume mixtures that they use as pheromone analogs during courtship display. Although the pollination biology of some of these associations has been studied in detail for some orchid taxa, community-wide analyses of this mutualism are lacking. Here I present an analysis of the plant-pollinator affilia- tion patterns and phenology among scent-producing orchids and male euglossine bees based on 960 bee-orchid interactions obtained over the course of five years of sampling at La Gamba Biological Station (south-western Costa Rica). I identify a highly nested plant-pollinator network that is composed of 24 bee species and 17 orchid genera. Some orchid genera exhibit pronounced flowering seasonality, with most of the diver- sity of interactions taking place during the dry season (March-April) and few orchid taxa blooming throughout the year. The architecture of the plant-pollinator network also revealed a substantial degree of pollinator sharing among orchid genera, suggest- ing that distantly related lineages independently converged on the use of similar pol- linator bee assemblages. RAMIREZ S.R., 2019: Bestäuberspezifizität und jahreszeitliche Variation in Pracht- bienen-Orchideen Mutualismen an der Tropenstation La Gamba. -
Orchids Smarter Than Scientists – an Approach to Oncidiinae (Orchidaceae) Taxonomy
LANKESTERIANA 7: 33-36. 2003. ORCHIDS SMARTER THAN SCIENTISTS – AN APPROACH TO ONCIDIINAE (ORCHIDACEAE) TAXONOMY STIG DALSTRÖM Research Associate, Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, 811 South Palm Avenue, Sarasota, FL 34236, U.S.A. [email protected] When initiating a project in plant taxonomy it is Many of the color forms are probably the results of necessary to carefully examine the type specimen for cross-pollination with other species. each taxon that has been described. Just as important, however, is to explore the natural habitats of the I define a species as a group of plants that look plants because that is where the dynamics occur, alike regarding taxonomically important features and which is the logical source for the necessary data. It is which produce offspring with the same important fea- in nature where we best can develop an understanding tures as the parents. I distinguish a species by one or of what a “species” really is and its role in the envi- more unique important features, or a unique combina- ronment. Another fact to remember is that a previous- tion of features, which constitutes the species profile. ly described “species” does not necessarily constitute A species profile generally, but not exclusively, con- a good natural species. Specific and generic concepts sists of features that are associated with the pollina- can differ drastically between scientists even regard- tion apparatus (column and lip relation in Oncidiinae) ing the same group of plants (e.g., Dalström 2001b while a genus profile can consist of many other fea- versus Christenson 2002). tures as well, such as vegetative or anatomical differ- ences. -
Atlanta Orchid Society Newsletter
The Atlanta Orchid Society Bulletin Affiliated with the American Orchid Society, the Orchid Digest Corporation and the Mid-America Orchid Congress 2001 Recipient of the American Orchid Society’s Distinguished Affiliated Societies Service Award Newsletter Editor: Danny Lentz Society Librarian: Elaine Jacobson Volume 45: Number 10 www.atlantaorchidsociety.org October 2004 OCTOBER EVENTS The Meeting: 8:00 PM Monday, October 11 at Atlanta Botanical Garden - Day Hall Speaker: Mr. Howard Gunn The speaker at AtOS's October meeting will be Howard Gunn from California who will talk about Bulbophyllums. Howard has been growing orchids since 1965 in separate intermediate and warm greenhouses. Howard grows over 350 Bulbophyllums along with Paphs, Phrags, and other orchids and has 29 AOS awards. Howard has traveled in Australia, Mexico, and Ecuador, which has added to his knowledge of growing orchids from seeing them in situ. Greengrowers: Peach State Orchids, 920 Homer Rd., Woodstock, GA 30188 Saturday October 2 from 9:00 to 2:00 Bill will have special sale prices for Greengrowers, 25-50% off plants that are not in bud. Come out and visit the largest orchid nursery in our area. Peach State has many thousands of orchids available from a large number of genera. You can get directions from the Peach State website at www.peachstateorchids.com/contact.htm, or call Bill at (770) 751-8770. Inside This Issue Atlanta Orchid Society 2004 Officers…………………………………………..….…………… Page 2 Collector’s Item……Pescatorea lehmannii Reichb. f. …..…Ron McHatton…...…….……... Page 2 Events Out and About………………Dates for your Calendar…………...……….…….……… Page 3 Minutes of the September Meeting …..……..….…….…...……….………….…………….… Page 3 The September Exhibition Table (with notes by Ron McHatton)……….………………….... -
Temperature and Pseudobulb Size Influence Flowering of Odontioda
JOBNAME: horts 43#5 2008 PAGE: 1 OUTPUT: June 19 20:08:23 2008 tsp/horts/167620/02831 HORTSCIENCE 43(5):1404–1409. 2008. to humid mountainous regions (1500 to 3200 m) of South America, whereas the genus Cochlioda is composed of only seven species Temperature and Pseudobulb that are native to humid forests of the Andes Mountains (1700 to 3350 m) of Bolivia, Size Influence Flowering of Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru (Baker and Baker, 2006). Odontioda Orchids Odontioda are sympodial epiphytic orchids and produce green pseudobulbs that Matthew G. Blanchard1,3 and Erik S. Runkle2 have an apical pair of long narrow leaves and Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, A288 PSSB, East a shorter pair of leaves that arise from the Lansing, MI 48824 base of the pseudobulb (Rittershausen and Rittershausen, 2003). Similar to other sym- Additional index words. base temperature, degree days, Odontoglossum alliance podial orchid genera, inflorescence primordia are initiated in the axils’ leaf sheaths at the Abstract. Odontioda is a cool-growing, sympodial epiphytic genus of orchids originating base of pseudobulbs (Goh et al., 1982). from the Andes Mountains of South America. Several hybrids are commercially grown Odontioda hybrids have been selected by as potted flowering plants for their brightly colored flowers and compact growth habit. breeders for their bright and showy flowers We quantified how constant and fluctuating day/night temperatures influenced inflores- and are available in many color combinations cence initiation, time from visible inflorescence (VI) to flower, and pseudobulb devel- and patterns (Rittershausen and Rittershau- opment. Odontioda George McMahon ‘Fortuna’ and Lovely Penguin ‘Emperor’ were sen, 2003). -
Vaspuez Appendix
Org. Divers. Evol. 3, Electr. Suppl. 4: 1–14 (2003) © Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik http://senckenberg.de/odes/03-04.htm Preliminary list of Bolivian Orchid species Electr. Suppl. 4. – to: Vásquez, R., Ibisch, P.L. & Gerkmann, B. (2003): Diversity of Bolivian Orchidaceae – a challenge for taxonomic, floristic and conservation research. Org. Divers. Evol. 3(2): 93–102. E = endemic to Bolivia Lit = records based on literature RV... = records based on herbarium vouchers in Herbarium Vasquezianum, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (made by Roberto Vásquez) T = terrestrial (species without T are considered to be predominantly epiphytic) Ecoregions: (1 = Southwest Amazon:) 1.1 = Subandean Amazon Humid Forests, 1.2 = Preandean Amazon Humid Forests, 1.3 = Northern Amazon Humid Forests, 1.4 = Southern Amazon Humid Forests; 2 = Varzea and Igapo; (3 = Amazon Campos:) 3.1 = La Paz Amazon Campos, 3.2 = Beni Amazon Campos; (4 = Flooded Savannas:) 4.1= Moxos Plain Flooded Savannas, 4.2= Pantanal Flooded Savannas; 5 = Dry Chiquitano Forest; 6 = Cerrado; 7 = Gran Chaco Dry Forest; 8 = Yungas; 9 = Tucuman-Bolivian For- est; 10 = Montane Chaco; 11 = Dry Interandean Forests; 12 = Prepuna; 13 = Yungas Paramo; 14 = High-Andean Vegetation; (15 = Puna:) 15.1 = Humid Puna, 15.2 = Semihumid Puna, 15.3 = Dry Puna, 15.4 = Desert Puna. If no ecoregion number is given, the collection locality cannot be assigned to any ecoregion or is completely unknown. Unidentified specimens are included when it is highly probable that they will turn out to represent new species or new records for Bolivia. In some cases, however, species could later be assigned to recorded but hardly known taxa (especially Notylia, Oncidium). -
Revista SCO 2018-2 WEB.Indd
Volumen XXXV#2 - Diciembre 2018/ ISSN 0120 - 1433 Specklinia caulophryne Una nueva especie de Colombia. James Bateman Lepanthes Autor de la monografía Dos nuevas especies de Odontoglossum. del Parque Nacional Natural Tatamá. ORQUIDEOLOGÍA Publicación oficial de la Sociedad Colombiana Editor: de Orquideología desde 1966. Juan Felipe Posada M. Cada volumen consta de dos números por año. La revista Editor área científica: acepta artículos originales y temas relacionados con or- Sebastián Vieira U. quídeas en conservación, botánicos, ecología, afi ción, cul- tivo, preferiblemente de la América tropical. Los artículos Editor general: científi cos deben ser escritos en español e inglés y deben Luis Eduardo Mejía D. entregarse con las reglas para esta publicación que se en- cuentran en la página web de la sociedad. Las opiniones ex- Coordinador de contenido: presadas en cada uno de los artículos son responsabilidad Carlos A. Mesa L. de su respectivo autor. Comité Editorial: Gustavo A. Aguirre, Ana Patricia Echeverri S., Favor dirigir toda correspondencia a: Cecilia I. Restrepo R., Juan Felipe Posada, Editor Revista Orquideología, Azucena Vélez de M., Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología, Francisco Villegas V. Carrera 52 No. 73-298, Medellín, Colombia. Comité Asesor Científico: Teléfono: (57-4) 444-8374. Luis Baquero, Günter Gerlach, Correo electrónico: [email protected] Eric Hágsater, Adam P. Karremans, Visite nuestra página web: www.sco.org.co Juan Sebastián Moreno, André Schuiteman, Derechos reservados. Prohibida la reproducción total o y Diego Bogarín. parcial sin previa autorización de la Sociedad Colombiana de Orquideología y de los autores de los artículos. Traducciones: Cecilia Inés Restrepo R. Diagramación: Official publication of the Colombian Orchid Society Ana Patricia Echeverri S. -
PERTUMBUHAN PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES (PLB) ANGGREK Brassocattleya Mount Anderson (C
PERTUMBUHAN PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES (PLB) ANGGREK Brassocattleya Mount Anderson (C. Bow Bells x Bc Deesse) SECARA IN-VITRO DENGAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH SKRIPSI OLEH: ATIK BILLAH NAJA 11620070 JURUSAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2017 i PERTUMBUHAN PROTOCORM LIKE BODIES (PLB) ANGGREK Brassocattleya Mount Anderson (C. Bow Bells x Bc Deesse) SECARA IN-VITRO DENGAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH SKRIPSI Diajukan Kepada: Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Persyaratan dalam Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sains (S.Si) OLEH: ATIK BILLAH NAJA 11620070 JURUSAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI (UIN) MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2017 ii iii iv v LEMBAR PERSEMBAHAN Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘Alamin Tidak ada Tuhan kecuali Allah yang Maha Esa dan tidak ada sekutu bagi-Nya, bagi-Nyalah segala kekuasaan dan pujian. Dan dia Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu. Dan tak lupa sholawat serta salam semoga tetap tercurahkan kepada Nabi Muhammad SAW. Kupersembahkan karya ini untuk keluargaku tercinta, terutama Ayah Muhammad Syafi’ dan Ibu Zaenab. Terimakasihku kepada saudara-saudaraku Mbak Nurma, kedua adikku Zaidah dan Amal. May our life showered with love and blessings. Guru dan Dosen yang mengajarku terutama dosen pembimbing Ibu Kholifah Holil, M.Si dan Ibu Umaiyatus Syarifah, M.A., terimakasih telah sabar dan ikhlas membimbingku dalam penulisan maupun mental. Teman-teman seperjuangan, Windi, Olif, Fina, Aham, Nailus, Merza, Anggik yang telah banyak membantu dan menyemanyatiku,dan teman-teman Biologi angkatan 2011 yang tidak bisa aku sebutkan satu per satu, terimakasih atas waktu dan kenangan yang kita bagi bersama.